The Basic System The Basic System

Chapter 2
Fluid Power Systems
The Basic System
1
Objectives
Explain
p the functions of fluid power
p
systems.
Identify the basic structure of fluid power
systems.
List the basic component groups involved in
the structure of fluid power systems.
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 3 Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Objectives
Describe the function of the components

p
involved in basic fluid power systems.
Describe the similarities and differences of
hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
Explain the operation of basic hydraulic and
pneumatic systems.
2
Functions of Fluid Power
Systems
Fluid power systems are made up of

components designed to perform specific
tasks
These components act together to perform
desired work

Systems
Fluid power systems perform five functions
d i operation:
during ti
Energy conversion
Fluid distribution
Fluid control
Work performance
Fluid maintenance
3
Systems
Structure of Fluid Power

Systems
Fluid power systems are structured using

component groups that perform specific
system functions:
Power unit group
Actuators group
Conductors group
Control valves group
Fluid maintenance group
4
Basic System Components
Power unit group
Deals primarily with energy conversion
Consists of:
Prime mover
Pump or compressor
Reservoir or receiver

Actuators group
Performs the work of the system
Consists of both cylinders and motors
5
Conductors group
Conductors distribute fluid
throughout the system
Consists of:
Pipes
Tubes
Hoses

Control valves group
Controls fluid pressure, flow direction, and flow
rate
Three groups of valves:
Directional control valves
Pressure control valves
Flow control valves
6
Fluid maintenance group
Maintains system fluid by removing dirt, moisture,
and excessive heat
Filters and other devices are used to perform these
functions
Comparisons can be made between

hydraulic and pneumatic systems
System terminology and designs may vary
between hydraulic and pneumatic systems
7
Power unit
Electric motors and internal combustion
engines are most often the prime movers
The pump or compressor produces the fluid
flow
Fluid flow is created by internal pressure
differences
Fluid flow transmits energy throughout the
system

Power unit
System reservoir or receiver stores system fluid
Reservoir/receiver also contributes to system
temperature control and fluid cleaning
8
Actuators
C
Cylinders
li d are usedd in
i
both hydraulic and
pneumatic systems
Cylinders produce
linear motion

Actuators
M
Motors
t are used d iin bboth
th
hydraulic and pneumatic
systems
Motors produce rotary
motion
9
Actuators
Motion is created when pressurized fluid moves an
internal part of the actuators from a high pressure
area toward a low pressure area

Actuators
(Used with permission of CNH America LLC)
10
Conductors
Pipes
Tubes
Hoses
Transmit system fluid to system components

Control valves
Directional control valves
Vary the direction of movement of cylinders and motors
Change fluid flow paths to and from the actuators
11
Control valves
Control pressure in a fluid power system
Restrict fluid flow into a part of the system
Allow fluid to return to a low pressure area after a
desired pressure is reached

Control valves
Flow
Fl control
t l valves
l
Control fluid flow rate in
a system
The size of an orifice is
adjusted to change flow
12
Fluid maintenance devices
Filters
Separators
Lubricators
Used to remove contaminates and condition the
fluid
Assure effective system performance and
acceptable service life
Basic System Operation
Hydraulic
y system
y operation
p
Movement of oil originates at the pump
Low pressure at the pump inlet causes oil to
pass through a filter as it flows from the
reservoir into the pump
High pressure at the pump outlet forces oil to
the directional control valve and on to the
actuator
System work is performed by the actuator
13
Hydraulic system operation

Pressure control valves limit pressure in the system
Flow control valves control the speed of actuator
movement
Oil is returned to the reservoir to be recirculated
g the system
through y
Pneumatic system operation

Movement of air begins at the compressor
As air moves into the system from the atmosphere,
it is:
Filtered
Compressed
Stored in the receiver under pressure
Pressurized air is distributed to system workstations
14

At the workstation:
A pressure regulator sets working pressure
A filter and lubricator provide final conditioning
Air then moves through a directional control
valve and on to an actuator
System work is performed by the actuator

DDuring
i systemt operation,
ti flow
fl control
t l valves
l
control the speed of actuator movement
Air is discharged back into the atmosphere after
passing through the system
15
Review Question
Fluid power systems are made up of _____
containing
t i i parts
t designed
d i d to t perform
f specific
ifi
tasks.
component groups
Review Question
The fluid control function of a fluid power
system
t controls
t l system
t pressure andd fluid
fl id flow
fl
_____ and _____.
rate; direction
16
Review Question
The number and appearance of components in
a fluid
fl id power system
t isi influenced
i fl d by
b the
th type
t
of _____, application, and _____.
fluid; power output
Review Question
Fluids are distributed throughout a fluid power
system
t by b components t referred
f d to
t as _____.
conductors
17
Review Question
Fluid power system filters may be located in
one or more off th
three typical
t i l locations.
l ti List
Li t
these three locations.
Intake line; working lines; return lines.
Review Question
In the pneumatic fluid power system, after the
pressurized
i d system
t air i has
h completed
l t d its
it work,
k
it is exhausted to the _____.
atmosphere
18
Glossary
Actuator
A component used to convert the energy in
hydraulic fluid or compressed air into
mechanical linear or rotary motion.
Glossary
Component group
A group of commonly designed hydraulic or
pneumatic components offered in a full range of
sizes with appropriate accessories.
Compressor
The pneumatic system device that converts the
energy input of the system prime mover into
high-pressure compressed air.
19
Glossary
Conductor
The element used in fluid power systems to allow
the movement of hydraulic fluid or compressed air
from component to component. Hose, pipe, and
tubing are the most common fluid power
conductors.
Control valve
Any valve designed to control fluid pressure,
pressure flow
rate, or actuator direction in a fluid power system.
Glossary
Cylinder
Th
The common term
t for
f linear
li actuators
t t usedd tot
generate movement and force in fluid power
systems.
Directional control valve
Hydraulic and pneumatic control valves that direct
fluid flow to start
start, control direction of movement,
movement
and stop system actuators.
20
Glossary
Filter
A fluid power component that is used to remove
solid contaminants from both air and liquid. The
term is often used to designate the complete
component including the filter element, case, and
mounting hardware.
Glossary
Flow control valve
A componentt designed
d i d to t provide
id control
t l off the
th rate
t
of flow of air or liquid in hydraulic and pneumatic
systems.
21
Glossary
Hose
A flexible conductor for carrying hydraulic fluid or
compressed air to actuators.
Lubricator
A device designed to apply a lubricant to a bearing
surface. In p
pneumatic systems,
y the lubricator is a
component of the FRL unit located at the
workstation.
Glossary
Motor
A
An actuator
t t that
th t primarily
i il produces
d continuous,
ti
rotary motion. These components may be powered
by electricity, hydraulics, or pneumatics.
Pipe
Rigid tube made from steel with adequate wall
thickness to be threaded
threaded. Often used as a conductor
in fluid power systems.
22
Glossary
Power unit
The unit in a hydraulic system that provides
energy for the system, moves fluid through the
system, provides a safe maximum limit of
system pressure, and maintains desired system
temperature and fluid cleanliness.
Glossary
Control valves in a fluid power circuit designed to
protect the system from damage from excessive
pressure, provide motion control, and protect
operators from unexpected actuator movement.
23
Glossary
Pressure regulator
A pneumatic system component used to
control air pressure at the system workstations.
The valve maintains a constant, reduced
pressure for use by tools and equipment
operated at the station.
Glossary
Prime mover
The source of energy for any fluid power system.
Commonly used prime movers are electric motors
and internal combustion engines.
24
Glossary
Pump
A hydraulic component turned by the prime
mover that produces fluid flow, which transmits
energy through the system.
Receiver
A tank in a pneumatic system, located close to
the compressor, that stores and assists in
conditioning compressed air.
Glossary
Reservoir
A component in a hydraulic system that holds
the system fluid not currently in use in the pump,
control components, actuators, and lines.
25
Glossary
Separator
A component, located in the compressor station
area of a pneumatic system, that is designed to
remove condensed water from the compressed air.
The unit is often teamed with an aftercooler to
optimize moisture removal.
Glossary
System function
Th
The tasks
t k completed
l t d by
b the
th operation
ti off a fluid
fl id
power system.
Tube
Generally defined as a long, cylindrical body with
an open center. Tubes are used extensively in the
fluid power field as fluid conductors and as
component parts, such as the barrel of cylinders.
26

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Chapter 2

Fluid Power Systems

The Basic System

Describe the function of the components

Fluid power systems are made up of

Functions of Fluid Power

Structure of Fluid Power

Fluid power systems are structured using

Basic System Components

Basic System Components

Basic System Components

Comparisons can be made between

Basic System Components

Basic System Components

Basic System Components

(Used with permission of CNH America LLC)

Basic System Components

Basic System Components

Basic System Operation

Hydraulic system operation

Basic System Operation

Pneumatic system operation

Pneumatic system operation

Basic System Operation

fluid; power output

Intake line; working lines; return lines.

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