BOOK IV
OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS
TITLE I OBLIGATIONS
CHAPTER 1 General Provisions
1156 (DEFINITION OF OBLIGATION)
1157 (SOURCES OF OBLIGATIONS)
1158 (OBLIGATIONS FROM LAW)
1159 (OBLIGATIONS FROM CONTRACTS)
1160 (OBLIGATIONS FROM QUASI-CONTRACTS)
1161 (OBLIGATIONS FROM CRIMES)
1162 (OBLIGATIONS FROM QUASI-DELICTS)
CHAPTER 2 Nature and Effect of Obligations
1163 (DUTY TO EXERCISE DILIGENCE)
1164 (WHEN CREDITOR IS ENTITLED TO
FRUITS)
1165 (OBLIGATION FROM VIEW OF SUBJECT)
1166 (INCLUSION OF OBLIGATION TO GIVE A
DETERMINATE THING)
1167 (POSITIVE PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS)
1168 (NEGATIVE PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS)
1169 (DEFAULT OR MORA)
1170 (GROUNDS FOR LIABLITY IN
PERFORMANCE OF OBLIGATIONS)
1171 (LIABLITY FOR FRAUD OR DOLO)
1172 (LIABILITY FROM NEGLIGENCE OR CULPA)
1173 (DEGREE OF CULPA AND DILIGENCE)
1174 (GENERAL RULE FOR FORTUITOUS
EVENTS)
1175 (RULES ON USURY)
1176 (NO RESERVATION TO INTEREST/RECEIPT
OF LATER INSTALLMENTS)
1177 (RIGHTS OF CREDITOR)
1178 (TRANSMISSIBILITY)
CHAPTER 3 Different Kinds of Obligations
SECTION 1 Pure and Conditional Obligations
1179 (PURE OBLIGATIONS)
1180 (WHEN HIS MEANS PERMIT)
1181 (SUSPENSIVE AND RESOLUTORY
CONDITIONS)
1182 (POTESTATIVE, CASUAL, MIXED)
1183 (IMPOSSIBLE AND ILLEGAL CONDITIONS)
1184 (POSITIVE CONDITIONS)
1185 (NEGATIVE CONDITIONS)
1186 (WHEN DEBTOR VOLUNTARILY PREVENTS
FULFILLMENT)
1187 (FULFILLMENT OF SUSPENSIVE
CONDITIONS)
1188 (ACTION TO PRESERVE CREDITORS
RIGHTS/RIGHT OF DEBTOR TO RECOVER
MISTAKE IN PAYMENT)
1189 (LOSS, DETERIORATION, AND
IMPROVEMENT IN PENDENCY OF CONDITION)
1190 (RESOLUTORY CONDITION FULFILLED)
1191 (RIGHT TO RESCIND)
1192 (BOTH PARTIES AT BREACH)
SECTION 2 Obligations with a Period
1193 (OBLIGATIONS WITH A PERIOD)
1194 (LOSS, DETERIORATION, OR
IMPROVEMENT DURING PERIOD)
1195 (PAYMENT BEFORE ARRIVAL OF PERIOD)
1196 (PRESUMPTION ON ESTABLISHMENT OF
PERIOD)
1197 (WHEN COURTS MAY FIX PERIOD)
1198 (DEBTOR LOSES RIGHT TO PERIOD)
SECTION 3 Alternative Obligations
1199 (NATURE OF ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS)
1200 (RIGHT OF CHOICE)
1201 (REQUIREMENT FOR COMMUNICATION)
1202 (WHEN DEBTOR LOSES RIGHT OF CHOUCE)
1203 (WHEN DEBTOR CANNOT CHOOSE
BECAUSE OF CREDITOR)
1204 (ALTERNATIVE RIGHTS OF CREDITOR
WHEN LOSS OR IMPOSSIBLITY OCCURS BEFORE
CHOICE)
1205 (WHEN CHOICE IS GIVEN TO CREDITOR)
1206 (FACULTATIVE OBLIGATION)
SECTION 4 Joint and Solidary Obligations
1207 (JOINT AND SOLIDARY)
1208 (PRESUMPTION OF JOINT OBLIGATION)
1209 (INDIVISIBLE JOINT OBLIGATION)
1210 (INDIVISIBILITY DISTINGUISHED FROM
SOLIDARITY)
1211 (SOLIDARITY DESPITE TERMS AND
CONDITIONS)
1212 (USEFUL ACTS)
1213 (NON-ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS)
1214 (TO WHOM DEBTOR MUST PAY)
1215 (NOVATION, COMPENSATION, CONFUSION
OR REMISSION)
1216 (AGAINST WHOM THE CREDITOR MAY
PROCEED)
1217 (EFFECTS OF PAYMENT)
1218 (PAYMENT OF PRESCRIBED DEBT)
1219 (REMISSION AFTER TOTAL PAYMENT)
1220 (REMISSION OF WHOLE OBLIGATION)
1221 (EFFECT OF LOSS OR IMPOSSIBILITY
SOLIDARY)
1222 (DEFENSES OF SOLIDARY DEBTORS)
SECTION 5 Divisible and Indivisible Obligations
1223 (DIVISIBLE AND INDIVISIBLE)
1224 (JOINT INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATION)
1225 (OBLIGATIONS DEEMED INDIVISIBLE)
SECTION 6 Obligations with a Penal Clause
1226 (OBLIGATIONS WITH A PENAL CLAUSE)
1227 (DEBTOR CANNOT SUBSTITUTEPENALTY
FOR PRINCIPAL)
1228 (NO NEED TO PROVE DAMAGES)
1229 (WHEN PENALTY MAY BE REDUCED)
1230 (NULLITY OF PENAL CLAUSE)
CHAPTER 4 Extinguishment of Obligations
General Provisions
1231 (CAUSES OF EXTINGUISHMENT)
SECTION 1 Payment or Performance
1232 (PAYMENT DEFINED)
1233 (COMPLETE PAYMENT)
1234 (SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE IN GOOD
FAITH)
1235 (ACCEPTANCE OF COMPLETE
PERFORMANCE)
1236 (RIGHT TO REFUSE THIRD PERSON)
1237 (WHEN SUBROGATION EXISTS)
1238 (WHEN PAYMENT BY THIRD PERSON IS A
DONATION)
1239 (PAYMENT BY INCAPACITATED)
1240 (TO WHOM PAYMNET MUST BE MADE)
1241 (PAYMENT TO INCAPACITATED OR
UNAUTHORIZED)
1242 (PAYMENT IN GOOD FAITH TO POSSESSOR
OF CREDIT)
1243 (PAYMENT MADE AFTER JUDICIAL ORDER
TO REFRAIN)
1244 (CANNOT COMPEL CREDITOR TO ACCEPT
DIFFERENT OBJECT)
1245 (DATION)
1246 (OBLIGATIONS TO GIVE GENERIC THINGS)
1247 (DEBTOR PAYS FOR EXTRAJUDICIAL
EXPENSES)
1248 (COMPLETE PERFORMANCE)
1249 (PAYMENT IN LEGAL TENDER)
1250 (INFLATION/DEFLATION)
1251 (WHERE PAYMNET MUST BE MADE)
SUBSECTION 1. Application of Payments
1252 (APPLICATION OF PAYMENTS)
1253 (INTEREST MUST BE PAID FIRST)
1254 (IN CASE NO VOLUNTARY APPLICATION OF
PAYMENT)
SUBSECTION 2. Payment by Cession
1255 (CESSION)
1256 (EFFECT OF TENDER WITHOUT
CONSIGNATION)
1257 (REQUISITES FOR CONSIGNATION)
1258 (HOW CONSIGNATION IS MADE)
1259 (CREDITOR BEARS CONSIGNATION
EXPENSES)
1260 (EFFECTS OF CONSIGNATION)
1261 (WITHDRAWAL BY CREDITOR AFTER
CONSIGNATION)
SECTION 2 Loss of the Thing Due
1262 (LOSS OF A DETERMINATE THING)
1263 (LOSS OF A GENERIC THING)
1264 (PARTIAL LOSS)
1265 (PRESUMPTION THAT LOSS IS DEBTORS
FAULT)
1266 (LOSS IN PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS)
1267 (DIFFICULTY BEYOND CONTEMPLATION)
1268 (LOSS IN CRIMINAL OFFENSES)
1269 (TRANSFER OF RIGHTS IN CASE OF LOSS)
SECTION 3 Condonation or Remission of the Debt
1270 (NATURE OF CONDONATION OR
REMISSION)
1271 (EFFECT OF DELIVERY OF PRIVATE
DOCUMENT EVIDENCING CREDIT)
1272 (PRESUMPTION OF VOLUNTARY
DELIVERY)
1273 (RENUNCIATION OF PRINCIPAL DEBT)
1274 (REMISSION OF PLEDGE)
SECTION 4 Confusion of Merger of Rights
1275 (CONFUSION OR MERGER)
1276 (EFFECT OF MERGER ON GUARANTORS)
1277 (MERGER IN JOINT OBLIGATIONS)
SECTION 5 Compensation
1278 (COMPENSATION)
1279 (REQUISITES FOR VALID COMPENSATION)
1280 (GUARANTORS RIGHT TO
COMPENSATION)
1281 (TOTAL OR PARTIAL COMPENSATION)
1282 (CONVENTIONAL OR VOLUNTARY
COMPENSATION)
1283 (JUDICIAL COMPENSATION OR SET-OFF)
1284 (COMPENSATION IN RESCSSIBLE OR
VOIDABLE DEBTS)
1285 (ASSIGNMENT ON COMPENSATION OF
DEBTS)
1286 (COMPENSATION BY OPERATION OF LAW)
1287 (WHEN LEGAL COMPENSATION CANNOT
TAKE PLACE)
1288 (NON-COMPENSATION FOR DEBTS FROM
CRIMES)
1289 (CROSS-REFERENCE TO APPLICATION OF
PAYMENTS)
1290 (AUTOMATIC RESCISSION IF ALL
REQUISITES ARE PRESENT)
SECTION 6 Novation
1291 (MODES OF NOVATION)
1292 (EXPRESS AND IMPLIED NOVATION)
1293 (PERSONAL OR SUBJECTIVE NOVATION)
1294 (INSOLVENCY OR NON-FULFILLMENT BY
NEW DEBTOR)
1295 (INSOLVENCY BY NEW DEBTOR IN
DELEGACION)
1296 (ACCESSORY OBLIGATION)
1297 (NEW OBLIGATION VOID)
1298 (OLD OBLIGATION VOID)
1299 (ORIGINAL OBLIGATION WAS
CONDITIONAL)
1300 (SUBROGATION)
1301 (CONVENTIONAL OR VOLUNTARY
SUBROGATION)
1302 (LEGAL SUBROGATION)
1303 (EFFECTS OF SUBROGATION)
1304 (PARTIAL SUBROGATION)
1381 (RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS)
TITLE II CONTRACTS
CHAPTER 1
General Provisions
1305 (CONTRACT DEFINED)
1423 (CIVIL AND NATURAL OBLIGATIONS)
1431 (PRINCIPLE OF ESTOPPEL)
1484 (VENDORS REMEDY FOR SALE OF
PERSONAL PROPERTY IN INSTALLMENTS)
1485 (LEASES OF PERSONAL PROPERTY OPTION
TO BUY ON INSTALLMENTS)
1486 (NON-RETURN OF INSTALLMENTS PAID)
1915 (SOLIDARY LIABILITY OF PRINCIPALS)
1942 (BAILEES LIAIBLITY FOR FORTUITOUS
EVENTS)
1979 (LIABILITY OF DEPOSITORY FOR
FORTUITOUS EVENTS)
2142 (NATURE OF QUASI-CONTRACT)
2147 (LIABILITY OF OFFICIOUS MANAGER FOR
FORTUITOUS EVENTS)
2001 (ROBBERY THROUGH FORCE UPON
THINGS)
2176 (NATURE OF QUASI-DELICTS)
2180 (LIABILITY FOR QUASI-DELICTS)
2181 (RECOVERY BY GUARDIAN OR EMPLOYER)
2201(2) (OBLIGORS RESPONSIBILITY)