(

3.1

3.1
P1P2
Q Q N
A, A
A

A
Q F
P
P dP 3.1
S = lim =
F 0 F dF
A Q S A
A dF Q
N S Q N
Q Q
( 3.2) F0 P
Q A N

35
 A Q A S S

P P
S= F0
= cos = 0 cos 3.1
cos
F
0 S

= S cos = 0 cos 2

1
= S sin = 0 sin 2
2
3.2

Q
(3.2)

3.2

3.2

Q Q

()

3.3

3.3 ABCD X
CDEF Y
3.3

36

xx x x x
xy x y
:

xx xy xz x
yx yy yz y
zx zy zz z

z
x

(
3.3 )

3.3

(3.3)
xy=yz yz=zy zx=xz (3.3)
(3.3)

ij(ij=xyz) ij x
yz i=xj=xxxx; i=xj=yxy
xy
x xy xz

ij= yx y yz

zy z
zx
(3.4)
ij

()Qij
ABC
QABC( 3.4)

QABC
ABC
NN lmn( lxly
lz)
l=cos(Nx)m=cos(Ny)n=cos(N
3.4

37
z)

li=cos(N xi)
ABC dF QBC( x )QCA( y )QAB( z )
dFxdFy dFz
dF x = ldF dF y = mdF dF z = ndF
ABC S SxSySz
Px=0
Px=SxdF-xldF-yzmdF-zxndF=0

Sx = x l + yx m + zx n

Sy = xy l + y m + zy n (3.5)

Sz = xz l + yz m + z n
Sj=ijli
(3.5a)
ABC
2 2 2 2
S =Sx +Sy +Sz =SiSi
S Si
S N Si N
=Sxl+Sym+Szn
a
(3.5)(a)ij= ji
2 2 2
=xl +ym +zn +2(xylm+yzmn+zxnl) (3.6)
2 2 2
S = +

2 2 2
=S -
(3.7)
ABC
Tj(j=xyz)(3.5) Tj
(3.5a) Sj
Tj=ijli
(3.8)

(3.6) 3.4 N
ox y z x (3.6)
x N lmn x
l xxl xyl xz l xi (3.5a)

38
 Sj=ij l xi
(a)
xx=Sjljx'+ij l xi ljx'
(b)
() i=j lx'i=ljx',(3.6)(3.7)
y z
ly'i lz'i, Sj y z ljy' ljz'
x':
x'y'=x'y'=Sjljy'
=ij l xi ljy'
(c)
x'z'=x'z'=SjLjz'
=ijlx'iljz'
(d)
(b)(c)(d)
x'k=ijlx'iljk (k= x y z )
y' z'
ik=ijlliljk (lk= x , y z )
(e)
o x y z oxyz
ij x y z
(e)
()
(3.4)ij=
ji,x-y-z

x xy xz

ij = y yz

z

()

(3.6)(3.7) ABC
N lmn
0
ij
i=j

ij 3.4
lmn ABC =03.7

39
=S SxSy Sz
Sx=lSy=mSz=n
Si 3-5
( x )l + yx m + zx n = 0

xy l + ( y )m + zy n = 0 3.9
xz l + yz m + ( z ) n = 0
lmn
l=m=n=0
2 2 2
l +m +n =1
(3.10)
(3.9)

( x ) yx zx
xy ( y ) zy =0
xz yz ( z )

3 2 2 2 2
-(x+y+z) +[xy+yz+zx-(xy +yz +zx )]
2 2 2
[xyz+2xyyzzx-(xyz +yzx +zxy )]=0
:
J1 = x + y + z
2 2 2
J 2 = ( x y + y z + z x ) + xy + yz + zx (3.11)
J 3 = x y z + 2 xy yz zx ( x 2 yz + y 2 zx + z 2 xy )

3 2
-J1 -J2-J3=0
(
)123
(3.9)(3.10)
()
(3.12) J1J2 J3 ,
(3.11)
J1J2 J3

123 xy z
0 0
1
ij = 0 2 0

0 0 3

(3.4a)

(3-6) (3-7),

2 2 2
=1l +2m +3n
(3.6a)

40
 2 2 2
=S -
= 12 l 2 + 22 m 2 + 32 n 2 (1l 2 + 2 m 2 + 3 n 2 ) 2 (3.7a)
,
J1=1+2+3
J2=(12+23+31)
(3.11a)
J3=123

(3.4a)(3.5) S1S2 S3
S1=1l S2=2m S3=3n

S S S
l= m= n=
1 2 3

2 2 2
l +m +n =1

S12 S 22 S32
+ + =1
12 22 32
(3.13)
S1S2
S3 3.5

S ( 3.5)12
3

12=312=3=0
1
(3.7)
=0

()
2
(3.6)(:10N/mm )

41
 (3-6)

4 2 3
ij = 2 6 1

3 1 5

(3.11)
J1=15 J2=-60 J3=54
(3.12)
2 2
-15 +60-54=0
:
2
(-9)( -6+6)=0
3.6
1=9
2=3+ 3
3=3- 3
2
(10N/mm )
(3.9)(3.10)
(4-)l+2m+3n=0
2l+(6-)m+n=0
3l+m+(5-)n=0
2 2 2
l +m +n =1
(
)

l1=m1=n1=1/ 3 =0.57735
l2=+0.21132; m2=-0.78867; n2=+0.57735
l3=-0.78867; m3=-0.21132; n3=+0.57735
2+ 3 2 3
( = 0.78867; = 0.21132
6 6

3.5 (3.6)

3.7a)
2 = 12 l 2 + 22 m 2 + 32 n 2 (1l 2 + 2 m 2 + 3 n 2 )
2 2 2
n =1-l -m n
2 = ( 12 22 )l 2 + ( 22 32 ) m 2 + 32 [( 1 3 )l 2 + ( 2 3 )m 2 + 3 ]2 (a)
lm
[(1 3 ) 2(1 3 )l 2 2( 2 3 )m 2 ]( 1 3 )l = 0
b
[( 2 3 ) 2( 1 3 )l 2 2( 2 3 )m 2 ]( 2 3 ) m = 0
l=m=0 n= 1

42
1=2=3012=
, l= l/ 2 1 45( 135)
3

123 l0,m0
1=2123 (b) l=0,m
0 1 ( 3.7a)(b)
2
(2-3)(1-2m )=0

l=0m= 1/ 2 n= 1/ 2 l0m=0(b)

l=1/ 2 m=0 n=1/ 2

(3.7a) l m

l=1/ 2 m=1/ 2 n=0 l=0

l=0
453.7b m= 1
2
3.7a n= 1
2
23 = ( 2 3 )/2
1
l=
31 = ( 3 1 )/2 3.14 2
12 = (1 2 )/2
m=0
n= 1
2

max l= 1
2
max=1+2/2 3.15
m= 1
3.6a
2
n=0

3.7

23 = ( 2 + 3 )/2

31 = ( 3 + 1 )/2
12 = ( 1 + 2 )/2
3.16

3.8 12

3.8 3.1

43
 3.1
L 0 0 1 0 1/ 2 1/ 2

m 0 1 0 1/ 2 0 1/ 2

1/ 2 1/ 2 0
n 1 0 0

2-3/2 3-1/2 1-2/2

0 0 0

3+2/2 3+1/2 1+2/2

3 2 1

m
m= 1 (x+y+z)= 1 J1= 1 (1+2+3) (3.17)
3 3 3

x=(x-m)+m= x +m
y=(y-m)+m= y +m
z=(z-m)+m= z +m
(3-4)
' x + m xy xz x xy xz 0 0
m
ij = yx ' y + m yz = yx y yz = 0 m 0

zx zy 'z + m zx zx z 0 0 m

3.18

ij= ij +ijm
(3.18a)
ij Kronecker delta
i=j ij=1; ij ij=0xx=l,xy=0
;

ijm
m

44
 ij
ij =ij-ijm

ij

J 1 , J 2 J 3
(3.11)
J 1 = x + y + z = ( x m ) + ( y m ) + ( z m ) = 0

J 2 = ( x y + y z + z x ) + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx

1
= [( x y ) 2 ( y z ) 2 + ( z x ) 2 ] + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
6 (3.19)
x xy xz

J 3 = yx y yz

zx zy z

,
J 1 =0
2
=[(1-2) +(2-3) +(3-1) ]/6
2 2
J2
(3.19a)
J 3 = 1 2 3

------
Q Q
| l |=| m |=| n |
( 3.9)

1
l=
3
1
m=
3

45
3.9
 1
n=
3
(3.6a)8
2 2 2 1 1
8=1l +2m +3n = (1 + 2 + 3 ) = m = J1 3.20
3 3
(3.7a)
1 2 1
82 = ( 1 + 22 + 32 ) ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) 2
3 9

1 2 '
8 = ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 = J2 3.21
3 3
8 8
8 J1 J 2 (3.11)
3.19)
1
8= ( x + y + z )
3
(3.20a)
1
8 = (x y ) 2 + (y z ) 2 + (z x ) 2 + 6(2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx ) (3.21a)
3

8 3/ 2

3 1
= 8 = 3J ' 2 = [(1 2 ) 2 + (2 3 ) 2 + (3 1 ) 2 ] 3.22
2 2

1
= [(x y ) 2 + (y z ) 2 + (z x ) 2 + 6(2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx ) ] (3.22a)
2

102=3=0 (3.22)
=|1|
123
3
= (1 ~ )(1 2 ) = (2 ~ 1.732)max
2


d >0
; d <0
d =0

46


1>2>3
lmn:
2 2 2
=1l +2m +3n
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 1 l + 2 m + 3 n -(1l +2m +3n )
2 2 2
l +m +n =1
2 2 2
l m n .
( 2 )( 3 ) + 2
l2 =
( 1 2 )( 1 3 )
( 3 )( 1 ) + 2
m2 =
( 2 3 )( 2 1 )
( 1 )( 2 ) + 2
n2 =
( 3 1 )( 3 2 )

2 + 3 2 3 2
( ) + 2 = l 2 (1 2 )(1 3 ) + ( 2 )
2 2
+ 1 2 1 2
( 3 ) + 2 = m 2 (2 3 )(2 1 ) + ( 3 ) 3.23
2 2
+ 2 2 2 2
( 1 ) + 2 = n 2 (3 1 )(3 2 ) + ( 1 )
2 2
(2+3)/2(
3+1)/2(1+2)/2

| l || m || n | 3.10
(3.23)
l O1 l mn
lm n
P

47
 l=0 (3.23)m=0 n=0

3.10 lmn 3.11

2 + 3 2 3 2
( ) + 2 = ( 2 ) = 223
2 2
+ 1 2 1 2
2
( 3 ) + 2 = ( 3 ) = 31 3.24
2 2
1 + 2 2 2
( ) + 2 = ( 1 2 2
) = 12
2 2

( 3.11)
2 2
O1 l=0m +n =1 N 1
23 O2O3 lmn

3.11 (3.23)
P (3.23)(3.24)
(3.23)123 (3.23)

2
l (1-2) (1-3) 0 (a)
2
m (2-3) (2-1)0 (b)
2
n (3-1) (3-2) 0 c
(a)(c)(3.23) O1O3
P O1 O3 (b)P
Q P O2
13=(1-3)/2 O2 ,
13 max

3.3

48
 () xyz. Q dxdy
dz Q x+dxy+dyz+dz.

Q
ij x

x=f(x,y,z)
Q x
dx
f (x + dx, y, z )
3.12
f 1 2f 2 x
= f (x, y, z ) + dx + dx + L x + dx
x 2 x 2 x
3.12
3.12 Px=0
yx
X + X dx dydz + yx + dy dzdx + zx + zx dz dxdy
x y z

x dydx yx dzdx zx dxdy = 0

x yx zx
+ + =0
x y z
Py=O Pz=0
x yx zx
+ + =0
x y z
xy y ZY
+ + = 0
x y z
xz yz z
+ + =0
x y z
(3.25)

ij
=0
x i
(3.25a)
x Mx=0
yz dy dy zy dz
yz + dy dxdz + yz dxdz zy + dz dxdy
y 2 2 z 2

dz
zy dxdy =0
2
1 yz 1 xy
yz + dy zy =0
2 y 2 z

49
 yz=zy
zx=xz xy=yx
3.2 3.3
3.25

3.4

1
z z=zx=zy=0, xyxy
Z 2 z
xy

xy
x 1 0
ij = ij = 3.26

yx y 0 2

12 3=0
3.24
2 2
+ 2 2
1 + 2 = 1 3.24a
2 2

2 2
+y y
x + 2 = x + 2 xy 3.27
2 2

3.27
+ 2 x + y
3.24a3.27 1 ,0 ,0
2 2
2
+ 2 x y
12 = 1 = + 2 xy 3.13

2 2
3.13axy
xy 12

50
 3.13

2
1 x + y x y
= + 2 xy 3.28a
2 2 2
+ 2 1 2
x = 1 + cos2
2 2
3.28b
1 + 2 1 2
y = cos2
2 2
3.28c
1 2
xy = sin2
2
3.27d
x
1 1 2 xy
= tg
2 x y
3.28e
x 3.13b
=OB =DB
x + y x y
= + cos2 xy sin2 3.28f
2 2
x y
= sin2 xy cos2
2
3.28g

3.14 a
3.14b
451=-2=
z=zx=zy=0

51
 x yx
+ = 0
x y

xy y
+ = 0
x y

3.29

3.14

3.15
z

ij = z 3.30

z z
z

3.15 3.16

52
 1 z
+ + + = 0
z
1 z 2
+ + + =0 3.31
z
z 1 z z z
+ + + =0
z

=z=0zz
2

z

+ + = 0
z
z
z z
+ + =0
z
3.32

=
3.16

1 1 1
+ + + + (2 + ctg) = 0
sin
1 1 1
+ + + (3 + 2 ctg) = 0
sin

+ [( )ctg + 3 ] = 0
1 1 1
+ +
sin

3.33
= =0

1 1
+ + (2 - + ctg) = 0

3.34
1 1
+ + [( )ctg + 3 ] = 0

( 10Nmm2)

53
1 oxyz ( 4 , 3 , -12 )
100 40 20

ij = 40 50 30

20 30 10
a)
b) x+3y+z1 ;
c) ;
d) , x lk(l,kr,z)
(:lk r,z )
2. oxyz x , y ,z , xy , yz , zx oxy
z, l1m1n1l2m2n2l3m3n3(3.6)
xyxz
3.
4.
x = 6xy 2 + c1 x 3

3
y = c 2 xy 2
2
2
xy = c 2 y c 3 x y
3

z = yz = zx = 0

c1,c2,c3
:

5. x 2 0y=40xy=30,

6. (3.31)
7. :

54