()

4.1

4.1) P
P1
Q Q1 4.1b)
P P1 Q
Q1 R R1 4.1c)
P Q Ql
4.1d) P P1 Q
Q1

(a) (b) (c) (d)

4.1

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

55


4.2
-3 -2
10 10
(
)

PABC xy
( 4.2a) PA1B1C1
PB r r1=r+r,

(a) (b) (c)

4.2 xy

r1 r r
= = (4.1)
r r
PB
x y PA PC
rx ry
x = y =
rx ry
xy ( 4.2b) PC PA CPA
C1PA C PC r
r
= tg 4.2
ry
CPA 4.2b)
xy xy PC PC1
4.2b)xy PA PC

56
xy yx( 4.2c)
1
xy = yx = xy (4.3)
2
xy yx xy x y

PA PC
xy yx( 4.3a)CPA xy

xy + yx = xy

1 (4.4)
xy = yx = ( xy + yx )
2

xy yx PAPC
xy yx ( 4.3b) z ( 4.3c)

xy = xy z
(4.5)
yx = yx + z

1
z = ( yx xy )
2

a (b) (c)
4.3

PAG rxry rz
P1A1G1, 4.4a) 4.4b)

PAG P1 A G 4.5
:
1 x rx, X = rx / rx ( 4.5a)
2 y y = ry / r y 4.5b
3 z Z = rZ / r Z 4.5c
4 P1 CG D X xy yx y
P1 A E D xy xy = xy + yx 4.5d

57
 5y z yz zy yz yz = yz + zy 4.5e
6z x zx XZ ZX ZX = ZX + XZ 4.5f

4.4a) P1A1G1

(a) (b)
4.4

4.5
xyzxyyzzx

4.3(4.4)(4.5) ij
1
xy = yx = ( xy + yx )
2

1
yz = zy = ( yz + zy ) (4.6)
2
1
zx = xz = ( zx + xz )
2

58
 1
x = ( zy yz )
2

1
y = ( xz zx ) 4.7
2
1
z = ( yx xy )
2
x xy eij
x xy xz

e ij = yx y yz (4.8)

zx zy z
xy yx yz zy zx xz e ij e ji
eij eij-eji/2
1 1 1
e ij = e ij + (e ji e ji ) = (e ij + e ji ) + (e ij e ji )
2 2 2
1 1
x ( xy + yx ) ( xz + zx )
2 2

1 1
= ( + xy ) y ( yz + zy )
2 yx 2
1 1
( zx + xz ) ( zy + yz ) z
2 2
1 1
0 ( xy yx ) ( xz zx )
2 2

1 1
+ ( xy ) 0 ( yz zy ) 4.9
2 yx 2
1 1
( zx xz ) ( zy yz ) 0
2 2
4.6(4.7)
xy xz 0 z y
x
e ij = xy yx y yz + z 0 x (4.10)

zy z y x 0
zx

ij

59
 xy xz
x
ij = yx y yz (4.11)

zy z
zx
P
x(xx) P x
x xy x y

4.4a PAG P1 A G
P1
F F1 F F1 F P
F P

uvw
ui

u = u ( xyz)

v = v( xyz)
w = w ( xyz)
4.12
ui=uixyz

4.6
4.6
H

60
 H
u= x
2H

H
v= Y a
2H
H
w= z
H

4.7

4.7
x
u z 4.7b) o
L
HL 1
u=
tg x

HL y
v= b
tg x 2
w=0



Pxyz P1 u uix
yz P F 4.8 x+dx,y+dy,z+dz, F
P dx,dy,dz( dxi 4.4 rxryrz)
F F1 FF1 F P F
F1

61
 FF1= FF + FF1 = u + u
u F P
ui P uix
yz F
ui+ui=ui(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz)

u i
u i = dx j
x j
4.8 P F

u u u
u = dx + dy + dz
x y z
v v v
v = dx + dy + dz 4.13
x y z
w w w
w = dx + dy + dz
x y z
PF x 4.9 dy=dz=0

4.9 PF x

u v w
u = dx v = dx w = dx c
x x x
4.9
u = x dx

v = (1 + x )dx tg xy xy dx (d)

w = (1 + x )dx tg xz xz dx
c(d)

62
 u v w
= x , = xy , = xz
x x x

u v w
x = xy = xz =
x x x
u v w
yx = y = yz =
y y y
u v w
zx = zy = z =
z z z
eij
u i
e ij =
x j
4.9(4.11) ij = (e ij + e ji ) / 2

u 1 v w
x = yz = zy = ( + )
x 2 z y
v 1 w u
y = zx = xz = ( + ) 4.14
y 2 x z
w 1 u v
z = xy = yx = ( + )
z 2 y x
1 u u j
ij = ( i + )
2 x j x i

ij ij
4.6 4.7

1a4.14
u H
x = =
x 2H

v H
y= =
y 2H e
w H
z = =
z H
ij(i j) = 0
ij
2(b)4.14

63
 HL 1
x =
tg x 2

HL 1
y =
tg x 2 (f)
HL y
xy = yx =
tg x 3
z = yz = zx = 0

xyz

4.14x y
2 x 2 u
= ( )
y 2 xy y
2 y 2 v
= ( )
x 2 xy x

2 x y 2 xy
2
2 u v
+ = ( + ) = 2
y 2 x 2 xy y x xy

2 xy 1 2 x y
2

=
( 2 + )
xy 2 y x 2
2 yz 1 2 y 2 z
= ( + ) 4.15a
yz 2 z 2 y 2
2 zx 1 2 z 2 x
= ( + )
zx 2 x 2 z 2

4.14 y z xy x z zx x y
yz x
2 x 2u
= g
yz xyz
2 xy 1 3v 3u
= ( 2 + ) (h)
xz 2 x z xyz

64
 2 zx 1 3 w 3u
= ( 2 + ) (i)
xy 2 x y xyz
2 yz 1 3v 3w
= ( 2 + 2 ) (j)
x 2 2 x z x y
hij
g

zx xy yz 2 x
( + )=
x y z x yz
xy yz zx 2 y
( + )= 4.15b
y z x y zx
yz zx xy 2 z
( + )=
z x y z xy
5.15b
5.15a
5.15b ui
ij
4.14
z = yz = zx = 0 z
4.15a
2 xy1 2 x y
2

= ( + )
xy 2 y 2 x 2
f
3HL 1 3HL 1
4 =
tg x tg x 4
f

dxdydz V0=dxdydz

V1 = (1 + x )dx (1 + y )dy(1 + z )dz

(1 + x + y + z )dxdydz

V1 V2
= = X + Y + Z 4.16
V0

65
 px py pz
p = px + py + pz = 0 4.17

P ij P PF r
lmnPF dxdydz P1F1
4.10
PF PF r
r 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2
P1F1
r1 = r + r r1, PF
P1 F P1 FF1

FP1 dxdydz
FP1 u 4.13
u v w P1F1 4.10

(dx+u)(dy+v)(dz+w)
P1F1 r1,
r12 = (r + r) 2 = (dx + u ) 2 + (dy + v) 2 + (dz + w ) 2
2
r
2 2 2 2
2rr+r =u +v +w +2(dxu+dyv+dzw)
rdxdydz ruvw
rdx
rr= udx +vdy +wdz
2
4.13uI r
r dx dy dz
r = l = m = n =
r r r r

u 2 v 2 w 2 u v v w w u
r = l + m + n + + lm + + mn + + nl
x x x y x z y x z
r = x l 2 + y m 2 + z n 2 + 2( xy lm + yz mn + zx nl) (4.18)
PF 4. 9 r r=1 F

66
FMP1 F1 FMF1
2 2 2
FM = FF1 MF1 a
P1 M P1 F = r = 1
FM = tg r r
2
FF1 = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 = u i u i
MF1 = P1 F1 P1 M r = r r = r
a
2r = u i u i 2r b
r r u i 4.13
u i u 1 u j u j
u i = dx j = i + dx j
x j x j 2 x i x i
1 u i u j 1 u u j
= + dx j + i dx j
2 x j x i 2 x j x i

u i
1 u i u j
u i = + dx j = ij dx j
2 x j x i
u i b
2r = u i u i 2r (4.19)
r r 4.18(4.19)
3.6(3.7)

1 2 3

0 0
1
ij = 0 2 0

0 0 3

3 I1 2 I 2 I 3 = 0
I1I2I3

67
 I1 = x + y + z

I 2 = ( x y + y z + z x ) + xy + yz + zx
2 2 2


= ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) (4.20)

I 3 = x y z + 2 xy yz zx ( x yz + y zx + z xy )
2 2 2

= 1 2 3

I1=0

45

1
12 = (1 2 )
2

1
23 = ( 2 3 )
2
1
31 = ( 3 1 )
2
4.21
1 2 3
1
max = (1 2 )
2
4.22

m
m= 1 (x+y+z) = 1 (1+2+3) = 1 I1
3 3 3

( x m ) xy xy 0 0
m
ij = yx ( y m ) yz + 0 m 0 = ij + ij m

zx zy ( z m ) 0 0 m

(4.23)

1 1
8== ( x + y + z ) = (1 + 2 + 3 ) = m
3 3

68
 1
8 = ( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( z x ) 2 + 6( 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx )
3
1
= ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 (4.24)
3
8 2

= 2 8
2
= ( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( z x ) 2 + 6( 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx ) (4.25)
3
2 1
= [(1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 ]
3 2
1 2 = 3 1 + 2 + 3 =0
1
2 = 3 = 1
2
4.23
2 2
2 3 3
= 1 + 1 = 1
3 2 2

4.3

P P P1 P1
4.11 P P1
P P1
4.11
P P P1 P P P
P P P P P

P P = P P P P =du

69


u i = u i ( x , y , z, t )
xyz
ui u& v& w& u& i
du i u i dx u i dy u i dz u i
u& i = = + + + = u& i ( xyzt )
dt x dt y dt z dt t
u& i
u i
u& i = u& i ( xyzt )
t
t u& i

u& i
dt
du i = u& i dt
4.26

uI duI d ij

1
d ij = ( du i ) + ( du j ) (4.27)
2 x j x i

70
 d x d xy d xz

d ij = d yx d y d yz

d zx d zy d z

d ij = d ji = d ij / 2( i j)
d1 d 2 d 3

d ij 4.2 ij
d ij

d ij ij

1d ij ij 2 ij d ij

ij d ij
d ij

4.264.27
1
d ij = ( u& i dt + ( u& jdt )
2 x j x i
dt d ij / dt & ij

1 u& i u& j
& ij = + 4.28
2 x j x i

71
 u& 1 1 v& w&
& x = ; & yz = & zy = & yz = +
x 2 2 z y
v& 1 1 w& u&
& y = ; & zx = & xz = & zx = +
y 2 2 x z 4.28a

w& 1& 1 u& v&

& z = ; xy = yx = xy = +
& &
z 2 2 y x

& x & xy & xz

& ij = & yx & y & yz
& 4.29
zx & zy & z

1/s & ij

d& ij dt d ij ij & ij ij

d
& ij ij
dt

u& 0
x h x
u& 0
u& = x
h
x
u& u& 0
& x = =
x h
h=100mm, u& 0 =-6mm/min & x =-10 /s u& 0 6.5m / s
-3

& x 65 / s u& 0 12m / s & x 120 / s 10mm,

10

4.4

72


z z z w=0
z z = zx = yz = 0

u v
x = y =
x y
(4.30)
1 u v
xy = yx = +
2 y x

x = y (4.31)

z
zx = zy = 0 z z 3
z x y
x + y
z = 4.32
2
z
1 x + y
1 + y
=
m = ( x + y + z ) = x + y + x
= s
3 3 2 2
x y xy

1 0 0 1 0 0 m 0 0

ij = 0 2 0 = 0 2 0 + 0 m 0

0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 m
1
2 ( 1 2 ) 0 0

3 0 0
1
= 0 ( 2 1 ) 0 + 0 3 0
2
0 0 3
0 0 0

1
3 = m = z = (1 + 2 )
2

73
 1 = 2 3 = 0
- 4.12 (1 + 2 ) / 2
3.14
z z

x yx
+ =0
x y
xy y
+ =0
x y

4.12
4.13

u 1 v 1 w
= = +
2 z
1 v 1 w u
= + u z = + 4.33
2 z
w 1 v v 1 u
z = = +
z 2
v=0
= z = 0

u w
= z =
z

u 1 w u
= z = +
2 z
4.34

(a) (b)
u 4.13
a) b)
u u
= =

=

74
 u 1 1 w w
= = + wctg
2 sin
1 v 1 1 u w
= + u = + w 4.35
2 sin
1 1 w 1 v u
= + u + vctg = v +
sin 2
w=0
= = 0
4.3
,

1 xy uv uru
()
2. 4.a P u
&0 = 1m / s
aa bb o
x x a) b)
10-4s

4.a
3.
u=(10+0.1xy+0.05z)10-4
v=( 5-0.05x+0.1yz)10-4
w=(10-0.1xyz) 10-4
: 1l1)
4.

75
 a ) x = xy 2 , y = x 2y z = xy
1 2 1
xy = 0, yz = (z + y), zx = ( x 2 + y 2 )
2 2
b) x = x 2 + y 2 , y = y2 z = 0
xy = 2 xy, yz = zx = 0
5.
a) 100mm 0.1mm 45

b) 1mmin 100mm 150mm

6. 4.7 15,H=30mm, h=20mm, L=0.1mm A(75200)

7. , x 04590
04590(
04590 )

76