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Porosity
Porosity is a property that tells how porous a rock is. Its used to measure the
capacity of reservoir to contains fluids.
the pores.
Ineffective pore:
Closed pores have no connection with other pores and are unable to yield
hydrocarbons.
Ex. a sandstone with 8% porosity = 92% solid rock and 8% is open space
containing oil, gas, or water
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Permeability
Permeability is the ability of fluids to pass through a porous material.
Ex. If it takes a lot of pressure to squeeze fluid through a rock, that rock has low
permeability.
Permeability in petroleum-producing rocks is usually expressed in units called
millidarcys. Oil and gas are usually from rocks that have ten to several hundred
millidarcys.
The Darcys law
Capillary Pressure
Capillarity is a phenomenon where liquid is drawn up in a tube with the
difference between the ambient pressure and the pressure exerted by the column of
liquid.
Capillary pressure increases with decreasing tube diameter. In geological
term, the reservoir pressure increases with decreasing pore size, or pore throat
diameter. The capillary pressure is also related with the liquids surface tension.
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Grain orientation
The orientation has a major effect on permeability. The ratio of vertical to
horizontal permeability in a reservoir is important because of its effect on coning as
the oil and gas are produced.
The term sand refers to grain with sizes between (62 m - 2 mm). The
performance of the sandstone as a reservoir rock is described by its combination
of porosity and permeability depending on the degree to which the sand
dominates its. The favorable texture is depicted by packaging of similar sized
grains, not a combination of coarse and fine grained composition. The best
sandstone reservoirs are those that are composed mainly of quartz grains of sand
size of nearly equal sizes or silica cement, with minimal fragmented particles.
Sandstone reservoirs are generally 25 meters thick.
The most fascinating aspects of carbonate reservoir rocks are their content.
Carbonates are usually made of fossils which range from the very small single
cell to the larger shelled animals. Most carbonate rocks are deposited at or in
very close neighborhood to their site of creation. The "best-sorted" carbonate
rocks are Oolites in which encompass grains of the same size and shapes even
though Oolites are poorly sorted.