ISSN (e): 2250 3005 || Volume, 07 || Issue, 03|| March 2017 ||

International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)

Location of Zeros of Polynomials

M.H. Gulzar , B.A.Zargar , A.W.Manzoor 1 2 3

Department of Mathematics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar

ABSTRACT
In this paper, restricting the coefficients of a polynomial to certain conditions, we locate a region
containing all of its zeros. Our results generalize many known results in addition to some interesting
results which can be obtained by choosing certain values of the parameters.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C10, 30C15.
Key Words and Phrases: Coefficients, Polynomial, Zeros.

I. INTRODUCTION
On the location of zeros of a polynomial with real coefficients Enestrom and Kakeya proved the following
theorem named after them as the Enestrom - Kakeya Theorem [9,10] :
n

Theorem A: all the zeros of a polynomial P ( z )

j
a jz satisfying a n a n 1 ....... a 1 a 0 0 lie
j0

in z 1 .
The above theorem has been generalized in different ways by various authors [2-11].
Recently Gulzar et al [7] proved the following result
n

P(z)
j
Theorem B: Let a jz be a polynomial of degree n with
j0

Re( a j ) j , Im( a j ) j , j 0 ,1 , 2 ,......, n such that for some , , 0 n 1, 0 n 1 ,

n
n 1
...... ,

n n 1 ...... ,
and
L 1 1 2 ...... 1 0 0 ,

M 1 1 2 ...... 1 0 0 .
Then all the zeros of P(z) lie in
1
z [ n
n
L M

] .
an

II. MAIN RESULTS

In this paper we prove the following generalization of Theorem B:
n

Theorem 1: Let P ( z )
j
a jz be a polynomial of degree n with
j0

Re( a j ) j , Im( a j ) j , j 0 ,1 , 2 ,......, n such that for some , , 0 n 1, 0 n 1

and for some k 1 , k 2 1 ,

n 1 n 2
k1 n
k1 n 1
...... k 1 1
k 1
,
n 1 n 2
k2 n k2 n 1 ...... k 2
k2
,
and
L 1 1 2 ...... 1 0 0 ,

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 Location of Zeros of Polynomials

M 1 1 2 ...... 1 0 0 .
Then all the zeros of P(z) lie in
( k 1 1 ) i ( k 2 1) n 1
n

z [ n ( k 1 1) ( j ) ( k 2 1) ( j)
n
n j j
an an j 1

( k 1 1) n
( k 2 1) n L M ].

a0 R
Further the number of zeros of P(z) in z , c 1 , R 1 does not exceed
X c
1 X a0 1 X a0 R
log log( 1 ) and the number of zeros of P(z) in z , c 1, R 1
log c a0 log c a0 Y c

1 Y a0 1 Y
does not exceed log log( 1 ) , where R is any positive number and
log c a0 log c a0

n 1
X an R R [( n ) ( ) L M 0 ( k 1 1) ( j)
n
n 0 j
j 1

( k 2 1) ( j
j )] ,
j 1

n 1
Y an R R [( n
n ) (

) L M 0
0 ( k 1 1) ( j
j)
j 1

( k 2 1) ( j
j )] .
j 1

k k 1
Remark 1: For 1 2
, Theorem 1 reduces to Theorem B.
Taking k 2 1 in Theorem 1, we get the following result:
n

P(z)
j
Corollary 1: Let a jz be a polynomial of degree n with
j0

Re( a j ) j , Im( a j ) j , j 0 ,1 , 2 ,......, n such that for some , , 0 n 1, 0 n 1

and for some k 1 1 ,

n 1 n 2
k1 n
k1 n 1
...... k 1 1
k 1
,

n n 1 ......

,

L 1 1 2 ...... 1 0 0 ,

M 1 1 2 ...... 1 0 0 .
Then all the zeros of P(z) lie in
n
1
z ( k 1 1 ) n

an
[ n
n ( k 1 1) ( j
j ) ( k 1 1) n
j 1

L M

].

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 Location of Zeros of Polynomials

a0 R
Also the number of zeros of P(z) in z , c 1 , R 1 does not exceed
X c
1 X a0 1 X a0 R
log log( 1 ) and the number of zeros of P(z) in z , c 1, R 1
log c a0 log c a0 Y c

1 Y a0 1 Y
does not exceed log log( 1 ) , where R is any positive number and
log c a0 log c a0
n

n 1
X an R R [( n ) ( ) L M 0 ( k 1 1) ( j )] ,
n
n 0 j
j 1

n 1
Y an R R [( n
n ) (

) L M 0
0 ( k 1 1) ( j
j )]
j 1

Taking 0 in Theorem 1, we get the following result:

n

P(z)
j
Corollary 2: Let a jz be a polynomial of degree n with
j0

Re( a j ) j , Im( a j ) j , j 0 ,1 , 2 ,......, n such that for some , , 0 n 1, 0 n 1

and for some k 1 , k 2 1 ,

n n 1
k1 n
k1 n 1
...... k 1 1 0 ,
n n 1
k2 n
k2 n 1 ...... k 2 1 0 ,
Then all the zeros of P(z) lie in
( k 1 1 ) i ( k 2 1) n 1
n n

z [ n ( k 1 1) ( j ) ( k 2 1) ( j)
n
n j j
an an j 1 j 1

( k 1 1) n
( k 2 1) n 0 0 0 0 ].

a0 R
Also the number of zeros of P(z) in z , c 1 , R 1 does not exceed
X c
1 X a0 1 X a0 R
log log( 1 ) and the number of zeros of P(z) in z , c 1, R 1
log c a0 log c a0 Y c

1 Y a0 1 Y
does not exceed log log( 1 ) , where R is any positive number and
log c a0 log c a0
n

0 ( k 1 1) (
n 1
X an R R [( n ) ( 0) L M j )] ,
n
n 0 0 j
j 1

( k 2 1) ( j
j )] , R 1
j 1

0 ( k 1 1) (
n 1
Y an R R [( n
n ) ( 0
0) L M 0 j
j )]
j 1

( k 2 1) ( j
j )] , R 1
j 1

Similarly for other values of the parameters in Theorem 1, we get many other interesting results.

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 Location of Zeros of Polynomials

III. LEMMAS
For the proof of Theorem 2, we make use of the following lemmas:
Lemma 1: Let f(z) (not identically zero) be analytic for z R , f ( 0 ) 0 and f ( a k ) 0 ,
k 1, 2 ,......, n . Then
n
1 2 R
i

2

0
log f (Re d log f ( 0 ) log .
j 1 a j

Lemma 1 is the famous Jensens Theorem (see page 208 of [1]).

Lemma 2: Let f(z) be analytic , f ( 0 ) 0 and f ( z ) M for z R . Then the number of zeros of f(z) in
R 1 M
z , c 1 is less than or equal to log .
c log c f (0 )
Lemma 2 is a simple deduction from Lemma 1.

IV. PROOF OF THEOREM 1

Consider the polynomial
F ( z ) (1 z ) P ( z )
n 1
(1 z )( a n z a n 1 z ...... a 1 z a 0 )
n

n 1 1
an z ( a n a n 1 ) z ...... ( a 1 a ) z ( a a 1 ) z
n

...... ( a 1 a 0 ) z a 0
n 1 n 1
anz ( k 1 1 ) n z ( k 1 ( k 1 ......
n n
n n 1
)z n 1 n2
)z
1
( k 1 1

)z (
1
)z ...... ( 1 0 ) z 0

n 1 n2 1
( k 1 1 )( n 1
z n2
z ....... 1
z )
n 1
i {( k 2 ( k 2 1) n z (k 2 ......
n n
n n 1
)z n 1 n2
)z
1 n 1 1
(k 2 1

)z ( k 2 1 )( n 1
z ...... 1
z ) (
1
)z

...... ( 1 0 ) z 0 }
1
For z 1 so that j
1, j 1, 2 ,......, n , we have, by using the hypothesis
z
n n n 1
F ( z ) a n z ( k 1 1 ) n
i ( k 2 1) n z [ k 1 n
n 1
z k 1 n 1
n2
z ......
1
k 1 1

z
1
z ...... 1 0
z 0

n 1 1 n n 1
( k 1 1 )( n 1
z ...... 1
z ) k2 n
n 1
z k2 n 1
n2
z
1
...... k 2 1

z
1
z ...... 1 0 z 0
n 1 1
( k 2 1 )( n 1
z ...... 1
z )]

n k 1 n 1
n2
k 1 n2
n3
z [ a n z ( k 1 1 ) n
i ( k 2 1) n
[ k 1 n
n 1
2
z z

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 Location of Zeros of Polynomials

k 1 1


1
1 0
0
n 1
...... n 1
n
...... n 1
n
( k 1 1 )( ......
z z z z z

1
k2 n 1
n2
k2 1


1
n 1
) k2 n
n 1
...... n 1
n
z z z z

1 0 0 n 1 1
...... n 1
n
( k 2 1 )( ...... n 1
)]
z z z z
n
z [ a n z ( k 1 1 ) n
i ( k 2 1 ) n [ k 1 n
n 1
k 1 n 1
n2
k 1 n2
n3

...... k 1 1


1
...... 1 0
0
( k 1 1 )( n 1
......

1
) k2 n
n 1
k2 n 1
n2
...... k 2 1


1

...... 1 0 0 ( k 2 1 )( n 1
...... 1
)]
n
z [ a n z ( k 1 1 ) n
i ( k 2 1 ) n { k 1 n
n 1
k 1 n 1
n2
k 1 n2
n3

...... k 1 1 1 ...... 1 0 0 ( k 1 1)( n 1

.....

1
) k 2 n n 1 k 2 n 1 n 2 ...... k 2 1 1

...... 1 0 0 ( k 2 1 )( n 1 ...... 1 )}]

n
z [ a n z ( k 1 1 ) n
i ( k 2 1 ) n { k 1 n
n 1
k 1 n 1
n2
k 1 n2
n3

...... k 1 1

L ( k 1 1 )( n 1
...... 1
) k2 n
n 1

k2 n 1
n2
...... k 2 1

M ( k 2 1 )( n 1
...... 1
)}]
n
n
z [ a n z ( k 1 1 ) n
i ( k 2 1) n
{ n
n
( k 1 1) ( j
j)
j 1

( k 2 1) ( j
j ) ( k 1 1) n
( k 2 1) n
L M
}]
j 1

0
if
n n

a n z ( k 1 1 ) n
i ( k 2 1) n
{ n
n
( k 1 1) ( j
j ) ( k 2 1) ( j
j)
j 1 j 1

( k 1 1) n
( k 2 1) n L M }]
i.e.if
( k 1 1 ) i ( k 2 1) n 1
n n

z [ n ( k 1 1) ( j ) ( k 2 1) ( j)
n
n j j
an an j 1 j 1

( k 1 1) n
( k 2 1) n L M ].
This shows that those zeros of F(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in

( k 1 1 ) i ( k 2 1) n 1
n n

z [ n ( k 1 1) ( j ) ( k 2 1) ( j)
n
n j j
an an j 1 j 1

( k 1 1) n ( k 2 1) n L M ].

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 Location of Zeros of Polynomials

Since the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality and since
the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of F(z) , it follows that all the zeros of P(z) lie in
( k 1 1 ) i ( k 2 1) n 1
n n

z [ n ( k 1 1) ( j ) ( k 2 1) ( j)
n
n j j
an an j 1 j 1

( k 1 1) n
( k 2 1) n L M ].
Again
F (z) a0 G (z) ,
where
n 1 n 1
G (z) an z ( k 1 1 ) n z ( k 1 ( k 1 ......
n n
n n 1
)z n 1 n2
)z
1
( k 1 1

)z (
1
)z ...... ( 1 0 ) z
n 1 n2 1
( k 1 1 )( n 1
z n2
z ....... 1
z )
n 1
i {( k 2 ( k 2 1) n z (k 2 ......
n n
n n 1
)z n 1 n2
)z
1 n 1 1
(k 2 1

)z ( k 2 1 )( n 1
z ...... 1
z ) (
1
)z

...... ( 1 0 ) z }.

For z R , R 0 , we have
n 1 n 1
G (z) an R ( k 1 1) ( k 1 ( k 1 ......
n n
n
R n n 1
)R n 1 n2
)R
1
( k 1 1 ) R 1 R ...... 1 0 R
n 1 n2 1
( k 1 1)( n 1
R n2
R ....... 1 R )
n 1
(k 2 ( k 2 1) (k 2 ......
n n
n n 1
)R n
R n 1 n2
)R
1 n 1 1
(k 2 1

)R ( k 2 1 )( n 1
R ...... 1
R )
1
R

...... 1 0 R }
n 1
an R R [( k 1 1) k 1 n n 1 k 1 n 2 ...... k 1 1 L
n
n n 1

( k 1 1 )( n 1
...... 1
) k2 n
n 1

k2 n 1
n2
...... k 2 1

M ( k 2 1 )( n 1
...... 1
)]

n 1
an R R [( n ) ( ) L M 0 ( k 1 1) ( j)
n
n 0 j
j 1

( k 2 1) ( j
j )]
j 1

X
for R 1 and
for R 1

n 1
G (z) an R R [( n
n ) (

) L M 0
0 ( k 1 1) ( j
j)
j 1

( k 2 1) ( j
j )]
j 1

Y
Since G(0)=0 and G(z) is analytic for z R , it follows, by Schwarz Lemma , that for z R ,

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 Location of Zeros of Polynomials

G ( z ) X z for R 1 and G ( z ) Y z for R 1 .

Hence, for z R , R 1

F (z) a0 G (z)

a0 G (z)

a0 X z

0
if
a0
z .
X
a0
Similarly, for z R , R 1 , F ( z ) 0 if z .
Y
a0 a0
In other words, F(z) does not vanish in z for R 1 and F(z) does not vanish in z for R 1
X Y
a0
in z R . That means all the zeros of F(z) and hence all the zeros of P(z) lie in z for R 1 and in
X
a0
z for R 1 in z R .
Y
Since for z R , F ( z ) X a 0 for R 1 and F ( z ) Y a 0 for R 1 and since
a0 R
F ( 0 ) a 0 0 , it follows by Lemma 2 that the number of zeros of P(z) in z , c 1 , R 1 does
X c
1 X a0 1 X
not exceed log log( 1 ) and the number of zeros of P(z) in
log c a0 log c a0

a0 R 1 Y a0 1 Y
z , c 1 , R 1 does not exceed log log( 1 ).
Y c log c a0 log c a0
That proves Theorem 1 completely.

REFERENCES
[1]. L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, 3rd edition, Mc-Grawhill.
[2]. A. Aziz and Q. G. Mohammad, Zero-free regions for polynomials and some generalizations of Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, Canad.
Math. Bull.,27(1984),265- 272.
[3]. A. Aziz and B. A. Zargar, Some Extensions of Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, Glasnik Mathematicki, 51 (1996), 239-244.
[4]. Y.Choo, On the zeros of a family of self-reciprocal polynomials, Int. J. Math. Analysis , 5 (2011),1761-1766.
[5]. N. K. Govil and Q. I. Rahman, On Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, Tohoku J. Math. 20 (1968), 126-136.
[6]. M. H. Gulzar, Some Refinements of Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, International Journal of Mathematical Archive , Vol 2(9), 2011,
1512-1519..
[7]. M. H. Gulzar,B.A. Zargar and A. W. Manzoor, Zeros of a Certain Class of Polynomials, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Engineering and Management, Vol.3 No. 2(2017).
[8]. A. Joyal, G. Labelle and Q. I. Rahman, On the location of the zeros of a polynomial, Canad. Math. Bull. ,10 (1967), 53-63.
[9]. M. Marden, Geometry of Polynomials, Math. Surveys No. 3, Amer. Math.Soc.(1966).
[10]. Q. I. Rahman and G. Schmeisser, Analytic Theory of Polynomials, Oxford University Press, New York (2002).
[11]. B. A. Zargar, On the zeros of a family of polynomials, Int. J. of Math. Sci. &Engg. Appls. , Vol. 8 No. 1(January 2014), 233-237.

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