1. Give two examples each of the bad and the good effects of vibration?

Bad effects
1. Proper readings of the instrument cannot be taken
2. Many building , structures and bridges may fall
Good effects:
1. Useful for the propagation of sound
2. Vibratory conveyors
3. Musical instruments
2. What are the three elementary parts of a vibrating system?
1. Mass of the body
2. Elasticity of available spring.
3. Dash pot which is for domping
3. Define the number of degrees of freedom of a vibrating system.
The minimum number of independent coordinates required to specify the motion of
a system at any instant is known as degrees of freedom of the system
4. What is the difference between a discrete and a continuous system? Is it possible to solve
any vibration problem as a discrete one?

A discrete system is one that has a finite number of degrees of freedom. A continuous system is one that
has an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Any continuous system can be approximated as a discrete
system.

5. In vibration analysis, can damping always be disregarded?

No
6. Can a nonlinear vibration problem be identified by looking at its governing differential
equation?
Yes

7. What is the difference between deterministic and random vibration? Give two practical
examples of each.
In deterministic the magnitude of excitation force is know but in random magnitude
of excitation is not known.
8. What methods are available for solving the governing equations of a vibration problem?
Rayleigh method, energy method, equilibrium method.
9. How do you connect several springs to increase the overall stiffness?
By connect springs in parallel.
10. Define spring stiffness and damping constant.
Spring stiffness (K) : It is the force required to produce unit displacement in the direction of
applied force it is expressed in N/m.
K= F = N/m
S
Damping coefficient (C) : It is the damping force or resistance force developed per unit velocity
of viscouse fluid it is expressed in N-sec/m
C = F = N/m/sec
v
11. What are the common types of damping?
1) Viscous damping 2) dry friction damping
3) structural damping 4) slip or interfacial damping
12. State three different ways of expressing a periodic function in terms of its harmonics
Fourier series in terms of trigonometric functions, complex Fourier series, and frequency spectrum.

13. Define these terms: cycle, amplitude, phase angle, linear frequency, period, and natural
frequency.
Cycle: The movement of a vibrating body from its undisturbed or equilibrium position to its extreme
position in one direction, then to the equilibrium position is called a cycle of vibration.

Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its equilibrium position is called the
amplitude4 of vibration.

Natural Frequency: If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own, the frequency
with which it oscillates without external forces is known as its natural frequency. As will be seen later, a
vibratory system having n degrees of freedom will have, in general, n distinct natural frequencies of
vibration.

Linear frequency: The number of cycles per unit time.

Period: The time taken to complete one cycle of motion is called the period.

Phase angle: The angular difference between the occurrence of the maxima of two harmonic motions
having the same frequency is called the phase difference.

14. How are and f related to each other?

15. How can we obtain the frequency, phase, and amplitude of a harmonic motion from the
corresponding rotating vector?

Frequency: Angular velocity of the rotating vector (). Phase: If the vertical projection of the rotating
vector is nonzero at time t = 0, the angular difference from the occurrence of zero vertical projection to t =
0 is called the phase. Amplitude: maximum projection of the rotating vector on the vertical axis.
16. How do you add two harmonic motions having different frequencies?
17. What are beats?
When two harmonic motions, with frequencies close to one another, are added, the resulting motion
exhibits a phenomenon known as beats. In beat phenomenon, the amplitude builds up and dies down at a
frequency known as beat frequency.
18. Define the terms decibel and octave.

Decibel (dB) is defined as: where X0 is a specified reference value of X. Octave: The frequency range in
which the maximum value is twice the minimum value is called an octave band.

19. Explain Gibbs phenomenon.

When a periodic function is approximated by n terms of the Fourier series, the approximation improves
everywhere except in the vicinity of the discontinuity as the value of n increases. This phenomenon is
called the Gibbs phenomenon.
20. What are half-range expansion
If a function, defined only in the interval 0 to , is extended arbitrarily to include the interval to 0 for the
purpose of Fourier series expansion, the resulting expansion is known as the half-range expansion.
1. Suggest a method for determining the damping constant of a highly damped vibrating
system that uses viscous damping.

Assume that the system is underdamped. Then by measuring the amplitudes of vibration m cycles apart,
the logarithmic decrement () can be computed as

The damping ratio () can be found as

2. Can you apply the results of Section 2.2 to systems where the restoring force is not proportional
to the displacement that is, where k is not a constant?

3. State the parameters corresponding to m, c, k, and x for a torsional system.

Mass moment of inertia, torsional damping constant, torsional stiffness, and angular displacement,
4. What effect does a decrease in mass have on the frequency of a system?

Since the natural frequency is given by , a decrease in m will cause the natural frequency to increase.

5. What effect does a decrease in the stiffness of the system have on the natural period?

5.What effect does a decrease in the stiffness of the system have on the natural period? Your Answer:

6. Why does the amplitude of free vibration gradually diminish in practical systems?

Due to the damping present in the surroundings.

7. Why is it important to find the natural frequency of a vibrating system?

To avoid resonance.
8. How many arbitrary constants must a general solution to a second-order differential

Two. Constants are determined using two initial conditions ( usually, using the initial values of the variable
and its derivative).
equation have? How are these constants determined?

9. Can the energy method be used to find the differential equation of motion of all singledegree-
of-freedom systems?

Energy method cannot be used for damped systems.

10. What assumptions are made in finding the natural frequency of a single-degree-offreedom
system using the energy method?

No dissipation of energy due to damping.

11. Is the frequency of a damped free vibration smaller or greater than the natural frequency
of the system?

If the system is underdamped or critically damped, the frequency of damped vibration will be smaller than
the natural frequency of the system.
12. What is the use of the logarithmic decrement?

Logarithmic decrement can be used to determine the damping constant of a system by experimentally
measuring any two consecutive displacement amplitudes.
13. Is hysteresis damping a function of the maximum stress?

Since hysteresis damping depends on the area of the hysteresis loop (in the stress-strain diagram), the
maximum stress influences hysteresis damping.
14. What is critical damping, and what is its importance?

Critical damping corresponds to a damping ratio of one. It is important because the motion will be
aperiodic (non-oscillatory) with critical damping.
15. What happens to the energy dissipated by damping?

It is mostly dissipated as heat.

16. What is equivalent viscous damping? Is the equivalent viscous-damping factor a constant?

Equivalent viscous damping is defined such that the energy dissipated per cycle during harmonic motion
will be same in both the actual and the equivalent viscous dampers. Equivalent viscous damping factor
need not be a constant. For example, in the case of hysteresis damping,

, indicating that the equivalent viscous damping depends on the frequency ().

17. What is the reason for studying the vibration of a single-degree-of-freedom system?

Several mechanical and structural systems can be approximated, reasonably well, as single degree of
freedom systems.
18. How can you find the natural frequency of a system by measuring its static deflection?

where st is the static deflection under self-weight and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

19. Give two practical applications of a torsional pendulum.

Mechanical clock, Wind turbine.

20. Define these terms: damping ratio, logarithmic decrement, loss coefficient, and specific
damping capacity.

Damping ratio(): Logarithmic decrement ():

Loss coefficient:

It is the ratio of energy dissipated per radian and the total strain energy. Specific damping capacity: It is
the ratio of energy dissipated per cycle and the total strain energy.

21. In what ways is the response of a system with Coulomb damping different from that of
systems with other types of damping?

i) Damping force is independent of the displacement and velocity. (i) Damping force depends only on the
normal force (weight of the mass) between the sliding surfaces. (i) Governing equation is nonlinear.
22. What is complex stiffness?
Complex stiffness = k+ih=k(1+i) where k = stiffness, , h = hysteresis damping constant, and a measure
of

damping.

23. Define the hysteresis damping constant.

Hysteresis damping constant (h) is the proportionality constant that relates the damping coefficient (c) and
the frequency () as .

24. Give three practical applications of the concept of center of percussion.

Hammer, baseball bat, pendulum used in Izod impact testing of materials.

25. What is the order of the equation of motion given by mv + cv = 0?

26. Define the time constant.

a time that represents the speed with which a particular system can respond to change, typically
equal to the time taken for a specified parameter to vary by a factor of 1- 1/ e (approximately
0.6321).
27. What is a root locus plot?

This method is termed the root- locus method which turns out that the roots lie on smooth curves,
known as loci, and the plots themselves are called root- locus plots.

28. What is the significance of c 6<0?

29. What is a time-invariant system?

A system is also called a time-invariant system meaning that the system characteristics do not change
with time.
2.2 Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false:

1. The amplitude of an undamped system will not change with time.

True
2. A system vibrating in air can be considered a damped system.
TRUE
3. The equation of motion of a single-degree-of-freedom system will be the same whether
the mass moves in a horizontal plane or an inclined plane.
TRUE
4. When a mass vibrates in a vertical direction, its weight can always be ignored in deriving
the equation of motion.
FALSE
5. The principle of conservation of energy can be used to derive the equation of motion of
both damped and undamped systems.
FALSE
6. The damped frequency can in some cases be larger than the undamped natural frequency
of the system.
FALSE
7. The damped frequency can be zero in some cases.
c 6 0?
mv #
+ cv = 0

TRUE

8.The natural frequency of vibration of a torsional system is given by where k and

TRUE
m denote the torsional spring constant and the polar mass moment of inertia, respectively.
9. Rayleigh s method is based on the principle of conservation of energy.
TRUE
10. The final position of the mass is always the equilibrium position in the case of Coulomb
damping.
FALSE
11. The undamped natural frequency of a system is given by where is the static
deflection of the mass.
12. For an undamped system, the velocity leads the displacement by
TRUE
13. For an undamped system, the velocity leads the acceleration by
FALSE
14. Coulomb damping can be called constant damping.
TRUE
15. The loss coefficient denotes the energy dissipated per radian per unit strain energy.
TRUE
16. The motion diminishes to zero in both underdamped and overdamped cases.
TRUE
17. The logarithmic decrement can be used to find the damping ratio.
TRUE
18. The hysteresis loop of the stress-strain curve of a material causes damping.
TRUE
19. The complex stiffness can be used to find the damping force in a system with hysteresis
damping.
TRUE
20. Motion in the case of hysteresis damping can be considered harmonic.
TRUE
21. In the s-plane, the locus corresponding to constant natural frequency will be a circle.
22. The characteristic equation of a single-degree-of-freedom system can have one real root
and one complex root.

2.3 Fill in the blanks with proper words:

1. The free vibration of an undamped system represents interchange of _____ and _____
energies.
ANS. KINETIC, POTENTIAL
2. A system undergoing simple harmonic motion is called a _____ oscillator.
ANS. HARMONIC
3. The mechanical clock represents a _____ pendulum.
ANS. TORSIONAL
4. The center of _____ can be used advantageously in a baseball bat.
ANS. PERCUSSION
5. With viscous and hysteresis damping, the motion _____ forever, theoretically.
ANS. CONTINUES
6. The damping force in Coulomb damping is given by _____.
ANS. uN
7. The _____ coefficient can be used to compare the damping capacity of different engineering
materials.
ANS. LOSS
8. Torsional vibration occurs when a _____ body oscillates about an axis.
ANS. RIGID
9. The property of _____ damping is used in many practical applications, such as large
guns.
ANS. CRITICAL
10. The logarithmic decrement denotes the rate at which the _____ of a free damped vibration
decreases.
ANS. AMPLITUDE
11. Rayleigh s method can be used to find the _____ frequency of a system directly.
ANS. NATURAL
12. Any two successive displacements of the system, separated by a cycle, can be used to
find the _____ decrement.
ANS. LOGARITHMIC
13. The damped natural frequency can be expressed in terms of the undamped natural
frequency as _____.
ANS. d = (1 2 n
14. The time constant denotes the time at which the initial response reduces by _____ percent.
ANS.
15. The term decays _____ than the term as time t increases.
ANS.
16. In the s-plane, lines parallel to real axis denote systems having different _____ frequencies.

ANS.

2.4

1. B
2. C
3. C
4.
5.
6. A
7. B
8.
9.
10. C
11. B
12. B
13. B
14. B
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.