Certificate of Authenticity

This is to certify that Md. Mudashir Anam a student of

class XII has successfully completed the research product on the
topic Animal Husbandry under the guidance of Ms. Gita
Sahu.
This project is absolutely genuine and does not include in
plagiarism of any kind. This reference taken in making this
project has been declared at the end of this project.

Signature of principal (with seal)

Signature (subject teacher) Signature(examiner)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel proud to present my biology investigatory project on Animal

Husbandry. This project would not have been feasible without the proper
rigorous guidance of biology teacher Ms. Gita Sahu who guided me
throughout this project in every possible way. Thereby I would like to thank
Mrs Geeta Sahu for guiding me on systematic basis. Rigorous effort has
been put in this project to ensure that it proves to be the best. I hope that this
project will prove to be a breeding ground for the next generation of students.
 A BOUT THE INVESTIGATION

INVESTIGATORY AREA: Khanapara college of Veterinary Science.

ANIMALS BEING INVESTIGATED:

(i) Hogs (Hampshire breed)

(ii) Buffaloes (Murrah breed)

(iii) Cows (Lal Kandhari)

 Page No

1. Introduction 1

2. Breed (Hampshire) 2-4

2.1. Features
2.2. Characteristics
2.3. Proper weights of Hampshire breed
2.4. Types of feed given
2.5. Total Strength of the Breed
2.6. Common diseases of Hampshire breed

3. Breed (Murrah).. 5-7

3.1. Features
3.2. Characteristics
3.3. Proper weights of Murrah breed
3.4. Daily Lactation of Murrah
3.5. Types of feed given
3.6. Common diseases of Murrah breed

3. Breed (Lal Kandhari).. 8-10

3.1. Features
3.2. Characteristics
3.3. Proper weights of Lal Kandhari breed
3.4. Daily Lactation of Lal Kandhari
3.5. Images showing maintenance of Lal Kandhari
3.5. Types of feed given
3.6. Common diseases of Murrah breed

4. Conclusion.. 11
 1. Introduction

A nimal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals by humans, in

which genetic qualities and behaviour, considered to be advantageous to humans, are
further developed. The term can refer to the practice of selectively breeding and raising
livestock to promote desirable traits in animals for utility, sport, pleasure, or research.

Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years since the
first domestication of animals. Selective breeding for desired traits was first established
as a scientific practice by Robert Bakewell during the British Agricultural Revolution in
the 18th century. One of his most important breeding programs was with sheep. Using
native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long,
lustrous wool. The Lincoln Long wool was improved by Bakewell and in turn the Lincoln
was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It
was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines. These sheep were
exported widely and have contributed to numerous modern breeds.

Under his influence, English farmers began to breed cattle for use primarily as beef for
consumption - (previously, cattle were first and foremost bred for pulling ploughs as oxen.
Over the following decades, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. In
1700, the average weight of a bull sold for slaughter was 370 pounds (168 kg). By 1786,
that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds (381 kg).
Animal herding professions specialized in the 19th century to include the cowboys of the
United States and Canada, Charros and vaqueros of Mexico, gauchos and huasos of
South America, and the farmers and stockmen of Australia.

Techniques such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer are frequently used
today, not only as methods to guarantee that females breed regularly but also to help
improve herd genetics. This may be done by transplanting embryos from high-quality
females into lower-quality surrogate mothers - freeing up the higher-quality mother to be
impregnated. This practice vastly increases the number of offspring which may be
produced by a small selection of the best quality parent animals. On the one hand, this
improves the ability of the animals to convert feed to meat, milk, or fibre more efficiently,
and improve the quality of the final product. On the other, it decreases genetic diversity,
increasing the severity of certain disease outbreaks among other risks.

1
2. BREED: Hampshire

2.1 FEATURES:

1. They are known for their meat yield

2. They require small investment on buildings and equipment.
3. They can utilize wide variety of feed stuff viz. grains, forages, damaged feeds and garbage.
4. Their manure is used as fertilizer for agriculture farms and fish ponds.
5. They are prolific with shorter generation interval.

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS:

These hogs are black with a white belt that extends from one front leg, over the shoulder,
and down the other front leg. They have erect ears and are popular for their lean, meaty
carcasses.

2.3 PROPER WEIGHTS OF HAMPSHIRE BREED:

A pig should weigh between 200 and 240 pounds. Healthy pigs will gain from 1.5 to 1.8
pounds per day if fed properly. Feeder pigs that weight about 50 pounds at the start of the
project usually make the best 4-H market hogs.

2
2.4 TYPES OF FEED GIVEN

Pigs are non-ruminant animals. They have a single stomach in contrast to such animals
as cattle and goats. To grow rapidly and efficiently, swine need a high energy,
concentrated grain diet that is low in fibre (cellulose) and is supplemented with adequate
protein.

Pigs should be self-fed (given all the feed they will eat) throughout the feeding period.
Self-feeding allows a pig to grow as fast as possible.

Water is the most important part of a pig's diet. One-half to two-thirds of a pig's body is
made up of water. Pigs should be supplied with as much clean, fresh water as they will
drink. Pigs can live longer without feed than without water.

TYPE OF RARER FEEDING PRACTISE

Semi scavenging(Landless) Broken rice + leaves + other wastes
Small Bran + broken rice + vegetables
Medium Maize + rice polish+ leafy vegetables

2.5 TOTAL SRENGTH OF THE BREED IN THE INVESTIGATORY AREA:

3
 2.6 COMMON DISEASES OF HAMPSHIRE BREED:

DISEASES MAJOR SIGNS TREATMENT PREVENTION

Colibacillosis (E. coli) Diarrhoea (scours) ; sudden Fluid therapy; Improve hygiene;
death antibiotics vaccinate sow/gilts;
(I,O,W); warmth provide a warm clean
creep area
Exudative epidermitis Skin lesions; death Antibiotics; Improve hygiene; provide
skin protectant; a dry, warm, clean creep
vitamins area; prevent skin
abrasions
Erysipelas Arthritis; skin lesions; Antibiotics (I) Vaccinate
reduced growth rate;
condemnations at
slaughter
African Swine Fever Fever, blotching of skin, No treatment Through cleaning,
(ASF) haemorrhage of the lymph disinfection,
nodes, internal organs and disinsectisation,
haemorrhage of the movement control and
gastrointestinal tract
surveillance
Farrowing sickness Reduced milk production; Antibiotics Reduce feeding prior to
(mastitis, metritis, loss of appetite; higher body (I,W,F); farrowing; ensure good
agalactia - MMA) temperature oxytocin; anti- hygiene in farrowing
inflammatory crate; reduce stress on
drugs sows

4
3. BREED: Murrah

3.1 FEATURES:

1. Milk yield capacity of 2000 to 4000 litres.

2. Capable of surviving in any types of climate.
3. Easy to look after.
4. Lean meat with even fat cover.

3.2 CHARACTERISTICS:

These buffaloes are kept under hygienic environment and fed with excellent quality
grains and grass. They are demanded for high yielding milk and also for production of
meat.

3.3 PROPER WEIGHTS OF MURRAH BREED:

The average body weight of male murrah buffalo is about 550 Kg and for female the
average weight is about 450Kg.

5
3.4 DAILY LACTATION OF MURRAH IN PEAK PERIOD:

The Murrah buffalo produces above 18-litter milk per day. A peak milk yield of 31.5 kg
in a day has been recorded from a champion Murrah buffalo in the All India Milk Yield
Competition conducted by the Government of India.

3.5 TYPES OF FEED GIVEN:

Buffaloes are ruminant animals. This means that they utilize micro-organisms in the
rumen to digest the feed. The feed eaten by ruminants are mainly of vegetable origin. The
ruminant is an expert in converting cellulose and other fibrous materials into high
quality milk and meat. Their digestive capacity is greater than the non-ruminant.
Ruminants chew the cud" e.g. regurgitate the food to the mouth and chew it several times,
thus helping the breakdown.

They should be self -fed. This allows them to grow faster. Sources of energy are
predominantly carbohydrates like fibre and starch and fat to a lesser extent. For
buffaloes, fibre in the form of roughage is the most important and cheapest energy source.

Water is essential for most body functions, such as body temperature control, milk
production and maintaining blood plasma volume. Thermal regulation of the animal is
the most water consuming process. The animal receives water in three different ways

Drinking water
Water in feed
Metabolic water = water made from feed degradation

FEED SOURCE AMOUNT

Crushed barley 50 %
Groundnut cake 30 %
Wheat bran 8%
Mineral mixture 2%
To increase acceptability,
add, per 100 kg of starter
Molasses 5-10 kg
Salt 500 g

6
 3.6 COMMON DISEASES OF MURRAH BREED:
DISEASES MAJOR SIGNS
Appearance of pin-point red
Buffalo pox spots and papules; papules
may convert coalesce into
vesicles
Fever, lameness,
Black Quarter inflammation of muscles,
severe toxaemia and death
in most cases
Susceptible to sunlight,
Johne`s disease drying and high PH of
soil; continuous contact of
urine with faeces reduces
the life of bacteria.
7
TREATMENT PREVENTION
1:1,000 solution
of potassium
permanganate Improve hygiene; lesions
followed by the should be cleaned
application of
1:110 boric acids
Penicillin and Hygiene and
tetracycline dose prophylaxis
destruction of carcases
by burning, and
cleaning and treatment
of all wounds
Chemotherapeutic
agent invitro Proper vaccination
than
Mycotuberculosis
4. BREED: Lal Kandhari

4.1 FEATURES:

1. They are dual purpose cows.

2. They are tick and parasite resistance.
3. They are heat tolerant.
4. Their drought resistant.
5. They lean meat with even fat cover.
6. They have high milk yielding capacity.

4.2 CHARACTERISTICS:

The body is compact, squarely built, but not massive with well proportionate limbs. The
colour is uniform deep dark red, but variations from dull red to almost dark brown are
found. Fore head is broad between eyes and is slightly bulging.

4.3 PROPER WEIGHTS OF LAL KANDHARI BREED:

The average weight of an adult lal Kandhari is about 317 to 454 kg.

8
4.4 DAILY LACTATION OF LAL KANDHARI MURRAH IN PEAK PERIOD:

Milk production in the institutional herds ranges from 1250 to 1800 kg per lactaption.
Age at first calving is 39 to 50 months and the calving interval 425 to 540 days.

4.5 IMAGE SHOWING MAINTAINANCE OF LAL KANDHARI BREED:

4.6 TYPES OF FEED GIVEN:

Cows are ruminant animals.. Their digestive capacity is greater than the non-ruminant.
They should be self -fed. This allows them to grow faster.

FEED SOURCE AMOUNT

Crushed barley 60 %
Groundnut cake 20 %
Wheat bran 10 %
Mineral mixture 1-2%%
To increase acceptability,
add, per 100 kg of starter
Molasses 5-8% kg
Salt 500 g

9
 4.7 COMMON DISEASES OF LAL KANDHARI:

DISEASES MAJOR SIGNS TREATMENT PREVENTION

High fever, harsh
cough, nasal
discharge, grunting None
Contagious Caprine
and grinding of teeth, Vaccination twice a
Pleuropneumonia
lung sounds are raspy year
(like paper rubbing)
and death may occur
in severe cases

Swollen udder, udder

Mastitis
is painful to touch and Proper hygiene
hot, walking gait is Antibiotics
not normal

Antibiotics Vaccination

Abortion at around the

Brucellosis
final 4 -6 weeks of
pregnancy, high fever,
diarrhoea

10
 5. CONCLUSION

C attle's are an important economic livestock species contributing greatly to the

Indian economy. Cattles are very important domestic animals in study regions. So, while
rearing cattle, priority is mainly given to its maintenance. Well maintained cattles
remains free from disease which in turn increases its milk productivity and its meat
yield. Thus, cattle in the dairy farm must be housed and feed properly, cleanliness should
be maintained in the milking area, the health of the cattle should be of utmost importance
and regular visit of a veterinary doctor is must. Regular inspection of farm,
maintaining records, identification and rectify action of problems should be done along
with maintaining precautionary measures, sanitary conditions should be maintained.
High yielding and disease resistant breeds can be selected to maximise benefits.

11
 B IBLOGRAPHY

This project has been completed with the help of the following sources:

www.scribid.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.newsnet.com
Biology Text class Xii(NCERT)

A presentation by: Md. Mudashir Anam