A-language
Definition: the interpreters native language, into
which he/she works from all his/her other languages
in both kinds of interpretation, simultaneous and
consecutive
absolute translation
Definition: translation that preserves the
communicative quality of the original, mistakes and all
Source: Gouadec 1989
abstraction change
Definition: semantic translation technique or strategy,
involving a move either from abstract to more
concrete or from concrete to more abstract
Source: Chesterman 1997
abstract translation > summary translation
acceptability
Definition: characteristic of translations that have a
natural target-language style, because they conform
closely to target-language norms; degree to which a
translation conforms to target-language norms
Source: Toury 1995
accuracy
Definition: characteristic of translations that give high
priority to preserving the informational content of the
source text
adaptation
Definition 1: translation technique or strategy based
on situational equivalence
Source: Vinay and Darbelnet 1958
Definition 2: any kind of translation which does not
prioritize formal equivalence; a very free translation
addition
Definition: translation technique or strategy involving
the adding of information not present explicitly or
implicitly in the source text
addressee, target audience
Definition: person(s) to whom the translation is
directed, the intended reader(s)
Source: Delisle 1999
adequacy
Definition 1: quality of a translation with respect to its
skopos; the degree to which it meets its intended
function Source: Reiss and Vermeer 1984
Definition 2: characteristic of a translation which
conforms to source rather than target norms
Source: Toury 1995
Note: The two senses are very different indeed!
ad hoc formulation
Definition: result of a translation operation that
establishes a lexical, syntactic, or even phrasal
equivalence that is only appropriate within the text in
question
Source: Delisle 1999
adjustment
Definition: set of techniques used in Bible translation
which are designed to
produce correct equivalents in the target language
and thus help a translation achieve dynamic
equivalence
Source: Nida 1964
Note: Nida later replaced the notion of adjustment by
transfer and restructuring.
agent
Definition: any person involved in communication via
translation, apart from the translator: e.g. text
producer, editor, reviser, publisher, client, recipient
Source: Sager 1994
amplification, expansion
Definition: translation technique in which the the
same meaning as in the original is expressed in a
longer form in the translation
Source: Delisle 1999
analysis
Definition: process of source-text analysis, before
and/or during the translation process
Source: Nida and Taber 1969/1982, Nord 1991a
anticipation
Definition: phenomenon in simultaneous
interpretation in
which the interpreter says something that the speaker
will say only later
antonymy
Definition: semantic translation technique of selecting
an antonym plus a negation element (e.g. good >
not bad); the relation between a concept and its
opposite
applied translation studies
Definition: branch of translation studies that includes
translator training, translation aids, translation policy,
translation criticism
Source: Holmes 1988
archaism
Definition: translation technique or strategy involving
the deliberate use of archaic forms in the target
language; a form that is the result of such a technique
architranseme
Definition: methodological tool for the analysis of
translation equivalence: a theoretical common
denominator used in the comparison of source text
and translation
Source: Leuven-Zwart 1989/1990
attention unit
Definition: an item at which a translator appears to
pause (in a think-aloud protocol); an apparent
indication of some kind of special mental processing,
e.g. to solve a specific non-routine problem
audiovisual translation > screen translation
autonomy spectrum
Definition: continuum used to classify basic translation
types, the two poles being source text autonomy and
target audience needs
Source: Rose 1981
autotranslation, self-translation
Definition: translation done by the author of the
source text
Source: Popovic 1976
B-language
Definition: an interpreters active foreign language,
mastered to a near-native level, used as a target
language as well as a source language
Babel, Tower of
Definition: biblical myth, offering an explanation for
the variety of languages in the world and thus the
need for translators and interpreters. See Genesis
Chapter 11
back transformation
Definition: process of simplifying or paraphrasing a
complex source-language structure into a kind of deep
structure version, in order to make it easier to
understand and translate; part of the analysis stage of
translation
Source: Nida 1969
back-translation
Definition: reverse translation process where a
translation is retranslated back into the source
language (e.g to check the adequacy of the
translation)
belles infidles
Definition: very free translations or adaptations done
in France during the 17th and 18th centuries; literally
beautiful unfaithful
bi-text
Definition 1: psychological concept denoting a source-
language item together with its target-language
equivalent, as they co-exist for a moment in the head
of the translator
Source: Harris 1988
Definition 2: a merged electronic document consisting
of a translation plus its source text
borrowing > loan
brief > commission
C-language
Definition: an interpreters passive foreign language,
used in conference interpreting only as a source
language
calque, loan translation
Definition: translation technique whereby a source-
language morphological or syntactic structure is
transferred unchanged into the target language. E.g.
bermensch > Superman; in the long run > pitkss
juoksussa
CAT > computer-assisted translation
category shift
Definition: change from a source-language category to
a different category in the target language, e.g. a
change of word class, syntactic structure, system or
unit
Source: Catford 1965
chuchotage > whispered interpreting
class shift
Definition: change of grammatical class, e.g. from
source-language noun to target-language verb
Source: Catford 1965
clause structure change
Definition: syntactic translation technique or strategy;
a change that has to do with the structure of the
clause in terms of its constituent phrases. Various
subclasses include constituent order (e.g. analysed as
Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, Adverbial), active
vs. passive voice, finite vs. non-finite structure,
transitive vs. intransitive.
client, commissioner, initiator, requester
Definition: the person(s) who orders the translation
from the translator
close translation
Definition: any kind of translation that tends to
preserve the formal structure of the source text,
preferring e.g. formal correspondence to target-
language naturalness
coherence
Definition 1: generally, the quality of making sense;
being logical.
Definition 2: in skopos theory: (i) a translation has
intratextual coherence if it makes sense in the
situation where it is read; (ii) a translation has
intertextual coherence if it makes sense with respect
to its source text.
Source: Reiss and Vermeer 1984
coherence change
Definition: pragmatic translation technique or strategy
having to do with the logical arrangement of
information in the text, at the ideational level; e.g. in
paragraphing
cohesion change
Definition: syntactic translation technique or strategy;
a change that affects intra-textual reference, ellipsis,
substitution, pronominalization and repetition, or the
use of connectors
co-hyponym
Definition: term or concept that shares a common
hypernym with another term or concept
coinage
Definition: word created to satisfy an ad hoc need to
express a concept or to produce a stylistic effect for
which the target language lacks existing resources
commission, brief
Definition: intructions or specification given by the
client to the translator, perhaps further negotiated in
cooperation with the translator
commissioner > client
communication load > information load
communicative translation
Definition: any translation that tends to prioritize
intelligibility and communicability, focusing on the
reader; sometimes opposed to semantic translation
Source: Newmark 1981
community interpreting
Definition: public service interpreting for local
community needs, typically with immigrants, usually
in both language directions
commutation
Definition: simple research technique to discover what
translators take to be equivalents: you change items
in the source text, and then see how translators
change the target text; a way to discover what
corresponds to what
Source: Catford 1965
comparable corpus
Definition: corpus consisting of translations in a given
target language plus parallel texts, i.e. non-translated
original texts of the same kind, in the same language;
used to study distinguishing features of translations
Source: Baker 1995
Note: not to be confused with a parallel corpus, which
consists of source texts plus their translations in a
given language or languages.
componential analysis
Definition: form of semantic analysis in which words
are represented as basic components (elements) of
meaning. E.g. the components [+ human] and [
adult] represent the meaning of CHILD.
compression, concentration, concision, condensation
Definition: technique of expressing the same
meaning in a reduced form, so that the target version
is shorter
computer-assisted translation, CAT, machine-aided
translation
Definition: translation method whereby the translator
make use of computer tools such as a translation
memory
conference interpreting
Definition: professional interpreting as done at
international conferences, usually simultaneously,
with booths and ear-phones
consecutive interpreting
Definition: form of interpreting where the interpreter
listens to a section of speech and (usually) takes
notes, then translates it
constitutive translational convention
Definition: conventions (or norms) that determine
what a particular culture accepts as a translation,
conventions that thus constitute the concept of
translation for that culture
Source: Nord 1991b
constraint
Definition: factor that limits a translators freedom of
choice
contextual consistency
Definition: policy of translating a given word by using
different target-language words depending on the
context (as opposed verbal consistency, where the
translator always uses the same translation)
contrastive linguistics
Definition: branch of applied linguistics that compares
languages, e.g. in order to improve methods of
language teaching, or to discover language universals
controlled language, restricted language,
sublanguage
Definition: restricted form of language used in a well-
defined domain, where machine translation works
well
convention
Definition: customary form of belief, attitude or
behaviour in a given culture or society; less strict than
a norm
converse
Definition: semantic translation technique or strategy
in which the translation uses an alternative (usually)
verbal structure which expresses the same state of
affairs from an opposing viewpoint, such as changing
A bought X from B to B sold X to A. The term can
also mean the name of this relation between the two
verbs.
court interpreting
Definition: kind of interpreting done in a court of law
covert translation
Definition: translation that aims to present itself as an
original, concealing its nature as a translation
Source: House 1977
cultural borrowing
Definition: a type of cultural transposition in which a
source-language expression is transferred verbatim
into the target language because it is not possible to
translate it by a suitable target-language equivalent
Source: Hervey and Higgins 1992
cultural filtering > domestication
cultural references > realia
cultural substitution
Definition: the use of a real-world referent from the
receptor culture to translate an unknown referent of
the original, both of the referents having the same
function
Source: Beekman and Callow 1974
cultural transplantation
Definition: highest degree of cultural transfer, in
which details of the source culture contained in the
source text are replaced by target-culture elements
with the result that the text is partially rewritten in a
target-culture setting
Source: Hervey and Higgins 1992
culture-bound terms > realia
culture bump
Definition: situation where a target-culture reader has
problems understanding a source-cultural allusion;
more generally, problem of intercultural
communication
Source: Leppihalme 1994
dcalage > lag
Descriptive Translation Studies
Definition: studies that aim to describe translations
and what translators do (as opposed to prescriptive
translation studies or mere speculation)
Source: Holmes 1988
deverbalization
Definition: assumed stage in the interpreting (and
translation) process when the interpreter detaches
the meaning of the incoming message from its form,
before expressing this meaning in the target language;
a central concept of the Paris ESIT school and its
thorie du sens
Source: Seleskovitch and Lederer 1984
diagrammatic translation
Definition: translation in which the source content is
transferred to the target language by means of a
diagram rather than by text
Source: Gouadec 1990, Sager 1994
didactic translation
Definition: translation taught for the purpose of
learning a foreign language
differentiation, degree of
Definition: amount of specification or detail (in
translation). The necessary degree of differentiation,
determined by the function of the translation, is
reflected e.g. in the amount of implicit source-cultural
background information that is made explicit in the
translation.
Source: Hnig and Kussmaul 1982
direct translation
Definition 1: translation done directly from the
original, without an intermediary text
Source: Toury 1995
Definition 2: group of translation techniques or
strategies that minimize formal and semantic changes
Source: Vinay and Darbelnet 1958
discovery procedure
Definition: research procedure starting with a target
text, then establishing its source text, studying the
relations between the two, and finally discovering the
translators notion of equivalence that has guided the
translation process
Source: Toury 1995
distribution change
Definition: semantic translation technique involving a
change in the distribution of the same semantic
components over more items (expansion) or fewer
items (compression)
documentary translation
Definition: method of translation whereby the
translation functions as a kind of report of the original
communication, preserving various features of the
source text; a translation of this type (compare
instrumental translation)
Source: Nord 1997
domestication, naturalizing strategy, cultural filtering
Definition: pragmatic translation technique or strategy
in which the translator gives priority to target-
language fluency, minimizing the Otherness of the
original and e.g. adapting culture-bound items
(compare foreignization)
Source: Venuti 1995
double presentation
Definition: translation technique whereby the source-
language form of an item appears in the target text
alongside a target-language equivalent or explanation,
for instance in brackets
Source: Pym 1992
dubbing
Definition: technique of replacing the original verbal
sound-track of a film etc. with target-language voices,
usually synchronized with the original lip movements
as far as possible
dynamic equivalence, functional equivalence,
pragmatic equivalence
Definition: equivalence of effect or function, rather
than form
Source: Nida 1964, House 1977
emphasis change
Definition: semantic translation technique involving a
change of emphasis or thematic focus
equivalence
Definition 1: relationship between source text and
target text; often understood as a kind (or kinds) of
identity or sameness, or as a kind of similarity
Definition 2: a translation technique or procedure
based on replicating the source situation, not the
words; used e.g. for translating idioms
Source: Vinay and Darbelnet 1958
equivalence hierarchy
Definition: hierarchy of types of equivalence, in an
order of priority decided by the translator for each
particular translation task
Source: Holmes 1988, Koller 1979/1992
ethnographic translation, thick translation
Definition: kind of translation used e.g. in
ethnography, with many explanations, glosses and
notes
Source: Casagrande 1954, Appiah 1993
excluded receiver
Definition: receiver who is unable to participate in a
communication, e.g. because the language is
unknown to them or too difficult
Source: Pym 1992
exegetic translation
Definition: translation that expands the original,
adding additional information and explanations
Source: Hervey and Higgins 1992
exoticism
Definition: feature of translations in which linguistic
and cultural features of the source text have been
taken over into the translation with little or no
adaptation, so that the translation has an obvious
foreign appearence; see foreignizing
exoticizing > foreignization
expectancy norm
Definition: target-culture norm expressing
expectations about what a translation of a given type
should look like, as a textual product
Source: Chesterman 1997
explicitation
Definition: technique or strategy of expressing more
clearly, in the translation, information that was only
implied in the source text
Source: Blum-Kulka 1986
explicitness change
Definition: pragmatic translation technique or
strategy; change either toward more explicitness
(explicitation) or towards more implicitness
(implicitation).
expressive text
Definition: text whose main function is to express the
thoughts and/or feelings of the author, such as
aesthetic texts, literature (compare informative and
operative text)
Source: Reiss 1976
expansion > amplification
faithfulness, fidelity
Definition: quality of translations that represent their
originals in a fair and just way; understood both
linguistically and ethically
false friends
Definition: words that look alike in source language
and target language but have clearly different
meanings
fidelity > faithfulness
foreignization, exoticizing
Definition: strategy or technique whereby the
translator seeks to preserve the otherness of the
source text, translating it in a non-fluent way
(compare domestication)
Source: Venuti 1995
formal equivalence
Definition: source-target relation which preserves the
syntactic form of the source text (as opposed to the
meaning or the function)
Source: Nida 1964
free translation
Definition: any kind of translation which gives higher
priority to functional equivalence or to the intended
effect than to formal equivalence
functional equivalence > dynamic equivalence
game theory
Definition: theory used to describe a decision-making
process (e.g. the translators) as a series of moves like
in chess
Source: Levy 1967
generalization meaning and an addition of value a translated text
Definition: translation technique or strategy where has higher status)
the translator chooses a more general term than the Source: Steiner 1975
one in the source text; e.g. so that a hypernym (cover- FI: hermeneuttinen liike
term) in the target text corresponds to a hyponym in SV: hermeneutisk rrelse
the source DE: hermeneutischer Proze
FI: yleistminen, korvaaminen ylksitteell FR: mouvement hermneutique
SV: generalisering
DE: Generalisierung homophonic translation > phonemic translation
FR: hyperonymisation horizontal translation
Definition: translation between languages of equal
gist translation > summary translation
status, especially as practised in the Middle Ages
global strategy Source: Folena 1974/1991
Definition: general translation strategy referring to the FI: horisontaalinen knns
overall approach to be taken when translating a given SV: horisontal versttning
text, such as translate very freely, or make the DE: horizontale bersetzung
translation sound strange and foreign (compare FR: traduction horizontale
local strategy)
FI: globaali strategia hybrid text
SV: global strategi Definition: target text that exhibits features of both
DE: globale Strategie source and target cultures, and is accepted as such in
the target culture.
FR: stratgie globale
Source: Schffner and Adab 2001
grammar translation FI: hybriditeksti
Definition: kind of translation that is grammatical, but SV: hybridtext
not very idiomatic or natural target language; used in DE: hybrider Text
language teaching, to practise mastery of the target FR: texte hybride
language and to test understanding of the source
language hyperinformation
FI: kouluknns Definition: information which is added by the
SV: filologisk versttning interpreter in order to compensate for the hearers
DE: philologische bersetzung possible lack of any cultural background knowledge
FR: traduction philologique which is necessary for a proper understanding of the
message
growing standardization, law of Source: Reiss and Vermeer 1984
Definition: law (or hypothesis) according to which FI: hyperinformaatio
translations tend to be stylistically more standardized, SV: hyperinformation
less marked, than their source texts DE: Hyperinformation
Source: Toury 1995 FR: hyperinformation
FI: lisntyvn standardisoitumisen laki
SV: lagen om kad standardisering hyponymy
DE: Regel der wachsende Standardisierung Definition: semantic translation technique involving a
FR: loi de standardisation croissante hyponymic change: source-text hyponym to target
hypernym, source hypernym to target hyponym, or
hermeneutic motion source hyponym to target co-hyponym; the relation
Definition: philosophical model of the translation between a hypernym and a hyponym
process, consisting of trust (that there is something FI: hyponymia
there to be translated), aggression (into the source SV: hyponymi
text), incorporation (of its meaning into the target DE: Hyponymie
language) and restitution (i.e. compensation for lost FR: stratgie hyponymique
illocutionary change DE: indirekte bersetzung
Definition: pragmatic translation technique or FR: traduction indirecte
strategy: changes of speech act, e.g. involving a
change of the mood of the verb from indicative to information change
imperative, changes in the use of rhetorical questions Definition: pragmatic translation technique or strategy
and exclamations, changes between direct and involving either the addition of new (non-inferrable)
indirect speech information which is thought to be relevant to the
target readership but which is not present in the
Source: Chesterman 1997
FI: illokutionaarinen muutos, illokutorinen vaihto source text, or the omission of source-text
SV: illokutionbyte, frndrad illokution information which is judged to be irrelevant (this
DE: Illokutionswechsel latter might involve summarizing, for instance)
Source: Chesterman 1997
FR: changement illocutoire
FI: informaatiomuutos
imitation SV: informationsbyte, frndrad information
Definition: very free kind of translation, in which the DE: Informationswechsel
priority is to imitate an authors style rather than FR: changement informationnel
preserve the structure or meaning of the original
Source: Dryden 1690 information load, communication load
FI: imitaatio, jljittely Definition: amount of information per unit of text; the
higher the load, the more dense the text is and the
SV: imitation
DE: Imitation harder the text is to understand
Source: Nida 1964
FR: traduction mimtique, imitation
FI: informaatiokuorma, informaatiotiheys
implicitation SV: kommunikationsmngd, informationstthet,
Definition: translation technique or strategy of informationsmngd
producing a target text that allows the reader to infer DE: Informationsintensitt
information that was expressed more explicitly in the FR: densit informationnelle
source text
FI: implisiittistminen information offer
SV: implicitering Definition: view of a text (or act of communication) as
a way of offering information to a receiver, who is
DE: Verknappung
responsible for accepting and interpreting the offer; a
FR: implicitation
translation is thus an information offer about a
indeterminacy previous information offer
Definition: the unavoidable ambiguity and Source: Vermeer1982
indefiniteness of meaning which occurs in all FI: informaatiotarjous
communication; a philosophical term SV: informationsanbud
Source: Quine 1960 DE: Informationsangebot
FI: epmrisyys FR: offre dinformation
SV: indetermination
DE: Unbestimmtheit informative text
FR: indtermination Definition: text whose primary function is to transmit
information (compare expressive and operative
indirect translation, mediated translation text)
Definition: translation done via an intermediary Source: Reiss 1976
translation in a third language, not directly from the FI: informatiivinen teksti
original SV: informativ text
Source: Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 DE: informativer Text
FI: epsuora knns, vlillinen knns FR: texte informationnel, texte informatif
SV: indirekt versttning
initial norm interpersonal change
Definition: either of a translators two basic Definition: pragmatic translation technique or strategy
orientation options: either to follow the norms of the involving a change which affects the formality level,
source text and culture or those of the target culture. the degree of emotiveness and involvement
Source: Toury 1995 Source: Chesterman 1997
FI: alkunormi FI: interpersonaalinen vaihdos
SV: initial norm SV: interpersonal frndring
DE: Initialnorm DE: interpersonale Wechsel
FR: norme initiale FR: changement interpersonnel

initiator > client interpreting

Definition: (usually) oral translation of spoken text
instrumental translation FI: tulkkaus
Definition: method of translation whereby the target SV: tolkning
text is intended to function independently in the DE: Dolmetschen
target culture, without being recognized as a
FR: interprtation
translation; a translation of this type (compare
documentary translation) intersemiotic translation, transmutation
Source: Nord 1997 Definition: form of translation between different
FI: instrumentaalinen knns semiotic systems, such as between music and words
SV: instrumentell versttning or dance, image, cinema
DE: instrumentale bersetzung Source: Jakobson 1959
FR: traduction instrumentale FI: intersemioottinen kntminen, intersemioottinen
knns
interference
SV: intersemiotisk versttning
Definition: tendency for translations to be influenced DE: intersemiotische bersetzung
by the form of the source text
FR: traduction intersmiotique
FI: interferenssi
SV: interferens intertemporal translation
DE: Interferenz Definition: kind of translation where the original text
FR: interfrence dates from a much earlier period (or deals with an
earlier period), so that the translator is also
interlinear translation translating across a significant time gap
Definition: kind of very literal translation in which the Source: Vladova 1993
target-text words appear line by line above or below FI: intertemporaalinen knns
the source text, in the appropriate place, to be read SV: intertemporal versttning
together with the original as an aid to understanding DE: bersetzung zwischen historischen Zeiten,
FI: interlineaarinen knns intertemporale bersetzung
SV: interliner versttning
FR: traduction intertemporelle
DE: Interlinearversion
FR: traduction coordonne linairement intralingual translation, rewording
Definition: form of translation or rephrasing that takes
interlingua > pivot language place within the same language, as when one says the
interlingual translation same thing in other words
Definition: translation as normally understood, Source: Jakobson 1959
between languages FI: kielensisinen knns, uudelleenmuotoilu
FI: kieltenvlinen kntminen SV: intralingval versttning, omformulering
SV: interlingval versttning DE: intralinguale bersetzung, Umformulierung
DE: interlinguale bersetzung FR: reformulation, traduction intralinguale
FR: traduction interlinguale
intra-system shift lacuna, lexical gap
Definition: technique or strategy involving a change Definition: lack of a term in the target language that
within a particular grammatical system, such as would correspond closely to one existing in the source
source-text singular changing to target-text plural language
within the system of number FI: aukko
Source: Catford 1965 SV: lucka
FI: systeeminsisinen vaihdos DE: Lcke
SV: systeminternt byte FR: absence, vide, lacune, trou lexical
DE: System-interne nderung
FR: changement intrasystmique lag, dcalage
Definition: the time gap (ear-voice span) between a
invariance speaker and a simultaneous interpreter
Definition: approximate synonym for sameness; FI: viive
something that does not change during the SV: decalage
translation process DE: (der) Time Lag
FI: invarianssi FR: dcalage
SV: invarians
DE: Invarianz layout change
FR: invariance Definition: pragmatic translation strategy involving
a change in the layout of the text
inverse translation, other tongue translation (OTT) FI: layoutin muutos, taittoasun muutos
Definition: translation from the translators native SV: layoutbyte, frndrad layout
language DE: Layoutswechsel
FI: knns / kntminen vieraaseen kieleen FR: changement de mise en page
SV: versttning till ett frmmande sprk, omvnd
versttning level shift
DE: Hinbersetzung, bersetzung in die Fremdsprache Definition: translation technique involving a change in
which the expression of a particular aspect of
FR: thme
meaning moves from one level to another (the levels
justification procedure are phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis)
Definition: research procedure starting with a given Source: Catford 1965
notion of equivalence, and using it to explain a FI: tason vaihdos
translators decisions and hence certain features of SV: nivbyte
the target text DE: nderung der Ebenen
Source: Toury 1995 FR: changement de niveau
FI: oikeutusmenettely
SV: bevisfringsprocedur lexical density
DE: Rechtfertigungsverfahren Definition: proportion of lexical words in a given text;
measured as the ratio of lexical words to grammatical
FR: procdure de justification
(functional) words, or to the total number of words or
kernel structure sentences
Definition: simple kind of deep structure in which FI: leksikaalinen tiheys
complex source-text structures are broken down into SV: lexikal tthet
simpler elements and disambiguated in order to make DE: lexikalische Dichte
them more transparent and easier to translate FR: densit lexicale
Source: Nida 1964
FI: ydinrakenne lexical gap > lacuna
SV: krnstruktur lexical variety
DE: Kernstruktur Definition: measure of the richness of vocabulary in a
FR: structure noeud given text or corpus, usually expressed as the
proportion of word-types to word-tokens
FI: leksikaalinen vaihtelu FI: lojaalius
SV: lexical variation SV: lojalitet
DE: lexikalische Variett DE: Loyalitt
FR: varit lexicale FR: loyaut (professionnelle)

literal translation machine translation

Definition: syntactic translation technique or strategy Definition: translation done by a computer program
leading to a close translation; a grammatical but not FI: konekntminen
necessarily idiomatic translation SV: maskinversttning
FI: kirjaimellinen knns, sananmukainen knns, DE: maschinelle bersetzung
sanasanainen knns FR: traduction automatique
SV: ordagrann versttning, bokstavlig versttning
DE: wrtliche bersetzung, wort-wrtliche machine-aided translation > computer-assisted
bersetzung translation
FR: traduction littrale, transcodage manipulation
loan, borrowing Definition: adjusting the source message in order to
Definition: translation technique whereby a source- make it more compatible with a given ideology.
language word is transferred directly into the target- (According to the group of scholars known as the
language text. Example: sauna in an English text Manipulation School, all translation implies some
FI: laina degree of manipulation of the source text for a certain
SV: ln purpose.)
DE: Entlehnung Source: Hermans 1985
FR: emprunt FI: manipulointi
SV: manipulation
loan translation > calque DE: Manipulation
FR: manipulation
local strategy
Definition: translation strategy concerning a particular Manipulation School
unit of translation or a particular type of problem, Definition: group of scholars, mainly in Belgium, the
such as a way of translating a metaphor, or the use of Netherlands and Israel, who brought new ideas into
transpositions or modulations or shifts; for some translation studies in the 1980s and 90s, with an
scholars, a synonym for technique (compare global emphasis on descriptive studies of literary translations
strategy) and their cultural contexts
FI: lokaali(nen) strategia, paikallisstrategia Source: Hermans 1985
SV: lokal strategi FI: manipulaatiokoulukunta
DE: lokale Strategie SV: manipulationsteoretiker
FR: stratgie locale DE: Manipulationstheoretiker
FR: cole de manipulation
localization, localisation
Definition: process of adapting texts, particularly mapping
software and software manuals, to local cultural Definition: the process whereby translations map
conditions i.e. represent originals; also the mental picture that
FI: lokalisointi the translator forms of the source text before and
SV: lokalisering while translating
DE: Lokalisierung FI: kuvaus
FR: localisation SV: kartlggning
DE: Abbildung
loyalty FR: reprsentation
Definition: translators ethical attitude towards
source-text writer, sender, target-text receiver, and matricial norm
any other agents involved Definition: a norm that regulates the organization of
the target text during translation, e.g. regarding what modulation
can be moved or omitted Definition 1: technique involving a slight change of
Source: Toury 1995 meaning or point of view
FI: matriisinormi Source Vinay and Darbelnet 1958
SV: matrisnorm Definition 2: technique involving generalization or
DE: Matriznorm specification
FR: norme matricielle Source: Leuven-Zwart 1989/1990
FI: modulaatio
mediated translation > indirect translation SV: modulation
meme DE: Modulation
Definition: unit of cultural transfer; an idea, FR: modulation
behaviour, style, or usage that spreads from person to mother tongue translation (MTT)
person Definition: translation done into the translators
Source: Dawkins 1976 native language
FI: meemi FI: knns / kntminen idinkieleen
SV: mem SV: versttning till modersmlet
DE: Meme DE: bersetzen in die Muttersprache
FR: mme FR: version
metaphrase multilingual corpus
Definition: fairly literal (and grammatical) translation Definition: set of monolingual corpora in two or more
Source: Dryden 1690 languages, based on similar design criteria, so that e.g.
FI: metafraasi typical usages in different languages can be compared
SV: metafras
FI: monikielinen korpus
DE: Metaphrase SV: flersprkig korpus
FR: mtaphrase DE: multilinguales Korpus
minimax principle FR: corpus multilingue
Definition: game-theory principle governing the multi-medial text
translators decision-making process, according to Definition: text involving more than one medium, such
which the best choices are those which produce the as words plus pictures and/or sound
maximum effect with the least effort FI: multimediateksti
Source: Levy 1967 SV: multimediatext
FI: minimaksperiaate DE: multimediale Text
SV: minimaxprincip
FR: texte multimdiatique
DE: Minimaxstrategie
FR: principe minimax multimedia translation > screen translation

modification mutation
Definition 1: kind of shift in which both source-text Definition: translational shift which produces a big
and target-text items are hyponyms of the same difference between source and target,such as an
cover-term or architranseme, but are slightly different addition or omission or radical change of meaning
semantically or syntactically. Source: Leuven-Zwart 1989/90
Source: Leuven-Zwart 1989/90 FI: mutaatio
Definition 2: any kind of slight change or shift (a more SV: mutation
general usage than definition 1) DE: Mutation
FI: modifikaatio FR: mutation
SV: modifikation
DE: Modifikation naturalizing strategy > domestication
FR: modification
normative otherness
Definition 1: having to do with norms, i.e. with shared Definition: quality of being different from oneself; the
ideas about what should be done or what something essential being different of the source text and/or
should be like. (This is the usual interpretation of the culture, as experienced by the target-language reader,
term in Descriptive Translation Studies.) or initially by the translator
Definition 2: having to do with what is typical FI: toiseus
FI: normatiivinen SV: alteritet
SV: normativ DE: Andersartigkeit, Fremdartigkeit, Alteritt,
DE: normativ Anderssein
FR: normatif FR: altrit

observational receiver other tongue translation > inverse translation

Definition: reader who can understand a message
although it is not specifically addressed to him/her overtranslation
Source: Pym 1992 Definition: a characteristic of translations that
FI: havainnoiva vastaanottaja increase the level of detail, as compared with that of
SV: observerande mottagare the original, e.g. because the unit of translation is
DE: beobachtender Empfnger smaller than it might have been; often involves more
FR: recepteur observateur words than the original
Source: Newmark 1988
omission FI: ylikntminen
Definition: translation technique or strategy in which SV: ver-versttning
the translator decides to leave out information that is DE: berdifferenzierung
present in the source text; can be seen as a FR: surtraduction
translation error if the translator doesnt have an
acceptable reason for the omission overt translation
FI: poisto, poisjtt Definition: translation which is intended to be
SV: frlust, utelmning recognized as a translation, e.g. because it is clearly
DE: Auslassung bound to the source culture; it may have a different
function from that of the original (compare covert
FR: omission
translation)
operational norm Source: House 1981
Definition: norm which affects the text-producing FI: avoin knns, ilmiknns
process in translation SV: ppen versttning
Source: Toury 1995 DE: funktionsverndernde bersetzung
FI: toimintanormi FR: traduction non dguise
SV: operationell norm
DE: operationale Norm parallel text
Definition 1: non-translated texts in the target
FR: norme oprationnelle
language that are maximally similar in subject matter,
operative text text-type, function and genre to the target text; used
Definition: text whose primary function is to affect the as stylistic models by translators who wish to make
behaviour of the receiver, such as persuasive texts, their translations sound as natural as possible; and
instructions (compare expressive and informative used by scholars studying differences between
text) translations and non-translated texts
Source: Reiss 1976 Definition 2: translations themselves, seen as being
FI: operatiivinen teksti parallel to their source texts
SV: operativ text FI: rinnakkaisteksti
DE: operativer Text SV: parallell text
FR: texte incitatif DE: Paralleltext
FR: texte parallle
parallel translation patronage
Definition: translation of a single source text into Definition: people and institutions that exert power
several target languages, usually simultaneously and control (economic, ideological, political...) over a
FI: rinnakkaisknns cultures literary system and hence over a translators
SV: parallelversttning decisions, such as clients, publishers, political or
DE: Parallelbersetzung religious or literary institutions, academia, the media
FR: traduction parallle Source: Lefevere 1992
FI: suojelijat
paraphrase SV: beskyddarskap, patronat
Definition: translation strategy which is a middle way DE: Gnnerschaft
between metaphrase and imitation, not too close and
FR: patronage
not too free; more generally, a translation that can be
described as loose, free, sometimes even phonemic translation, phonological translation,
undertranslated homophonic translation
Source: Dryden 1690 Definition: kind of translation that seeks to preserve
FI: parafraasi, parafrastinen knns the same sounds and rhythm as the original, usually
SV: parafras regardless of syntax or meaning; used in some
DE: Paraphrase translations of poetry
FR: paraphrase FI: foneeminen knns, homofoninen knns
SV: fonemisk versttning, homofon versttning
paratext DE: homophone bersetzung
Definition: those parts of a publication that come FR: traduction homophonique, traduction
before or after or around the text proper, such as
phonmique
title, frontispiece, name of author and/or translator,
preface, afterword, cover blurb, notes phonological translation > phonemic translation
Source: Genette 1987
FI: parateksti phrase structure change
SV: paratext Definition: syntactic translation technique or strategy
DE: Paratext involving a change at the level of the phrase, such as
changes in number, definiteness and modification in
FR: paratexte
the noun phrase, and person, tense, and mood in the
partial translation verb phrase
Definition: any kind of non-integral translation, such FI: lausekerakenteen muutos
as summary translation, transcription, translation of SV: meningsstrukturfrndring, frndrad frasstruktur
the sounds only DE: Phrasenstrukturwechsel
Source: Catford 1965 FR: changement syntagmatique
FI: osittainen knns, osittaisknns
SV: partiell versttning pivot language, interlingua
DE: partielle bersetzung Definition: language that serves as an intermediary in
indirect translation, i.e. when a translation is not done
FR: traduction partielle
directly from the original
participative receiver FI: vlikieli, pivot-kieli
Definition: receiver who is specifically addressed by a SV: mellansprk, pivotsprk
particular text; an intended reader DE: Interlingua
Source: Pym 1992 FR: langue pivot
FI: osallistuva vastaanottaja
SV: deltagande mottagare polemical translation
DE: intendierter Empfnger Definition: kind of translation that is overtly directed
FR: recepteur participant against some other translation or kind of translation,
or against the source-text author
Source: Popovic 1976
FI: poleeminen knns
SV: polemisk versttning
DE: polemische bersetzung
FR: traduction polmique
polysystem theory
Definition: theory of the structure and behaviour of
literary systems, which sees a cultures literature as
consisting of a set of systems (i.e. a polysystem) of
different kinds, some central, others peripheral;
literary translations thus form a system within this
polysystem
Source: Even-Zohar 1990
FI: polysysteemiteoria
SV: polysystemteori
DE: Polysystemtheorie
FR: thorie des polysystmes
post-editing
Definition: human revision of translations done by a
computer
FI: jlkieditointi
SV: post-editering, efterredigering
DE: Postredaktion
FR: post-dition
pragmatic equivalence > dynamic equivalence
pragmatic strategy (or technique)
Definition: change concerning pragmatic aspects of a
translation, involving some adjustment of the
message for the target audience
Source: Chesterman 1997
FI: pragmaattinen knnsstrategia SV: professionell norm
SV: pragmatisk versttningsstrategi
DE: pragmatische bersetzungsstrategie
FR: stratgie pragmatique
pre-editing
Definition: preparation of a source text for machine
translation, e.g. by simplifying it, removing
ambiguities and idioms, clarifying pronouns etc.
FI: etukteiseditointi
SV: pre-editering, frredigering, frhandsredigering
DE: Prredaktion
FR: pr-dition
preliminary norm
Definition: norm which affects the translation process
before the translator starts; these norms have to do
with the translation policy concerning what is worth
translating; and with the attitude towards indirect
translation
Source: Toury 1995
FI: ennakkonormi
SV: preliminr norm
DE: Prliminarnorm
FR: norme prliminaire
prescriptive translation studies
Definition: translation research that aims to state
what should be done, rather than describe or explain
what is in fact done
FI: preskriptiivinen knnstutkimus, ohjaileva
knnstutkimus
SV: preskriptiv versttningsteori
DE: prskriptive bersetzungsforschung
FR: traductologie prescriptive
procedure, translation procedure
Definition: an alternative term for a technique or
strategy; either generally or with reference to a
specific language pair
Source Delisle 1999, Vinay and Darbelnet 1958
FI: knnsmenetelm, kntmismenetelm
SV: versttningsmetod, versttningsprocedur
DE: bersetzungsverfahren, bersetzungsstrategie
FR: procd de traduction
professional norm
Definition: process norms that govern professional
translation practice: norms of communication, source-
target relations, and accountability
Source: Chesterman 1997
FI: ammatillinen normi
DE: professionelle Norm
FR: norme professionnelle
protocol > think-aloud protocol
pseudotranslation
Definition: text that is claimed to be, and is initially
accepted as, a translation, but later turns out not to
be one after all, because it has had no source text
FI: nennisknns, pseudoknns, valeknns
SV: pseudoversttning
DE: Pseudobersetzung
FR: pseudo-traduction
pure language
Definition: mythical, Romantic notion of an abstract
universal language underlying all actual languages,
which can be tapped by translations that are allowed
to be affected and thus enriched by the source realia, culture-bound terms, cultural references
language Definition: culture-bound elements and concepts,
Source: Benjamin 1923/1963 which pose particular translation problems in some
FI: puhdas kieli situations
SV: rena sprket FI: kulttuurisidonnaiset termit, kulttuurisidonnaiset
DE: reine Sprache ksitteet, reaalit
FR: langue pure SV: realia, kulturbundna element
DE: Realienbezeichnungen
quasi-correctness FR: termes culturels, dsignateurs culturels
Definition: characteristic quality of translations that
are grammatically correct but marked by covert errors regime
such as untypical distributions of particular structures Definition: set of accepted principles, norms and
or lexical items, untypical rhetorical structure etc. procedures concerning intercultural relations that
Source: Vehmas-Lehto 1989 help international cooperation
FI: nennisvirheettmyys Source: Pym 1992
SV: kvasikorrekthet FI: jrjestys, jrjestelm
DE: Quasi-Richtigkeit SV: regim
FR: quasi-correction DE: Ordnung, Regime
FR: rgime
radical translation
Definition: kind of translation needed to communicate regulative translation conventions
with a people whose language no-one else knows, not Definition: conventions (or norms) that describe how
even the translator; the translator therefore has to typical translation problems are usually dealt with in a
learn the language from nothing, as he/she translates given culture, e.g. how to translate quotations or
Source: Quine 1960 realia
FI: radikaali kntminen Source: Nord 1991b
SV: radikal versttning FI: regulatiiviset knnskonventiot, stelevt
DE: radikale bersetzung knnskonventiot
FR: traduction radicale SV: reglerande versttningskonventioner
DE: regulative bersetzungskonventionen
rank-bound translation
FR: conventions rgulatives de la traduction
Definition: type of translation where target-language
equivalents represent the same rank (morpheme, relay interpreting
word, phrase, clause, sentence) as the source- Definition: interpreting from language A via language
language items B into language C, i.e. a process that involves two
Source: Catford 1965 interpreters (because no interpreter present can go
FI: ranginmukainen knns direct from A to C)
SV: rangbunden versttning FI: reletulkkaus
DE: Rang-gebundene bersetzung SV: reltolkning
FR: traduction li au rang DE: Relais-Dolmetschen
FR: interprtation avec relais
raw translation
Definition: rough translation, just to indicate the relevance
contents of a text, for a client who needs to know Definition: general principle of communication,
whether to commission a full translation or not; could according to Relevance Theory; a communication that
be done by a machine is optimally relevant produces maximum contextual
FI: raakaknns effect with minimum cognitive processing effort
SV: rversttning Source: Gutt 1991
DE: Rohbersetzung SV: relevans
FR: traduction brute FI: relevanssi
DE: Relevanz FI: AV-kntminen
FR: pertinence SV: AV-versttning
DE: multimediale bersetzung
requester > client FR: traduction audiovisuelle
restricted language > controlled language segmentation
restructuring Definition: process of splitting a source text and its
Definition: final stage in a model of the translation translation into small, corresponding chunks, for the
process, when target-language items and structures at purposes of a comparative analysis
the level of kernel structure are stylistically polished Source: Vinay and Darbelnet 1958, Delisle 1999
and made appropriate to the intended readership FI: segmentointi
Source: Nida and Taber 1969 SV: segmentation
FI: muotoilu, viimeistely DE: Segmentierung
SV: beartbetning, omstrukturering FR: dcoupage
DE: Umstrukturierung selective translation
FR: restructuration Definition: kind of translation that selects certain
retranslation desired elements of the source text and translates
Definition: new translation of a previously translated only those, e.g. for a client who only wants a
text, into the same target language particular kind of information
FI: uudelleenknns, uudelleenkntminen Source: Gouadec 1990
SV: nyversttning, terversttning FI: selektiivinen kntminen, valikoiva kntminen
DE: Neubersetzung SV: selektiv versttning
FR: retraduction DE: selektive bersetzung
FR: traduction slective
rewording > intralingual translation
self-translation > autotranslation
rewriting
Definition: various ways of manipulating an original semantic disambiguation
text, or writing it again, including translating, editing, Definition: process of clarifying polysemic words in the
anthologizing, reviewing, adapting source text, in order to determine the contextual
Source: Lefevere 1992 meaning
FI: uudelleenkirjoitus, uudelleenkirjoittaminen Source: Hnig 1976
SV: omarbetning, omskrivning, omredigering FI: merkityksen selventminen
DE: Bearbeitung SV: semantisk disambiguering
FR: rcriture DE: Monosemierung
FR: dsambiguation
scheme change
Definition: syntactic translation technique or strategy; semantic strategy (or technique)
a change that concerns rhetorical schemes such as Definition: any kind of translation technique (or
parallelism, repetition, alliteration, metrical rhythm strategy) concerning changes in lexical, figurative and
etc. thematic meaning
FI: skeeman muutos, skeemanvaihto FI: semanttinen knnsstrategia
SV: skematisk frndring, frndrad schema SV: semantisk versttningsstrategi
DE: Schemawechsel DE: semantische bersetzungsstrategie
FR: changement schmatique FR: stratgie smantique

screen translation, audiovisual translation, semantic translation

multimedia translation Definition: kind of translation that aims to preserve
Definition: translation of any text (or other product) the form of the original fairly closely, even at the cost
distributed via a TV, computer or other screen of naturalness; typically used for high-status source
texts
Source: Newmark 1981 Stegreifbersetzen, prima vista bersetzung
FI: semanttinen knns FR: traduction vue
SV: semantisk versttning
DE: semantische bersetzung sign (or signed) language interpreting
Definition: interpreting between a spoken language
FR: traduction smantique
and a sign language
sense-for-sense translation FI: viittomakielen tulkkaus
Definition: general type of translation which SV: teckensprkstolkning
emphasizes meaning rather than form DE: Zeichensprachendolmetschen,
FI: merkityksen kntminen Gebrdendolmetschen
SV: versttning av betydelse, betydelse-fr-betydelse FR: interprtation en langue des signes
versttning
DE: sinngetreue bersetzung simultaneous interpreting
Definition: interpreting in which the interpreter listens
FR: traduction du sens
and translates at about the same time, without taking
serial translation notes, so that he/she is translating segment A while
Definition: research method in which a text is listening to segment B
translated from language A into language B, then from FI: simultaanitulkkaus
B into C, and so on, perhaps finally into A again SV: simultantolkning
Source: Casagrande 1954 DE: Simultandolmetschen
FI: ketjukntminen FR: interprtation simultane
SV: kedjeversttning
DE: Serienbersetzung situational equivalence
FR: traduction en chane Definition: kind of equivalence based not on linguistic
but on situational factors; e.g. English tea might be
shadowing translated as coffee in some circumstances, if coffee
Definition: technique used in teaching interpreting, had a corresponding cultural status in the target
where trainees have to repeat a message in the same culture
language FI: tilanne-ekvivalenssi, tilannevastaavuus,
FI: shadowing funktionaalinen analogia
SV: shadowing SV: situationell ekvivalens
DE: Shadowing DE: situationelle quivalenz
FR: rptition avec dcalage FR: quivalence situationnelle

shift skopos theory

Definition: linguistic change of some kind in Definition: theory according to which a translators
translation; usually seen as a difference or contrast of decisions are determined primarily by the skopos
linguistic product, but sometimes seen as a process (Greek for aim, purpose) of the target text
Source: Catford 1965 Source: Reiss and Vermeer 1984
FI: knnsvaihdos, knnsvaihto FI: skoposteoria
SV: byte, frndring SV: skoposteori
DE: Wechsel DE: Skopostheorie
FR: changement, glissement FR: thorie du skopos

sight translation source language

Definition: unprepared oral translation of a written Definition: language translated out of
text FI: lhtkieli, lhdekieli, alkukieli
FI: prima vista -knns SV: kllsprk
SV: extempore-versttning DE: Ausgangssprache, Originalsprache
DE: Vom-Blatt-bersetzung, Spontanbersetzung, FR: langue source, langue de dpart, langue de
loriginal
source text (ST)
Definition: original text to be translated
FI: lhtteksti, lhdeteksti, alkuteksti
SV: klltext, utgngstext
DE: Ausgangstext, Originaltext
FR: texte de dpart, texte source
specification
Definition: translation technique or strategy in which
the target-text item is more specific than the
corresponding source item
FI: tarkentaminen
SV: specifikation
DE: Spezifizierung
FR: spcification, hyponymisation
standardization > growing standardization
strategy, translation strategy
Definition 1: general principle adopted by a translator
to guide some aspect of the translation of a given text,
such as a strategy to translate very freely, or a
strategy for using foot-notes.
Note: some scholars use the term global strategy in
this sense.
Definition 2:. specific translation method (solution
type) for translating some feature of the source text,
such as allusions, swearwords, puns, dialect etc.
Typically, such a feature is seen as a translation
problem. In this definition, strategies are usually
classified as various kinds of textual change, between
source and target text.
Note: some scholars use the term local strategy in
this sense, or technique or shift or tactic. SV: textning, vertextning
Sometimes the same names are used both both to
describe a type of global strategy and a type of (local)
technique (e.g. foreignization).
FI: knnsstrategia
SV: versttningsstrategi
DE: bersetzungsstrategie
FR: procd de traduction, stratgie de traduction
structure shift
Definition: change of structure from source to target,
e.g. from Subject-Verb to Verb-Subject
Source: Catford 1965
FI: rakenteen vaihdos, rakenteen vaihto
SV: strukturbyte
DE: nderung der grammatischen Struktur,
Strukturennderung
FR: dcalage structurel
stylistic equivalence
Definition: kind of equivalence; sameness of style
FI: stilistinen ekvivalenssi, tyylillinen ekvivalenssi
SV: stilistisk ekvivalens
DE: stilistische quivalenz
FR: quivalence stylistique
sublanguage > controlled language
subtitling, subtitles
Definition: screen translation used in audio-visual
communication, in which speech is translated into
written language
FI: tekstitys
SV: textning, AV-versttning, undertextning
DE: Untertitel, mit ntertitel versehen
FR: sous-titrage
summary translation, abstract translation, gist
translation
Definition: translation which reduces the source text
to the length of a synopsis
Source: Gouadec 1990
FI: tiivistelmknns
SV: sammanfattande versttning
DE: Resmee-bersetzung, zusammenfassende
bersetzung
FR: traduction synoptique
surtitling, surtitles
Definition: written translations of spoken language,
projected above the stage e.g. in opera performances
FI: oopperatekstitys
DE: bertitel
FR: surtitrage
synonymy
Definition: semantic translation strategy; selecting not
the obvious equivalent but a synonym or near-
synonym for it, e.g. to avoid repetition
FI: synonymia
SV: synonymstrategi, synonymi
DE: Synonymie
FR: (stratgie de) synonymie
syntactic strategy (or technique)
Definition: any kind of translation technique (or
strategy) which involves a syntactic change
FI: syntaktinen knnsstrategia
SV: syntaxstrategi, syntaktisk versttningsstrategi
DE: syntaktische bersetzungsstrategie FI: (1) termist, (2) terminologia
FR: stratgie syntaxique SV: (1) terminologi, (2) terminologi, terminologilra
DE: Terminologie
target language, TL
FR: terminologie
Definition: language translated into
FI: tulokieli, kohdekieli tertium comparationis
SV: mlsprk Definition: literally, the third term of a comparison;
DE: Zielsprache that which remains invariant in translation or in
FR: langue darrive, langue cible contrastive analysis, which forms the basis for the
comparison
target language enrichment FI: tertium comparationis
Definition: way that translations enrich the target SV: tertium comparationis
language by introducing new terms, forms or genres DE: Tertium Comparationis
etc.
FR: tertium comparationis
FI: kohdekielen rikastaminen
SV: berikande av mlsprket textual equivalence
DE: Bereicherung der Zielsprache Definition: relation that is observed to exist between
FR: enrichissement de la langue cible an element of a source text and a corresponding
element in its translation, as accepted by a competent
target text, TT bilingual
Definition: the translation itself, in the target language Source: Catford 1965
FI: kohdeteksti, tuloteksti FI: tekstiekvivalenssi
SV: mltext, sluttext SV: textuell ekvivalens
DE: Zieltext DE: textuelle quivalenz
FR: texte darrive, texte cible FR: quivalence textuelle
technique, translation technique
theory of sense > interpretive theory
Definition: a specific textual procedure for translating
a particular structure or item. Examples of techniques thick translation > ethnographic translation
are transposition, calque, explicitation, condensation,
omission. think-aloud protocol, TAP
Note: some scholars use the term strategy or local Definition: research method in which translators are
strategy or procedure or shift in this sense. asked to speak aloud as they translate; they are
FI: knnstekniikka recorded as they verbalize their thoughts about what
SV: versttningsteknik they are doing
DE: bersetzungsverfahren Source: Krings 1986
FI: protokollatutkimus
FR: technique, procd
SV: tala-hgtprotokoll, tnka-hgt-protokoll, TAP-
term bank protokoll
Definition: computer-based collection of terminology DE: Verfahren des Lauten Denkens
FI: termipankki FR: protocoles de rflexion haute voix, protocole de
SV: termbank rflexion parle, protocole de verbalisation
DE: Termenbank, Terminilogiedatenbank
transcription
FR: banque de terminologie
Definition: kind of transfer or borrowing that
terminology preserves the sounds or letters or words of the
Definition 1: specialized vocabulary, ideally with one- original; sometimes used e.g. in translating place
to-one equivalents in other languages, usually names or realia
associated with a particular restricted domain FI: transkriptio
Definition 2: science which researches the concepts, SV: transkription
systems of concepts, terms and terminologies in one DE: Transkription
or more languages FR: transcription
transediting translation
Definition: pragmatic translation strategy which Definition: text in one language that represents a text
involves radical editing, in order to make the target in another language (in some way, for some purpose);
text clearer or communicatively more efficient than a process of producing a translation
poor-quality source text; and/or to adapt the Note: in German, die Translation is often used as a
translation to its intended function; and/or to adapt it cover-term to include both written and oral
to the target culture translation.
Source: Stetting 1989 FI: knns, kntminen
FI: transeditointi SV: versttning
SV: transeditering, transredigering DE: bersetzung
DE: Transredaktion FR: traduction
FR: transdition
translation aids
transeme Definition: any tool that helps the translator, including
Definition: basic translational unit used in the analysis dictionaries, reference works, term banks and
of a translation; a basic semantic structure expressing computer programs of all kinds
a state of affairs (a proposition) or some kind of Source: Delisle 1999
adverbial FI: kntjn apuvlineet, kntmisen apuvlineet
Source: Leuven-Zwart 1989/1990 SV: hjlpmedel i versttningsarbetet
FI: transeemi DE: bersetzungshilfe
SV: transem FR: aides la traduction
DE: Transeme
translation commentary
FR: transme
Definition: a translators commentary explaining and
transfer justifying translatorial decisions, usually accompanied
Definition 1: second stage in Nida and Tabers model, by the translation itself
after analysis and before restructuring; the stage at FI: kntjn kommentaareilla varustettu knns,
which the message passes from source to target. knnskommentaari
Definition 2: general sense of change or movement, SV: kommenterad versttning
usually across a border; in this sense, translation itself DE: kommentierte bersetzung
is seen as just one kind of transfer FR: traduction commente
FI: siirto
SV: (1) verfringsskede, (1, 2) verfring translation criticism > translation assessment
DE: Transfer translation equivalent
FR: transfert Definition: expression in a target language which can
translatability translate a source-language expression in certain
Definition: possibility of translating, or of being contexts
translated FI: knnsvastine
SV: versttningsekvivalent
FI: knnettvyys
SV: versttbarhet DE: bersetzungsquivalent
DE: bersetzbarkeit FR: quivalent traductionnel
FR: traduisibilit translation law
Definition: general hypothesis about a possible
translate
Definition: to turn into ones own or another language universal tendency in translatorial behaviour, such as
FI: knt interference or increasing standardization
SV: verstta Source: Toury 1995
DE: bersetzen FI: knnslaki, kntmisen laki
FR: traduire SV: versttningslag
DE: bersetzungsgesetz FI: knnsyksikk
FR: loi de traduction SV: versttningsenhet
DE: bersetzungseinheit
translation memory
FR: unit de traduction
Definition: a computer program containing files of
previous translations which can be automatically translation universals
accessed in order to speed up a translation task, Definition: features of translations that may be
and/or ensure consistency with previous translations universal (or at least very general), regardless of the
FI: knnsmuisti languages concerned, such as a tendency to be more
SV: versttningsminne explicit
DE: besetzungsspeicher Source: Baker 1993
FR: mmoire de traduction FI: knnsuniversaalit, kntmisen universaalit
SV: versttandets universaler,
translational versttningsuniversaler
Definition: having to do with translation or DE: Universalien der bersetzung
translations
FR: universaux de la traduction
FI: knns-, kntmisen
SV: translatorisk translator visibility
DE: bersetzungs- Definition: (indications of) the textual or social
FR: traductionnel presence of the translator
Source: Venuti 1995
translationese FI: kntjn nkyvyys
Definition: style typical of translations that are not SV: versttarens synlighet
natural or fluent enough; typical stylistic weaknesses DE: Sichtbarkeit des bersetzers
of translated texts
FR: visibilit du traducteur
FI: knnskieli
SV: versttarsprk, versttningssprk translatorial
DE: bersetzersprache Definition: having to do with translators
FR: langue de la traduction FI: kntj-, kntjn
SV: versttar-, translatorisk
translation studies DE: bersetzer-, bersetzerisch-
Definition: the whole field of research on translation FR: traductif
Source: Holmes 1988
FI: knnstiede, kntmisen tutkimus translatorial action
SV: versttningsvetenskap, traductologi Definition: whole process of producing a translation,
DE: Translationswissenschaft (includes also with all the agents involved
interpreting), bersetzungswissenschaft Source: Holz-Mnttri 1984
FR: traductologie SV: versttningsverksamhet, translatorisk
verksamhet
translation theory FI: kntjn toiminta
Definition: either a synonym for Translation Studies, DE: translatorisches Handeln
or used to denote the more theoretical aspects of
FR: acte traductionnel, action traductionnelle
translation research
FI: kntmisen teoria, knnsteoria translatorial competence
SV: versttningsteori Definition: abilities required of a professional
DE: bersetzungstheorie translator
FR: thorie de la traduction FI: kntjn kompetenssi
SV: versttarkompetens
translation unit, unit of translation DE: bersetzungsfertigkeit, bersetzungskompetenz,
Definition: segment of text dealt with by the translatorische Kompetenz
translator as a single unit, FR: comptence du traducteur
for the purposes of translation
transliteration verbal consistency
Definition: replacing of source-language graphological Definition: policy of translating the same source-text
units by target-language ones, in cases where the two word always by the same target-text word in a given
language have different writing systems text (compare contextual consistecy)
Source: Catford 1965 FI: sanakonkordanssi
FI: translitteraatio SV: ordkonkordans
SV: translitteration DE: verbale Konsistenz
DE: Transliteration FR: cohrence lexicale
FR: translittration
verifiability
transmutation > intersemiotic translation Definition: a feature that distinguishes translating
from interpreting: translators can revise as they
transposition translate
Definition: syntactic translation technique or strategy Source: Reiss and Vermeer 1984
involving a change of word-class (e.g. from noun to FI: kontrolloitavuus, korjattavuus, tarkastettavuus
verb) SV: kontrollerbarhet
Source: Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 DE: Kontrollierbarkeit
FI: transpositio FR: vrifiabilit
SV: transposition
DE: Transposition version
FR: transposition Definition 1: a possible translation, one of several
Definition 2: a kind of translation that is so changed
trope change from the original that one does not want to call it a
Definition: semantic translation technique or strategy: translation
change in the use of figurative expressions such as
FI: versio
metaphor, personification etc. SV: version
Source: Chesterman 1997 DE: Version
FI: kielikuvan muutos FR: version (Note: version in French normally
SV: frndrad trop means a translation into the mother tongue)
DE: Tropenwechsel
FR: changement tropique vertical translation
Definition: translation between a high-status culture
undertranslation and a low-status one,
Definition: loss of detail in a translation; a translation especially with reference to the Middle Ages
with this feature Source: Folena 1974/1991
Source Newmark 1988, Delisle 1999 FI: vertikaalinen knns
FI: alikntminen SV: vertikal versttning
SV: underversttning DE: vertikale bersetzung
DE: Unterdifferenzierung, bergeneralisierung
FR: traduction verticale
FR: sous-traduction
visibility change
unit of translation > translation unit Definition: pragmatic translation technique or strategy
unit shift involving a change in the status of the authors
Definition: syntactic translation technique or strategy; presence, or concerning the overt intrusion or
a change of unit from source to target (the units are foregrounding of the translators presence; e.g. via
sentence, clause, phrase, word, morpheme) translators footnotes, bracketed comments (such as
Source: Catford 1965 explanations of puns) or added glosses
FI: yksiknvaihdos, yksiknvaihto FI: nkyvyyden muutos
SV: enhetsbyte SV: visibilitetbyte, frndrad synlighet
DE: Einheitswechsel DE: Sichtbarkeitswechsel
FR: changement dunit FR: changement de visibilit
voice over, voice-over
Definition: form of audiovisual translation, in which
the original sound can still be heard in the background
while the translated speech is broadcast over the
original
FI: voice over
SV: voice over
DE: Begleitkommentar
FR: voice over

whispered interpreting, chuchotage

Definition: interpreting where the interpreter, not
sitting in a special booth but close to the client,
whispers the translation simultaneously to the client
FI: kuiskaustulkkaus
SV: viskningstolkning
DE: Flsterdolmetschen
FR: interprtation chuchote, chuchotage