&E.

QUENCESAND SERIES OF FUNctiONS 165

164 PRINCIPLES OP MATHEMATlCA.LANALYSIS

By the continuity of hy there exists an open set Ji" containing Theote:.n '7.32 does not hold for complex algebras. A e'orlhterexample is
such that in Exercise 21. However, the conclusion of the theorem does hold, even
complex algebras, if an extra condition is imposed 'on .91, namely, that d
(56) hit) > J(t) - e (t eJy). If-adjoint~ This 'means that' for every J E.9I its comp1ex conjugate J must

Since K is compact, there is a finite set of points Yl' ... , YII such
belong to d;
J isdefihed by J(x) = J(x}.

(57) K c J Yl U .. u J'n' Theorem Suppose,.rJ is a.lseq:adjOint algebra of complexc01itinuou;g

_ ~ on a c'ompact Sf!t K, .91 separates point$ dn K, and .91 vanishes at no
... f ..... ...

Put of K. Then the uniform closure. f!l of d consists of all complex continuous
gx = max (hYi' .. , h.,J. on k. In other words, d is dense <l(K).

By step 2, Ux e fJI ~ and' the reiatlons (55) to (57) show that Ux has the Proof Let d R be the set of all teal functions onK which belong t6 d.
required properties. Iff E d and f == u + iv, with zi, v r~a1~ then 2u= J+ j, and sInre d
isselfadjoint~ we see that u tf;dR' If ~1 X 21 thete exists IE.9I such
STEP 4 Given a real function j, continuous on K, and B > 0, there exists a fund that J(x!) = i,./(x 2) = 0; hence 0 == U(~2) u(x:t,} == 1, which shows that
h e fJI such that .sdR separates ~oints on K. It x e K, then g(x) =F 0; for some g Ed, and
there is a complex number A such tha.t Ag(X)'> 0; iff:::: ):g,f= u + iv, it
(58) Ih(x) - f(x) I< s (x e K). follows that u(x) > 0; hence.sd R v;:tnishes at no point of K.
thus .sdR satisfies the hypotheses of Theorem 7.32. It rollows that
Since fJI is uniformly closed, this statement is equivalent to the COIlch:ISio every real continuous function on K lies in the uniform closure of d it ,
of the theorem. heneelies in fJI. If f isa complex continuous function on K, f = u + iv,
Proof Let us consider the functions g", for each x e K, constructed then u E f!l, V E f!I, hence f E f!l. This completes the proof.
step 3. By the continuity of gx, there exist open sets V" containing
such that

(59) g;,Jt) <f(t) + 8

Since K is compact, there exists a finite set of points Xl) ... that e~ety unifotinly conver~ent sequence of bounded functions is uni M

such that bounded.

{In} and {Un} converge unifomily on a set E, ptove that {In + UII} converges
(60) uDliformly on E . .If, in addition, {fn} and {g~} are sequences of bounded functions,
that {lnU,.} converges uniformly on E. .
Put
~Cons,truct' seqQcnces {In}, {Un} which converge uniformly on some set E, but such
h = min (g"l , . ,gxn). {/nUll} does not-converge uniformly on E (of course, {lng.,,} must converge on

By step 2, h e fJI t and (54) implies

(61) h(t) > f(t) - e (t e K), , (0 1

I(x). = L 1 +"2
.11=1 n x.
whereas (59) and (60) imply
what values of x does the series converge absolutely? On what intervals does
(62) h(t) < J(t) +8 (t e K).
converge.,uniformly? On what intervals does it fail to converge uniformly? IS f
Finally, (58) follows from (61) and (62). CoIltiDIUOlllS wherever the series converges 1 IS J bounded?
 SEQUENCES AND SERIES OF FUNCTIONS 167
166 PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

~).u:tt1IU!~ (x) denote the fractional part of the real number x (see Exercise 16, Chap. 4,
S. Let the definition), consider the function

0 (x< n!l)' /(x) = f

n ... 1
(n.:)
n
(x real).

/n(X) = sin2~
X
(~ <x<!)~
n+l - - n
all discontinuities of /, ~d show that they form a countable dense set.
that / is nevertheless Riemann-integrable on every bounded interval.

(~ <X).
:Stl'P'Pose {In}, {gIl} are defined on E, and
0 ~/n has uniformly bounded partial sums;
g" ~ 0 uniformly on E;
Show that {In} converges to a continuous function~ but not uniforml~. Use gl(X) '"2:.g,.(x) ';;::.g3(X) ';;::. for every x E E.
series ~In to show that absolute convergence) even for all x, does not Im~lY Prove that L /ngn converges uniformly on E. Hint: Compare with Theorem
form convergence.
6. Prove that the series !Slllpp,ose g and/n(n = 1, 2,3, ... ) are defined on (0, 00), are Riemann-integrable on
C(l x2+n 11 whenever' 0 < t < T < 00, I/n I :s;; g, In -r / uniformly on every compact sub-
2:(-1)"-2- of (0, 00), and
"=1 n
converges uniformly in every bounded interval, but does not converge aOi:;QIIU1C
fIX! g(x) dx < 00.
o
for any value of x.
7. For n 1, 2, 3, ... , x real, put
lim f<tl In(x) dx = fIX! f(x) dx.
x " .... ell I) 0
/n(X) = 1 + nx 2
Exercises 7 and 8 of Chap. 6 for the relevant definitions.)
This'is a rather weak form of Lebesgue's dominated convergence'theorem
Show that {In} converges uniformly to a function /, and that the equation
'., ....._. .
~_,u. 11.32). Even in the context of the Riemann integral, uniform conver~
f'(x) = lim/~(x) can be replaced by pqintwise convergence if it is assumed that / E {ft, (See
11 .... 00
articles by F. Cunningham in Math. Mag., vol. 40, 1967, pp. 179...,.186, and
is correct if x -:j::. 0, but false if x = 0 H. Kestelman in Amer. Math. Monthly, vol. 77) 1970) pp. 182-187.)
8. If ASI~unle that. {f,,} is a sequence of monotonically increasing functions on Rl with
,,(x) :s;; 1 for all x and all n.
{~
(x :s;; 0),
I(x) (x >0), Prove that there is'a function/and a sequence {nt} such that
if {xn } is a sequence of distinct points of (a, b), and if L Iell I converges, prove /(x) lim /n,.(x)
" .... <0
the series
every x E ,R.l; (Tne existence of such a pointwise convergent subsequence is
/(x) = f. c"I(x -
11=1
Xn) called He/ly's selection theorem.)
If, moreover, f is continuous, prove that J,." -r/uniformly on compact sets.
converges uniformly, and that / is continuous for every x -:ft Xn
Hin!: (i) Some subsequence {/nil converges at all rational points r, say, to
9. Let {J,.} be a sequence of continuous functions which converges UnIformly
(ii) Define /(x), for any x E Rl. to be sup /(r), the sup being taken over all
function / on a set E. Prove that x. (iii) Show that /n1(X) ~f(x) at every x at which / is continuous. (This is
lim /lxn) = /(x) mono tonicity is strongly used.) (iv) A subsequence of {/n.} converges at
n .... )
point of discontinuity of / since there are at most countably many such
for every sequence of points XII E E such that XII ~ X, and x E E. Is the . This proves (a). To prove (b), modify your proof of (iii) appropriately.
this true?
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