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1. Seismic design concept in Philippine
According to the reference 1, the following concept is introduced for the structural
design of buildings.
Most of building structures would typically be designed for lateral wind loads in
the range of 1% to 3% of their weight. Earthquake loads may reach 30%-40% of
the weight of the structure, applied horizontally. If concepts of elastic design
normally employed for primary loads are used for earthquake loads, the result
will be in the form of extremely heavy and expensive structures. Therefore,
seismic design uses the concepts of controlled damage and collapse prevention.
In earthquake engineering, the aim is to have a control on the type, location and
extent of the damage along with detailing process. This is illustrated in Figure 3-
1, where the elastic and inelastic responses are depicted, and the concept of
equal energy is employed to reduce the design force from Ve to Vd (denoting
elastic and design force levels).
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Thus, the response reduction factor (R) is simply times R. See Figure 3-2.
R = R x (1)
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inelastic system. For relatively long-period structures of the elastic response
spectrum, Newmark and Hall (1973, 1982) concluded that inertia force obtained
from an elastic system and the reduced inertia force obtained from an inelastic
system cause the same maximum displacement. This gives the value of ductility
reduction factor in a mathematical representation as:-
R = (3)
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Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009 Urbana, Illinois Adviser: Professor
Bassem Andrawes
The following Table 208-11A shows the force reduction factor R and overstrength
factor for earthquake-force-resisting structural system of concrete building in
NSCP 2010.
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2. Seismic structural design method in Japan
The basic concept of New Earthquake Regulation in July 1980 in Japan is to
ensure the safety of buildings against earthquakes by the following two
procedures. These are Level-1 design for 50 years return period of earthquake
and level-2 design for 500 years return period of earthquake.
Level-1 design is allowable stress design and base shear coefficient (C0) is equal
to 0.2. Level-2 design is corresponding to actual strength capacity envelope in
Figure 3-2 and the example is shown in the following Figure 10.
kN
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3. Linier (elastic) dynamic response of building by earthquake
Base shear V is calculated by the following formula.
(NSCP 2010: Figure 208-3)
Eq-1
Cv I
V= W Eq-2
RT
Ca, Cv: Seismic coefficient
I: Important factor
R: Numerical coefficient of global ductility capacity
T: Period of vibration of structure
W: Total seismic dead load + Live load
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4. The vertical distribution of base shear over the height of building
When the natural period of vibration of building (T) is 0.7 second or less, the
remaining portion of base shear shall be distributed over the height of building
as shown in the equation of 208-17 (NSCP 2010)
This equation is derived from the first mode of dynamic response vibration of
building. If this building is 4 story building, there are 4 modes of vibration as shown
in the following figure 11. However the participation factor () of the first mode
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of vibration will be the biggest number and this mode will govern the behavior of
dynamic motion of building during the earthquake.
4 4
4 4
3
3 3 3
Story
Story
Story
Story
2
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
0
0 5 0 0 0
-2.000 0.000 2.000 -2.000 0.000 2.000 -2.000 0.000 2.000
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5. Limitation of story drift by seismic lateral load (NSCP 2010)
Maximum story drift of building during earthquake event is limited by the
following equation of NSCP 2010.
M / h 1/40 ( T < 0.7 sec)
M / h 1/50 ( T 0.7 sec)
M = 0.7 Rs
h: height
R: the response reduction factor
s: horizontal displacement at design seismic load
T: natural period of vibration of building
Story drift
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6. Strength reduction factor (NSCP 2010)
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End
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