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for shear
Section design for shear
In beams, a change in bending moment involves
shear forces.
=
2
2
=
Section design for shear
Shear force at a section gives rise to diagonal tension
in the concrete and leads to cracking.
Shear failures are very brittle and therefore
should be avoided.
All beams should always be designed to fail in a
ductile manner in flexure rather than in shear.
Section design for shear
Shear in a homogeneous beam
A state of pure shear stress exists at the neutral axis. This
causes principal tensile and compressive stresses of the same
magnitude as the shear stress and inclined at 45o
In an elastic rectangular beam, the distribution of shear stress
is parabolic. The maximum elastic shear stress at the neutral
axis is given by = 1.5 .
Section design for shear
Shear in a homogeneous beam
In a T-beam or an L-beam, most of the shear force is resisted
by the web and therefore for all practical purposes in shear
calculations, flanged beams can be considered as
rectangular beams of dimensions bw h, where bw =
minimum width of the web.
Shear in a R/C beam without
shear reinforcement
Section design for shear
Shear in a R/C beam without shear reinforcement
Shear in a reinforced concrete beam without shear
reinforcement causes cracks on inclined planes near the
support as shown below.
The cracks are caused by the diagonal tensile stress.
Section design for shear
Shear in a R/C beam without shear reinforcement
The shear failure mechanism is complex and depends on the
shear span av to effective depth d ratio (av/d).
Shear span av is defined as the distance between the support
and the major concentrated load acting on the span.
Section design for shear
Shear in a R/C beam without shear reinforcement
The following actions form the three mechanisms resisting
shear in the beam:
1. Shear stresses in the compression zone resisted by uncracked
concrete.
2. Aggregate interlock along the cracks: Although cracks exist in
the web due to tensile stresses caused by shear stresses, the width
of the cracks is not large enough prevent frictional forces between
cracked surfaces. These frictional forces exist along the cracked
surfaces and contribute to resisting shear force.
3. Dowel action in the bars where the concrete between the cracks
transmits shear forces to the bars.
Section design for shear
Shear capacity
An accurate analysis for shear strength is not possible.
The problem has been solved by testing beams of the type
normally used in practice. Shear strength depends on several
factors such as:
(a) The percentage of flexural steel in the member. This affects
the shear capacity by restraining the width of the cracks and thus
enhancing the shear carried by the aggregate interlock along the
cracks. It also naturally increases the shear capacity due to dowel
action and increase the depth of the section in compression.
(b) Compression strength of concrete strength. It affects by
increasing the aggregate interlock capacity and also the shear capacity
of the uncracked portion of the beam.
Section design for shear
Shear capacity
(c) Type of aggregate. This affects the shear resisted by aggregate
interlock. For example, lightweight aggregate concrete has
approximately 20% lower shear capacity compared to normal weight
concrete.
(d) Effective depth. Tests indicate that deeper beams have
proportionally lower shear capacity compared to shallow beams. The
reason for this is not clear but it is thought it might have some thing
to do with lower aggregate interlock capacity.
(e) Restraining the tension steel separating from concrete by
providing vertical links. This improves shear capacity by increasing
dowel action.
Section design for shear
Shear capacity
The shear capacity without any shear reinforcement is given by
code equations (6.2a), (6.2b) and (6.3N).
Section design for shear
Shear capacity
The shear capacity without any shear reinforcement is given by
code equations (6.2a), (6.2b) and (6.3N).
Shear in a R/C beam without
shear reinforcement
Worked example 1:
Shear capacity of rectangular beam
Section design for shear
Example 1:
Calculate the shear capacity of a rectangular beam 250 450
mm, effective depth d = 400 mm reinforced at a section with
320 bars. fck = 25 MPa, cp = 0. It may be assumed that the
bars extend a length lbd + d beyond the section under
consideration.
Section design for shear
Solution:
bw = 250 mm, d = 400 mm, Asl = 3 314 = 943 mm2.
Coefficient CRd,c (may be given from the National Annex)
. .
, = = = 0.12
.
Coefficient k
=1+ =1+ = 1.707 < 2
( )
Section design for shear
Solution:
Coefficient l
= = = 0.94% < 2%
=
Section design for shear
Derivation of EC2 formulae: VRd,max
Re-arranging this formula:
= =
Therefore, the maximum shear force that can be resisted
without crushing the concrete in the struts is given by:
. =
Code limits the concrete stress c to:
=
Where 1 is an efficiency factor which allows for the effects of
cracking as well for the actual distribution of stress in the struts
= 0.6 1 /250
acw = 1 for non-prestressed structures.
Section design for shear
The derived equations are shown in 6.2.3(3) in EC2, p. 88:
Section design for shear
All formulae are based on the assumed angle .
This angle cannot be arbitrary but it should be bounded,
as stated 6.2.3(2) in EC2, p. 87:
Spacing constraints
In addition, the maximum longitudinal spacing s is limited to 0.75d
according to equation (9.5N).
The transverse spacing (across the width bw) should be limited to
0.75d 600mm according to equation (9.8N).
Section design for shear
The steps in designing the shear reinforcement are as
follows.
Calculate the design shear force, VEd.
Calculate VRD, c.
If VEd < VRD, c, then no shear reinforcement is required but a minimum
value should always be provided.
If VEd > VRD, c, shear reinforcement is required.
Equate VEd = VRD, max and calculate the value of cot. Check that
it is within the limits of 1.0 and 2.5. If it is outside the limits for
minimum shear reinforcement, choose the maximum value
within the limits and calculate the corresponding value of
VRD,max . Ensure that it is larger than VEd.
Section design for shear
The steps in designing the shear reinforcement are as
follows.
Design the necessary shear reinforcement from the equation:
, =
Check that the minimum reinforcement has been provided:
.
Coefficient k
=1+ =1+ = 1.73 < 2
( )
Section design for shear
Solution:
i. Check if shear reinforcement is required,VEd > VRd,c
Coefficient l
= = = 2.14% > 2% = 2%