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CPT100 - A

Fundamentos de Redes

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Objetivos

Brindar al participante una visin general acerca de los


principales conceptos de Red involucrados en los
sistemas Canopy

El curso abarca estos temas de una manera resumida y


orientada a los temas claves necesarios para una
comprensin bsica de la red Canopy

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Pgina 1
Agenda

Nomencalatura de Redes
Componentes principales
Cableado
Modelo OSI / TCP
Direcciones IP
DHCP
NAT
Ruteamiento

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La Red
Agrupacin de computadores, impresoras, routers, switches y otros
dispositivos que se pueden comunicar entre s a travs de un medio de
transmisin.

Ofrece un medio de comunicacin entre dos o ms puntos.

Utiliza una serie de reglas (llamadas a protocolos) para procesar la


informacin de comunicacin.

Permite que los recursos de una computadora sean compartidos entre


los usuarios.
Permite el cambio de datos entre los puntos de comunicacin.
Puede incluir varias combinaciones de LANs, CANs, MANs, o WANs.

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Pgina 2
Algunas topologas bsicas de LAN
Conectores
BNC T 10Base2 Thinnet coax
Largura Max = 185 metros

Bus

Hub

Estrella Anillo
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Clasificacin de las redes

Local Area Network = LAN


Campus Area Network = CAN
Metropolitan Area Network = MAN
Wide Area Network = WAN

WAN

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Pgina 3
Clasificacin de las redes

te
es
O
na
Zo
Zona Este

Zona
Norte
CAN MAN

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Configuracin fsica comn de una red

Software del
Sistema
Operacional
Software del
Sistema
Operacional
PC
PC
Cable Cable
NIC
NIC

Hub o Switch

Los componentes bsicos de una red son:

PC Hub o Switch
Sistema Operacional Bridges o Ruteadores
NIC (Network Interface Card) Cables

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Pgina 4
PCs
Relacin de los PCs
Cliente
Servidor
Peer-to-Peer

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Softwares del sistema operacional

Microsoft Windows
Novell Netware
Linux
etc

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Pgina 5
Tarjeta de Interfaz de Red (NIC)

Desktop
Laptop
Direccin lgica IP ex: 199.10.278.36
Direccin fsica MAC ex: 00-0B-DB-A4-44-63

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Hubs

Solamente una transmisin por vez


Cuanto ms usuarios, mayor el
embotellamiento de la red
Trabaja en la capa 1 (Fsica)
Regenera las seales de la red
(Seales Elctricos)

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Pgina 6
Switches y Bridges

Encamina los paquetes para el


segmento de red
Reduce el embotellamiento
Trabaja en la capa 2 (enlace)
Permite interfaces entre redes fsicas
diferentes
Trabaja con la direccin MAC
Permiten TX simultneas,
una para cada segmento / puerto
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Ruteadores

Coordina la ruta de los paquetes


Trabaja en la capa 3 (red)
Trabaja con direccin IP

Red 1 Red 2
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Pgina 7
Cables
Categora Velocidad Aplicacin
UTP - 10BaseT (100 m)
Cat 1 Hasta 1 Mbps Voz o Datos ISDN
STP - 10BaseT (100 m)
Cat 2 4 Mbps Redes Token Ring
Coaxial (500 m)
Cat 3 16 Mbps Voz o Datos
Fibra (500 Km) Ethernet

Cat 4 20 Mbps Usado en redes


token ring 16Mbps

Cat 5 100 Mbps 100 Mbps TPDDI


155 Mbps ATM
1000 Mbps(4)
Fibra ptica
Cat 5E Hasta 350 Mbps 100 Mbps TPDDI
155 Mbps ATM
Gigabit Ethernet
Par trenzado
Cat 6 Hasta 400 Mbps Super-fast
broadband
applications
Cat 7 600-700 Mbps Super-fast
broadband
Coaxial applications

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Cables
UTP / STP

Configuracin de los Pins del Conector Ethernet RJ-45 Par


Trenzado

Conector "RJ45" Diagrama 10 Base-T


Blanco/Naranja 1 TxData+ 1
Naranja(/Blanco) 2 TxData- 2
Blanco/Verde 3 RxData+ 3
4 4
5 5
Verde(/Blanco) 6 RxData- 6
7 7
8 8
Conetor NIC
Cores definidas por EIA/TIA 568B o AT&T 258A;
Otros pares esto definidos pero no eston sendo usados para 10 Base-T

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Pgina 8
Cables
UTP / STP

Diagrama del Cable Ethernet Crossover RJ-45


Par
Trenzado

Diagrama 10 Base-T Diagrama 10 Base-T


TxData+ 1 1 TxData+
TxData- 2 2 TxData-
RxData+ 3 3 RxData+
4 4
5 5
RxData- 6 6 RxData-
7 7
8 8
Conector NIC Conector NIC

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Modelos de Arquitectura

Modelo OSI
Modelo TCP/IP

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Pgina 9
Modelo OSI

Modelo OSI (7 capas):

7 Aplicacin Interfaz con las aplicaciones


Aplicacin

6 Presentacin
Presentacin Conversiones de formatos o cdigos y criptografa

5 Sesin
Sesin Establece conexiones lgicas entre puntos de la red

4 Transporte
Transporte Maneja la entrega entre un punto y otro de la red

3 Red
Red Maneja destinos, rutas, alternativas de enrutamiento

Enlace Entrega los datos entre un nodo y otro en un enlace de red


2 Enlace

Fsica Define la conexin fsica de la red


1 Fsica

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Comparacin entre los Modelos OSI e


TCP/IP
Modelo OSI Arquitectura TCP/IP
Aplicacin
7 Aplicacin

6 Presentacin FTP, Telnet,


SMTP, HTTP,
5 Sesin SNMP etc

4 Transporte Transporte
TCP / UDP
3 Router Inter-Red
Red
IP
2 Bridge y Switch Interfaz de Red
Enlace
MAC
1 Fsica Cables y HUB Intra-Red

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Pgina 10
Diagrama bsico de una red

Servers

Oficina Central

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Soluciones de Cableado Estructurado

2 2
1. Cableado Horizontal 5 4 1
3 2
2. rea de Trabajo
3. Cableado Vertical 5 4 1
4. Cuarto de Telecomunicaciones 3 2
5 4 1
5. Cuarto de Equipos
2
6. Cableado del backbone
5 4 1
3
5 6

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Pgina 11
Soluciones de Cableado Estructurado

1
1. UTP - mx 90 metros (10/100 Mbps)
2. Fibra ptica mx 500 Km (5 Gbps)

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Direccin IP ---------------------
---------------------
-------------------
-----------

0 31
VER HL TOS 16-Bit Total Length
16-Bit Identification Flag Fragment Offset
TTL Protocol IP Header Checksum
32-Bit Source IP Address
32-Bit Destination IP Address

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Pgina 12
Direccin IP ---------------------
---------------------
-------------------

Direcciones Classful -----------

Class A 0-127 8-Bits 8-Bits 8-Bits

Class B 128-191 8-Bits 8-Bits 8-Bits

Class C 192-223 8-Bits 8-Bits 8-Bits

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Direccin IP

0 31

netid hostid
10000000 00001010 00010100 00000001

128 . 10 . 20 . 1

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Pgina 13
Clases de direccin IP
Bit
0 1 7 8 Mscara Padrn:255.0.0.0 31

Clase A 0 netid hostid

Bit Mscara Padrn:255.255.0.0


0 1 2 15 16 31

Clase B 1 0 netid hostid

Bit Mscara Padrn:255.255.255.0


0 1 2 3 23 24 31

Clase C 1 1 0 netid hostid

Bit
0 1 2 3 4 31

Clase D 1 1 1 0 Multicast Address

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Direccin IP privativas

Direccin designados pela InterNet Assigned Numbers Authority


(IANA) para uso en Organizaciones sin conexin con la Internet,
o uso en intranets (RFC 1918).

Clase
Clase Rango
Rangode
deDireccin
DireccinIP
IP No.
No.De
DeRedes
Redes

AA 10
10. .00. .00. .00 11red
red

BB 172
172. .16
16. .00. .00 aa 172
172.31
.31. .00. .00 16
16redes
redes

CC 192
192.168
.168. .00. .00 aa 192
192. .168
168. .255
255. .00 256
256redes
redes

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Pgina 14
Direccin IP privativos

Ruteamiento NAT (Network Address Translation)

192.168.10.201

192.168.10.103 192.168.10.104

200.245.10.1
192.168.10.1
Ruteador
NAT
192.168.10.101 192.168.10.102 Internet

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Direccin IP privativos
Canopy usa APIPA

Automatic Private IP Address, APIPA, es otro conjunto de


direcciones IP privadas

El rango de direcciones APIPA es 169.254.x.x

Un equipo pompatible con APIPA asigna una direccin IP


para esta red si:
Est configurado para uso de DHCP, pero
Ninguna direccin IP es asignada por un servidor DHCP

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Pgina 15
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Elementos de red necesitan de direcciones IP

Cuando se inician
poseen una direccin pr-definida o
necesitan que se le asignen una direccin IP

Dispositivos que asignan direcciones IP en una red LAN


son llamados de servidores DHCP

Dispositivos que reciben direcciones IP en una red LAN son


llamados de clientes DHCP
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Asignando una direccin IP


Servidor de DHCP

El servidor de DHCP:
Recibe solicitud de un cliente/dispositivo
Identifica y presta una direccin IP
Mantiene registro de cuando el prstimo termina
Puede ser un elemento externo o integrado en la red

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Pgina 16
NAT - Network Address Translation

Una red puede poseer una pequea cantidad de direcciones


IP vlidas para todos los usuarios

El recurso NAT comparte un grupo de direcciones IPs


vlidas entre un grupo de usuarios

El NAT asocia una direccin pblica con direcciones


locales de los equipos de red

Esta asociacin es creada, mantenida y desecha por el NAT


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Ruteamiento IP (directo)
IP = 192.168.20.12
IP origen
IP destino
= 128.10.2.3
= 128.10.2.32
IP MAC: MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C

Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0 Protocolo ARP


Red origen = 128.10
Red destino = 128.10

Sasasaffg
vbbvbvbv
IP = 128.10.2.21
MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2
IP = 128.10.2.3 192.168.20.0
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05 (clase C)
IP = 192.168.20.2
MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

IP = 128.10.2.32
MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52

IP = 192.168.20.5
MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10
IP = 128.10.2.55
MAC=08.00.20.05.33.97 128.10.0.0 (clase B)

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Pgina 17
Ruteamiento IP (directo)
IP = 192.168.20.12
IP origen = 128.10.2.3 MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C
IP destino = 128.10.2.32
Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0
MAC destino = 08.00.20.05.11.52
Red origen = 128.10 IP destino = 128.10.2.32
Red destino = 128.10

Sasasaffg
vbbvbvbv
IP = 128.10.2.21
08.00.20 128.10
.05.11.52 .2.32

MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2
IP = 128.10.2.3 192.168.20.0
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05 (clase C)
IP = 192.168.20.2
MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

IP = 128.10.2.32
MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52

IP = 192.168.20.5
MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10
IP = 128.10.2.55
MAC=08.00.20.05.33.97 128.10.0.0 (clase B)

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Ruteamiento IP (directo)
IP = 192.168.20.12
IP origen = 128.10.2.3 MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C
IP destino = 128.10.2.32
Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0
MAC destino = 08.00.20.05.11.52
Red origen = 128.10 IP destino = 128.10.2.32
Red destino = 128.10

Sasasaffg
vbbvbvbv
IP = 128.10.2.21
08.00.20 128.10
.05.11.52 .2.32

MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2
IP = 128.10.2.3 192.168.20.0
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05 (clase C)
IP = 192.168.20.2
08.00.20 128.10
.05.11.52 .2.32
MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

IP = 128.10.2.32
MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52

08.00.20 128.10
.05.11.52 .2.32

IP = 192.168.20.5
MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10
IP = 128.10.2.55
MAC=08.00.20.05.33.97 128.10.0.0 (clase B)

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Pgina 18
Ruteamiento IP (directo)
IP = 192.168.20.12
IP origen = 128.10.2.3 MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C
IP destino = 128.10.2.32
Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0
MAC destino = 08.00.20.05.11.52
Red origen = 128.10 IP destino = 128.10.2.32
Red destino = 128.10

Sasasaffg
vbbvbvbv
IP = 128.10.2.21
08.00.20 128.10
.05.11.52 .2.32

MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2
IP = 128.10.2.3 192.168.20.0
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05 (clase C)
IP = 192.168.20.2
Asaasfgd
cvcbvcbc 08.00.20 128.10
.05.11.52 .2.32
MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

IP = 128.10.2.32
MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52

08.00.20 128.10
.05.11.52 .2.32

IP = 192.168.20.5
MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10
IP = 128.10.2.55
MAC=08.00.20.05.33.97 128.10.0.0 (clase B)

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Ruteamiento IP (indirecto)

IP origen = 128.10.2.3
IP destino = 192.168.20.5 IP = 192.168.20.12
Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0 MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C
Red origen = 128.10
Red destino = 192.168

Sasasaffg
vbbvbvbv

IP = 128.10.2.3
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21 192.168.20.0
IP= 128.10.2.21 IP = 192.168.20.2 (clase C)
MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2 MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

IP = 128.10.2.32
MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21
IP = 192.168.20.5
128.10.0.0 (clase B) MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10

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Rev. O May-06 38
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Pgina 19
Ruteamiento IP (indirecto)

IP origen = 128.10.2.3
IP destino = 192.168.20.5 IP = 192.168.20.12
Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0 MAC destino = 08.00.20.15.1C.A2 MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C
Red origen = 128.10 IP destino = 192.168.20.5
Red destino = 192.168

Sasasaffg
vbbvbvbv 08.00.20. 192.168
15.1C.A2 .20.5

IP = 128.10.2.3
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21 192.168.20.0
IP= 128.10.2.21 IP = 192.168.20.2 (clase C)
MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2 MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

IP = 128.10.2.32
MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21
IP = 192.168.20.5
128.10.0.0 (clase B) MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10

Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev Number


Add additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
Rev. O May-06 39
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Ruteamiento IP (indirecto)

IP origen = 128.10.2.3
IP destino = 192.168.20.5 IP = 192.168.20.12
Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0 MAC destino = 08.00.20.15.1C.A2 MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C
Red origen = 128.10 IP destino = 192.168.20.5
Red destino = 192.168

Sasasaffg
vbbvbvbv 08.00.20. 192.168
15.1C.A2 .20.5

IP = 128.10.2.3
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21 08.00.20. 192.168
15.1C.A2 .20.5 192.168.20.0
IP= 128.10.2.21 IP = 192.168.20.2 (clase C)
MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2 MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

08.00.20. 192.168
15.1C.A2 .20.5

IP = 128.10.2.32
MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21
IP = 192.168.20.5
128.10.0.0 (clase B) MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10

Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev Number


Add additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
Rev. O May-06 40
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Pgina 20
Ruteamiento IP (indirecto)

IP origen = 128.10.2.3
IP destino = 192.168.20.5 IP = 192.168.20.12
Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0 MAC destino = 08.00.20.15.1C.A2 MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C
Red origen = 128.10 IP destino = 192.168.20.5
Red destino = 192.168

Sasasaffg
vbbvbvbv 08.00.20. 192.168
15.1C.A2 .20.5

IP = 128.10.2.3
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21 08.00.20. 192.168
15.1C.A2 .20.5 192.168.20.0
IP= 128.10.2.21 IP = 192.168.20.2 (clase C)
MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2 MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

08.00.20. 192.168
15.1C.A2 .20.5

IP = 128.10.2.32
MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21
IP = 192.168.20.5
128.10.0.0 (clase B) MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10

Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev Number


Add additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
Rev. O May-06 41
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Ruteamiento IP (indirecto)

IP origen = 128.10.2.3
IP destino = 192.168.20.5 IP = 192.168.20.12
Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0 MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C
Red origen = 128.10
Red destino = 192.168

Sasasaffg MAC destino = 0D.0A.12.1A.18.10


vbbvbvbv
IP destino = 192.168.20.5

IP = 128.10.2.3
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21 0D.0A.12.192.168
1A.18.10 .20.5 192.168.20.0
IP= 128.10.2.21 IP = 192.168.20.2 (clase C)
MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2 MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

IP = 128.10.2.32
MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21
IP = 192.168.20.5
128.10.0.0 (clase B) MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10

Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev Number


Add additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
Rev. O May-06 42
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Pgina 21
Ruteamiento IP (indirecto)

IP origen = 128.10.2.3
IP destino = 192.168.20.5 IP = 192.168.20.12
Mscara Red = 255.255.0.0 MAC=00.00.1D.00.97.1C
Red origen = 128.10
Red destino = 192.168

Sasasaffg MAC destino = 0D.0A.12.1A.18.10


vbbvbvbv
IP destino = 192.168.20.5

IP = 128.10.2.3
MAC=02.60.8C.07.48.05
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21 0D.0A.12.192.168
1A.18.10 .20.5 192.168.20.0
IP= 128.10.2.21 IP = 192.168.20.2 (clase C)
MAC=08.00.20.15.1C.A2 MAC=08.00.20.1C.35.7A

0D.0A.12.192.168

IP = 128.10.2.32 1A.18.10 .20.5

MAC=08.00.20.05.11.52
Gateway Default: 128.10.2.21
IP = 192.168.20.5
128.10.0.0 (clase B) MAC=0D.0A.12.1A.18.10

Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev Number


Add additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
Rev. O May-06 43
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Diagrama de Red
NAT & DHCP
Internet
192.168.1.102

`
Gateway
residencial 192.168.1.101

201.44.215.163

router 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.100

201.44.214.1

switch

Servidor
DHCP

Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev Number


Add additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
Rev. O May-06 44
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Pgina 22
Comandos de diagnstico y teste de red

IPCONFIG /ALL
Muestra la direccin fsica (MAC) y la direccin lgica
(IP) de la mquina.

PING
Se puede usar el comando PING como herramienta de
solucin de problemas para testar la conexin de
diversos recursos de red.

Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev Number


Add additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
Rev. O May-06 45
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

IPCONIFG

Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev Number


Add additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
Rev. O May-06 46
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Pgina 23
PING

Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev Number


Add additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office.
Rev. O May-06 47
All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Pgina 24

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