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V. Nikora1
1
School of Engineering
University of Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
variability
Velocity Frequency Spectrum
Hydraul
Dissipative
subranges habitats, as most aquatic communities live within BLs, MLs, etc;
range
Intra-annual
Large-eddies
Intermediate
and (2) flow patterns around individual organisms that are often
variability
variability
Inter-year
subrange
variability case of aquatic plants which typically span a wide range of scales
from a leaf scale to individual plant to the plant patch mosaic
Macro Meso Micro
(i.e., an assemblage of plant patches of different shapes and
S (k ) k 1
Inertial sizes). As an example, biological communities quite often are
Dissipative
Intermediate
subrange
u 1 zd
a
ln( )
Z u* zo
u
1
2
u
8
b
8
b
c
9
7 7
d
9
9