A Review of Recent HVDC Tapping Topologies

Abdelrahman Ismail M.S. Hamad Amr El Zawawi Emtethal Negm Abdallah

Electrical Engineering Dept. Electrical and Control Engineering Dept. Electrical Engineering Dept. Electrical Engineering Dept.
University of Alexandria Arab Academy for Science and Technology University of Alexandria University of Alexandria
Alexandria, Egypt Alexandria, Egypt Alexandria, Egypt Alexandria, Egypt
abdelrahman_ismail@alexu.edu.eg mostafa.hamad@staff.aast.edu amr.elzawawi@yahoo.com emtethal_1934@yahoo.com

Abstract HVDC power tapping has proven to be the absorbed by the tapping station. So, power tapped Ptap is
appropriate solution for rural AC networks. This tapping can be determined by [5]:
achieved by using series or parallel HVDC tap stations. But,
many researchers have faced some technical and economic issues
Ptap = Itap Vdc (1)
when designing tapping stations with small power ratings. In this
paper, many topologies of tapping converters are reviewed
focusing on their designs and providing pros and cons of each Where, Vdc is the voltage of the main HVDC system
topology.
Itap
Index Terms HVDC tapping, series tapping, parallel tapping,
shunt tapping. Vdc

I. INTRODUCTION
HVDC transmission systems have proved to be the most
beneficial alternative to transmit bulk electrical power over
long distances when compared to the conventional alternating
current (AC) systems. It also allow the transfer of power
between unsynchronized AC networks [1].
Although HVDC transmission systems have distinguished
advantages, most of these systems are based on a point to point
transmission scheme. In addition, most of HVDC transmission
lines pass over rural cities which have a relatively weak AC
networks and have no access to any transmission system. So,
these cities must be economically supplied from an HDVC
system by using HVDC tapping stations [1].
HVDC tapping stations must achieve the following
requirements [1-7]: it is typically rated as 1-10% of the HVDC
links capacity, it must be cost effective and reliable by not
affecting the main HVDC line at any fault and taps control
system should not interfere with the main HVDC control
system. In this paper, the main types of tapping stations shown
in fig. 1 are reviewed and discussed throughout the paper.
II. PARALLEL TAPPING
The parallel tap shown in fig. 2 will cause a reduction in
current of the main HVDC system by a value of Itap which is
Load GS
Fig. 2. Parallel tap
Parallel taps are associated with higher power ratings than
series taps and the power of these taps are changed by varying
its dc current. Also these taps must withstand the full line
voltage, so high voltage switches will be used. In addition, it is
limited to use parallel taps for small loads because the high
voltage and low current ratings of load will lead to high
installation cost per kW. Unlike the voltage source converter-
based (VSC) HVDC links, power of the line-commutated
converters-based (LCC) HVDC links is reversed by reversing
the polarity of the DC voltage. This cant be achieved by
reversing current direction [8-10]. So, mechanical switching
arrangement is required when reversing power in the tap
station [1-3, 11-14].
Generally, parallel taps can be one of the two types shown
in fig. 3 [2]. The single-stage converters are more traditional in
these taps using conventional fully voltage rated, three-phase
DC/AC converter and a three-phase transformer. The two-stage
converters which are known as the parallel-cascaded tapping
stations, step down the voltage using DC/DC converter. It is

HVDC Tapping

Parallel Series

Single-stage Two-stages TPLC-CSC FC-CSC-TOC SCCI CFCSC CFISC ST-HB-CT

FC-CSC-SCRs TPTB-AC-G SSCFC ST-I

FC-VSC DSW-VSCs CTL-VSCs MMC- POPT MMC-PCTT SCPT ST-FC-VSC CF-PWM-C

NPC-VSC CCSCs P-DC/DC-C MMC-SOPT MMC- SCTT GI-ACT MI I-ESE

Fig. 1. Classification of HVDC tapping stations

978-1-4673-9063-7/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE

beneficial to perform the DC/AC conversion at lower voltage.
It is also provided that multi-stage converters dont affect the
dynamic performance of the main HVDC link. Some
topologies of parallel taps are presented in the following
subsections.
+ +
HVDC AC HVDC
link link link
- -
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Parallel tapping types (a) single-stage converters, (b) two-stage converters
A. Single-Stage Converters
1) Forced-Commutated, FC-VSC
Parallel diodes in the converter shown in fig. 4 are used to
fix voltage polarity of the converter and allow reverse current.
It is also protects GTOs from reverse voltage stresses. In
square-wave operation, the converter voltage is constant and
reversing current direction will reverse power flow. But, valve
voltage stress is low while transient fault current is high. Pulse
width modulation (PWM) provides independent control of ac
voltage at the expense of higher control power and higher
frequency harmonic content [11].
3-phase
Transformer
6-pulse, forced
commutated, VSC
Local AC network
Fig. 4. The FC-VSC topology
2) Dual Square-Wave VSCs
Independent control of reactive power through controlling
the ac voltage is provided by the converter shown in fig. 5.
This is done by the phase shift between the two bridges. The
phase voltages in the primary side of the transformer contain
3rd harmonics. Although, delta-connected transformer has high
circulating current, zero-sequence harmonic currents pass to
the ac network in case of grounded-neutrals wye transformer.
For higher number of pulses, transformer connections will have
restrictions[11].
GTO
Local AC network
Fig. 5. Dual square-wave VSCs
3) Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) VSC
As shown in fig. 6, this converter offers the same
advantages as the dual square-wave VSCs in subsection b
without the 3rd harmonics and transformer connection
limitations [11].
Vdc
2
AC
link
Vdc
2
Local AC network
Fig. 6. NPC VSC
4) Cascaded Current Source Converters (CSCs)
This tap used large inductor to ensure constant current. This
current flows through series-connected capacitor-commutated
switch modules shown in fig. 7 (b), inside blocks to ground
[15]. The ac outputs from blocks G1 till G4, are connected in
parallel to the 110 kV ac bus as shown in fig. 7 (a). Each block
contains three switch modules, one for each phase. The used
tap avoids issue of commutation failure. It provides
independent control of active and reactive power, minimum
switching loss, and lower cost due to lower number of
thyristors. No filters are needed as harmonics are reduced by
time shifts and zig-zag connected transformers. But, this tap
requires mechanical switches to reverse current, and a neutral
grounding transformer for protection [16].
Itap Itap
G1
Local
G2
AC network Output
G3
Grounding
Transformer
Itap
G4
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. Cascaded CSCs (a) taps design, (b) capacitor-commutated switch module
5) Cascaded Two-Level VSCs
The voltage source inverters (VSIs) shown in fig. 8 are
connected in series from their input side. The output of each
VSI is connected to a step-down transformer. The
transformers output is connected in parallel to share load
current. The controller is used to inject the required amount of
active and reactive powers to the network. It must also keep
the input voltages to the voltage source inverters equal and the
output current sharing equal. This topology avoids the series
connection of switches and operates at lower dv/dt. It also
replaces one high-voltage high-current transformer with lower
voltage and currents transformers. In addition, it can be used
in VSC-based HVDC as well as LCC-based HVDC links. In
LCC-based HVDC link, an H-bridge circuit is used on the tap
to reverse polarity of voltage [7].
 3) MMC-Based, Series Output Pole Tap
C The converter shown in fig. 10 contains two phase legs
2-level VSI
connected in series. The midpoint of each phase leg is
C
connected to the low DC voltage terminal. The cell stacks have
the same function and problems as in the parallel pole but with
Local
2-level VSI
AC network lower power capacity ratio [2].
C

Cell
Cell

Cell
2-level VSI
Vdc1

C 2 Cell
Cell

2-level VSI
Cell

Vdc2
Fig. 8. Cascaded 2-level VSCs Cell
Vdc1 3-phase VSI
Cell
2 Local
B. Two-Stages Converters Cell AC network

1) Primitive DC/DC Converter-Based Parallel Tap +

Cell

Cell
Cell
In this topology, IGBT is used as the switching device in Half-bridge

the VSC. The dc/dc converter steps the HVDC voltage down Fig. 10. MMC-based, series output pole tap
to lower voltage. It may use one of the following three
configurations: resistive voltage divider, capacitive voltage 4) MMC-Based, Parallel-Connected Transformer Tap
divider and modified buck divider. The low efficiency and the This converter contains transformer. Its primary is
high cost due to the special insulated resistors used, made the connected between the midpoints of a single phase leg and the
resistive voltage divider infeasible for tapping. Also capacitive midpoint of split Vdc1 link capacitors as shown in fig. 11. Cell
voltage divider has the same design as the resistive voltage stacks do not suffer from energy drift. Increasing the frequency
divider by replacing the two resistors with two capacitors, it of the AC link leads to reduced size transformer and reduces
suffered from the problem of different charge and discharge the fluctuations in voltages which means smaller size
rates of capacitors. But, this problem is solved by using a capacitors. In case of DC faults in either DC link, transformer
resistance and high voltage rated switch in parallel with the prevents the propagation of fault to the other dc link. This
capacitor. For the modified buck converter, its configuration converter has a minimum power capacity ratio due to
was not shown due to patent applications [17, 18]. transformer-stage, so it can be used with higher dc voltage
transformation ratios [2].
2) MMC-Based, Parallel Output Pole Tap
This converter is VSC-based and considered a dc version of Cell
Cell
the MMC. Each phase leg consists of two cell stacks and its Vdc1

2 Cell
midpoint is connected to one of the terminals of the low
voltage side Vdc2 as shown in fig. 9. In addition to the cell Vdc2
stacks, arm inductors set the rate of change of stack currents.
Besides, cell stacks provide the voltages required to Vdc1
Cell
Diode
Rectifier
3-phase VSI

interconnect the DC terminals. The half-bridge cells which 2

Cell Local
AC network
make stacks do not possess reverse voltage capability, may
+

Cell

lead to short circuit on Vdc2 terminals through diodes due to a Half-bridge

fault on Vdc1 terminals. This circuit needs an AC rebalancing

Fig. 11. MMC-based, parallel-connected transformer tap
current to solve the problem of energy drift on cell stacks. This
solution adds to the voltage and current rating of the cell stack.
But, this converter has reasonable power capacity factor at low 5) MMC-Based, Series-Connected Transformer Tap
DC voltage transformation ratios (less than 2). So, it is not This converter consists of two cell stacks which apply a
suitable for tapping small amount of power from HVDC link square-wave voltage across the transformer shown in fig. 12. It
[2]. has the same advantages of the parallel-connected type, but
with higher power capacity ratio [2].
Cell Cell
Cell
Cell Cell +

Vdc1 Cell
Vdc1
2 Cell Cell
Half-bridge 2 Cell

Vdc2
Vdc2

3-phase VSI
Vdc1 Diode 3-phase VSI
Cell Cell Local Vdc1 Rectifier
2 AC network Cell
Cell Cell 2
Cell Local
Cell Cell + AC network
Cell

Half-bridge

Fig. 9. MMC-based, parallel output pole tap

Fig. 12. MMC-based, series-connected transformer tap
 6) Switched-Capacitor Parallel Tap
This topology consists of dc/dc converter and low-voltage
VSC. The dc/dc converter arm contains a high-voltage valve,
and number of series-connected cells which is used for a
monopole HVDC system as shown in fig. 13. Three IGBT
switches and a capacitor exist in each cell. This dc/dc converter
is based on Marx generator concept as some of capacitors are
connected in parallel across low voltage source and in series
across high voltage source [19]. Its control is achieved by
fixed commutation pattern. This tap offers great scalability and
lower voltage isolation requirements because the high voltage
VSC is replaced by a dc/dc converter with reduced number of
components. It doesnt also need complex transformer
arrangements. But, this tap is unable to reverse the voltage
polarity when connected to LCC-based HVDC link. It also
provides fixed voltage transformation ratio [20].
LHv
HV
Valve
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell n
LLv
C Local
AC network
3-phase VSI
Fig. 13. Switched-capacitor parallel tap
III. SERIES TAPPING
The series tap shown in fig. 14 will cause voltage drop Vtap,
so the power tapped Ptap can be obtained by (2) [5]:
Ptap = Vtap Idc
Where, Idc is the line current of the HVDC system.
Vtap
Idc
Load GS
Fig. 14. Series tap
Series taps are typically associated with lower power
ratings than parallel taps, which means lower compensation for
the voltage of the HVDC system. The power of series tap is
changed by varying its dc voltage, not by varying line current.
This affects the voltage profile along the dc line. So it may
increase the rectifier and inverter thyristor valve losses and
stresses of the main HVDC stations. This taps must be able to
withstand the full current rating of the HVDC line [3, 11]. The
small voltage across the tap means use of low voltage
elements, but it must be insulated to the full voltage rating [2,
4, 21]. Some topologies of series taps are presented in the
following subsections
A. Twelve-Pulse, Line-Commutated, LC-CSC
LCC operates into two quadrants with lagging power factor
for the topology shown in fig. 15. Tap changer and firing angle
control provides independent control of reactive power by
varying the ratio between ac voltage and dc voltage. But,
increasing the reactive power by increasing ac voltage needs
higher-voltage converter and snubber circuits. Efficiency also
decreases at lower dc voltage operation. Therefore, such
converters are used in low power or back-to-back operation
[11].
Local
AC network
Fig. 15. Twelve-pulse, line-commutated, CSC
B. Forced-Commutated, FC-CSC Using SCRs
Forced commutated converters as shown in fig. 16, can be
operated with leading power factor. Also, commutation
capacitors provide commutation even if in the case of negative
transformers line voltages. But, it adds to the cost of the
converter. Independent control of reactive power is not
possible with this converter. Also, higher valve and transformer
stresses and voltage distortion exists in this converter when
compared to LCC [11].
(2)
Local
AC network
Fig. 16. Forced-commutated, CSC using SCRs
C. Forced-Commutated, FC-CSC with turn-off capability
Capacitors shown in fig. 17 provide a low impedance
commutation path to minimize turn-off power. Gate turn-off
thyristors (GTOs), MOS-controlled thyristors (MCTs) or
insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) can be used which
are connected in parallel to suite the small series taps. But,
square-wave operation does not offer independent control of
reactive power. While PWM operation provides independent
control of reactive power. But, stresses on the valves and
filtering requirements increase [11].

Local
AC network
Fig. 17. Forced-commutated, CSC with turn-off capability
D. Twelve-Pulse Thyristor Bridge and AC Generator
This tap consists of a twelve-pulse bridge converter and a
DC machine. This machine is connected to the DC line to drive
an AC generator. This AC generator is used to commutate the
Thyristor Bridge and provide reactive power control. Also a
power transformer is used to isolate between the DC line and
the AC network [21].
E. Series Capacitor Commutated Inverters
The series tap shown in fig. 18, is based on series capacitor
commutated inverter employing two six-pulse bridges in series
with the dc line. No ac generator is required to provide reactive
power control and successful commutation. This tap isnt
sensitive to AC disturbances [12].
1-phase line-
commutated CSCs
1-phase
transformers
Local
AC network
Fig. 18. Series capacitor commutated inverters
F. Series Tap with FC- VSC
The line-commutated, single phase CSC is used on the high
voltage side as shown in fig. 19. A single-phase transformer is
used for the conversion between high dc-voltage and ground,
which is the most expensive item in the station. The converters
connected after the transformer are FC-VSCs. The frequency
of the single-phase commutation voltage can be freely selected
considering harmonics generation, cost and losses of
transformer and converters. The dc-stage makes it easy to
connect a battery or some other energy storage element, which
might be required for starting up and during disturbances in
either the local ac-system or the main HVDC system. But,
losses are increased because of the two stages [6].
1-phase
transformer
1-phase
forced-
commutated
VSC
3-phase forced-
commutated
VSC
Local
AC network
Fig. 19. Series tap with forced-commutated, VSC.
G. Current-Fed Capacitor-Switched Converter
The series tap shown in fig. 20 consists of four thyristors,
two capacitors, a single-phase transformer, and a single-phase
to three-phase converter feeding local load. Two control
schemes were suggested, variable frequency and constant
frequency. In variable frequency control, high frequency usage
reduces size of capacitors leading to lower cost and smaller tap
station. An air-core transformer is used to maintain coupling
between windings and to keep on low iron losses [1, 22, 23].
1-phase
transformer
Rectifier
Inverter
Local
AC network
Fig. 20. Current-fed capacitor-switched converter
H. Soft-Switch Current-Fed Converter
The converter shown in fig. 21 consists of two self-
commutated switches (MCT or IGBT), two diodes and a
snubber capacitor Ch. The H-bridge can operate at higher
switching frequencies as 5 KHz because of the zero current
switching conditions at turn ON and zero voltage conditions at
turn OFF. The output of the air-core transformer is stepped
down and rectified to a dc voltage to be inverted with a 50 Hz
inverter. The control of dc/dc converter is adjusted by duty
cycle with constant frequency. But, duty cycle must be
between 0.15 and 0.4 to achieve efficient operation. Because
power transfer becomes very low at duty cycle higher than 0.4
and soft switching capability is lost for duty cycle lower than
0.15 [22, 24].
1-phase
transformer
Ch
Rectifier
Local
Inverter
AC network
Fig. 21. Soft-switch current-fed converter
I. Current-Fed Inductor-Switched Converter
In fig. 22, the dc link voltage of the line-commutated CSC
is controlled by the firing angle. Inductance L2 is the
commutating reactance and C1 and L1 form a filter to reduce
the noise fed to the main line. Frequency must be low (300-400
Hz), due to the switching of very high current [22].
 L1
b) Mechanical Isolation
C1
L2 As shown in fig. 25 (b), a current-to-voltage converter is
connected to a motor-generator drive system. The length of the
1-phase shaft and the insulating material must be sufficient to provide
transformer
required isolation. This tap can be connected directly to the
Rectifier
local AC network. Additional control for the generator must be
included if the generator must synchronize with an existing AC
Inverter
network. But this tap will need maintenance due to the
mechanical part. This topology uses only one power electronic
Local converter [3, 13].
AC network
c) Isolation with Energy Storage Elements
Fig. 22. Current-fed inductor-switched converter This topology consists of a current to voltage converter
J. Current-Fed PWM Chopper connected with an energy storage units shown in fig. 25 (c).
The current-fed PWM chopper shown in fig. 23 is series This energy storage allows the local AC network to function
connected with the line. The voltage of the dc capacitor during low or no current conditions on the HVDC link by
supplied to the inverter, is kept constant by varying the connection and disconnection of these units using switches
frequency of the PWM and the dc current level [11, 22]. SW. The energy storage units which may be sodium Sulphur
batteries or super capacitors, are used to provide isolation. It
has low e ciency and this storage units increase cost [3, 13].

6-pulse 6-pulse
inverter inverter 1-phase VSI

C1

C2

Local Rectifier
AC network

Fig. 23. Current-fed PWM chopper Inverter

K. Seris Tap with H-Bridge and Current Transformer (CT) Local

In the topology shown in fig. 24, the H-bridge is made (a) AC network

from IGBT switches which feeds the current transformer

through the diagonal of it. The switching pattern guarantee
continuity of the main current so as that current flow is not
interrupted at any time [22]. In addition, the voltage
3-phase VSI
disturbance is small with respect to the high voltage of the
HVDC lines. M

Local
AC network
(b)
Rectifier
Current
transformer
Inverter
1-phase VSC

Local
AC network

Fig. 24. Series tap with H-bridge and CT SW

L. Series Tap with Isolation Energy

storage

a) Galvanic Isolation with Air-Core Transformer 3-phase VSC

units

As shown in fig. 25 (a), the current to voltage converter Local

charges a capacitor C. The full bridge utilizes the capacitor as (c)

AC network

voltage source to excite the air-core transformer. A diode

rectifier is used to rectify the output of the transformer and
filtered by a bus capacitor. So, the isolated dc voltage source
created, is connected to the inverter. The transformer is used to
provide galvanic isolation and it is resonantly driven by
capacitors C1 and C2. This tap has high efficiency and best
switch utilization for some switches [3, 13].
Fig. 25. Series tap with isolation (a) galvanic isolation with air-core transformer,
(b) mechanical isolation and (c) isolation with energy storage element
IV. CONCLUSION
For the past few decades, HVDC tapping stations have
been a promising solution for the electrification of rural
networks. But, many designs of the previous tapping stations
were limited to the available technology and resources. Now,
advances in converter technologies are heading to provide
higher power ratings converters. This makes HVDC tapping
stations more feasible economically and technically. So,
several topologies for series and parallel taps have been
discussed with a brief explanation of their benefits and
drawbacks.
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