APEx (Analyzing Processes with Excel) Microsoft Excel Add-In to accompany Elementar

of Chemical Processes, 4th Edition.

IF AN ERROR MESSAGE HAS POPPED UP ASKING TO UPDATE LINKS:

Click Update, the Edit Links. On the Edit Links dialog:

Click Change Source, then navigate to the location of the Apex.xlam file you downloaded an
file. Click OK, then Close the dialog.

A Note to Users:
This spreadsheet serves as an introduction to software intended to accomplish two purpose
- Faciliate mathematical computation incorporating physical properties and other tabulated
required in the material and energy balance course
- Train students in proper use of Excel to solve chemical engineering problems, including so
systems of algebraic equations using least squares minimization

To partialy accomplish the first of these goals, all of the data in tables are "exposed" as Exc
This means that one could look up electronically most data contained in the text resources
Excel function. Need the molecular weight of heptane? Enter the formula =MW("heptane").
the temperature of saturated liquid water at 100 bar? Enter =SteamSatP(100,"P","T","L") to
answer.

The second goal is faciliated by the use of an "Equation Solving Wizard" to help students se
mathematical solutions of the type typically needed in the course in the structure of spread
hoped that after having the construction of a solution in Excel automated for a problem wel
they will gain a important skill they can carry on to later courses.

Througout the design of this software, the need to learn important engineering habits is kep
paramount. Units are always an issue, and the software still requires students to think dime
The data extracted is in the units of the textbook tables, and students will need to either do
coversions or learn to use Excel's intrinsic CONVERT() function. While access to Antoine's co
data and even Antoine's equation calculations are available, bubble point calculations are n
There are even places where error trapping has been deliberately omitted-- students must s
evaluate their work and take care when performing calculations to ensure reasonability and
appropriateness. Excel comments are added to warn of extrapolation and in some cases to
of units. To maximize the benefits of these comments, it can be helpful to place only one fu
in a formula.

While there will be changes as we move though this process, my hope is that both instructo
students will find this useful. As feedback is received, the software and its documentation w
improved.
appropriateness. Excel comments are added to warn of extrapolation and in some cases to
of units. To maximize the benefits of these comments, it can be helpful to place only one fu
in a formula.

While there will be changes as we move though this process, my hope is that both instructo
students will find this useful. As feedback is received, the software and its documentation w
improved.
 ccompany Elementary Principles

le you downloaded and select that

complish two purposes:

s and other tabulated data

roblems, including solution of

are "exposed" as Excel functions.

in the text resources by using an
ula =MW("heptane"). Need to find
atP(100,"P","T","L") to get the

d" to help students set up

he structure of spreadsheets. It is
ted for a problem well understood

gineering habits is kept

tudents to think dimensionally.
will need to either do their own
access to Antoine's coefficient
oint calculations are not provided.
tted-- students must still critically
sure reasonability and
and in some cases to remind users
ul to place only one function call

is that both instructors and

d its documentation will be
and in some cases to remind users
ul to place only one function call

is that both instructors and

d its documentation will be
Chapter 2 Notes.

Slope1(y_values, x_values) Performs a single parameter least

squares regression assuming a zero y-intercept
Linterp(x_values, y_values, x) Interpolates a y value at a
given x value from ranges containing a y_values and
corresponding x_values. If extrapolation is performed a
comment is placed in the returning cell.

It is worthwhile to note that Excel does have some unit

conversion capabilitiy.

=CONVERT(number, from_unit, to_unit) The text uses a "

can assume that
The first argument is the number to be converted, and the model of the form
second and third argument are text strings representing units. and INTERCEPT()
The Excel help file entry for CONVERT() can be helpful when you have reason
learning about the limited set of units are available within Excel. from the append
Also useful will be the help file example of how to handle the function nam
compound units (including some volume units).

In practice, you will find that proper use of the conversion

factors in the text will be best.

160.0
Best
140.0 Calibration Data
Practices:
Don't forget Model 1
120.0
to label your Model 2
axes with 100.0
units as
appropriate. 80.0
Vdot (L/min)
60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 R 50 60 70 80 90 100

Best Practices: Always check your Best Practices:

model by plotting alongside your Legends are
experimental data. Use points for the essential with two
data and a curve (no points) for the or more data series
model. plotted, but should
be omitted with
only one data
series.
 Legends are
essential with two
or more data series
plotted, but should
be omitted with
only one data
series.

Linear Interpolation
Data from Page 23
x y To interpolate the value of y when
1 0.3 x1= 2
2 0.7 x2= 3
3 1.2 y1= 0.7
4 1.8 y2= 1.2
x= 2.5
Best Practices: Be explicit Using the forumula: y= 0.95
when identifying parameters Using Linterp(): y= 0.95
to be used in a formula,
especially when you're Think about how you would tell
learning how to use that someone about the process of
formula. selecting x1,y1 and x2,y2 based on
x. This is the first step in
programming a function like
Linterp().
 Regression, pp. 24-30 and pp. 607-610
Example 2.7-1, p. 24

Rotameter calibration data is provided.

Flow Rate Rotameter Reading
Vdot(L/min) R
20.0 10
52.1 30
84.6 50
118.3 70
151.0 90
The text uses a "visual inspection" approach. If we use the more rigorous regression approach (see Appe
can assume that the regression should be of the form y=ax+b, where b is nonzero (Model 1); or, wecan
model of the form y=ax (Model 2). For Model 1, it is appropriate to use the built-in Excel regression fun
and INTERCEPT(). These functions use the same approach as Eq A.1-4 and A.1-5 in Appendix A.1 of the t
you have reason to expect the intercept to be zero and use Model 2, it would be appropriate to apply eq
from the appendix A.1. This formula has been implemented as the ProPrEx add-in function SLOPE1(), w
the function name is due to the presence of 1 non-zero paremeter in the model, the slope.

Rotameter Reading Flow Rate Model 1 Model 2

R Vdot(L/min)
0 3.15 0
10 20.0 19.56 9.5
30 52.1 52.38 28.5
50 84.6 85.2 47.5
70 118.3 118.02 66.5
90 151.0 150.84 85.5

Total error:
Model 1 Slope 1.641
Intercept 3.15

Model 2 Slope 0.95

Try it: Add the model from the text

and compare the error. Make sure Reality Check. Rotameters tend to
you add the new series to the plot! be highly non-linear at the extremes
90 100 of the range of flowrates that they
are designed to measure, so forcing
the intercept to zero may not be
actices: needed here.
are Reality Check. Is there a
with two meaningful difference between the
data series two models? Rotameters are
but should useful, inexpensive devices for
ed with measuring flow rates, but they are
data not high accuracy devices.
 are Reality Check. Is there a
with two meaningful difference between the
data series two models? Rotameters are
but should useful, inexpensive devices for
ed with measuring flow rates, but they are
data not high accuracy devices.

e the value of y when x=2.5 using the Linterp() function,

Watch Out! Order of operation

errors are a common mistake
when using a calculator to
perform interpolation.

uld tell
ss of
ased on

ike
 ssion approach (see Appendix A.1), we
zero (Model 1); or, wecan assume a
uilt-in Excel regression functions SLOPE()
5 in Appendix A.1 of the text. However, if
e appropriate to apply equation A.1-6
-in function SLOPE1(), where the "1" in
l, the slope.

Error1^2 Error2^2

0.1936 110.25
0.0784 556.96
0.36 1376.41
0.0784 2683.24
0.0256 4290.25

0.736 9017.11

k. Rotameters tend to
inear at the extremes
flowrates that they
o measure, so forcing
o zero may not be
 Chapter 3.

APEx New Functions

For all add-in functions, compound is a text string corresponding to a common
name of the substance. If you are entering the name as part of a formula, it must
be in quotes. The same rule applies the vector called elements. See the examples
for both uses.

MW(compound) returns the molecular weight of a compount.

MWCalc(elements, counts) calculates a molecular weight given a vector of
elements and a corresponding vector of atomic counts.
SG(compound) returns the specific gravity. The production version will also
return a comment indicating any special conditions (i.e. a different temperature or
reference temperature).

Molecular Weights Note how you can

MW Acetone 58.08 58.08 enter function
MW(): Look up Mercury 200.61 200.61 arguments two ways--
compounds in the Water 18.016 18.016 which do you think is
database when more flexible?
possible.
H 2
BEST PRACTICE: Redu
O 1
MWCalc(): If the compound is significant digits display
MW of H2O 18.01534 18.015 least a reasonable num
not in the database, you need
to calculate it from its hydrogen 2 reporting an answer.
molecular formula. Names or oxygen 1
symbols are valid inputs. MW of H2O 18.01534 TRY IT: Change the names o
or elements are listed. Think
returned-- are they reasonabl

Specific Gravity SG Density BEST PRACTIC

ref lbm/ft3 g/cm3 kg/m3
62.4 lbm/ft
3
Acetone 0.791 49.3584 0.791 791
1.000 g/cm3 Mercury 13.546 845.2704 13.546
1000 kg/m 3
methyl amine 0.699 43.6176 0.699
1.000 kg/L
1.000 ton/m3 Note the comments
(marked by red triangles in
1.000 g/mL
the corner). You can read TRY IT: Note the '$' in the addresses in the formula
helpful information about tells Excel not to change the element (column lette
the results by hovering the that follows when copying or "autofilling" cells. Sel
mouse pointer over the cell. it), then place the cursor over the "handle" on the
In this case, the reference cell. Click and hold the left mouse button and "drag
temperatures for SG are two cells to complete the table. Then go back and
given. different combinations of '$' in the formula!
In this case, the reference cell. Click and hold the left mouse button and "drag
temperatures for SG are two cells to complete the table. Then go back and
given. different combinations of '$' in the formula!
 BEST PRACTICE: When developing
a spreadsheet, put your input values
mmon in separate cells from formulas and
a, it must unit conversions. This makes it
examples easier to find errors, enter vector
quantities (lists), and to use string
(groups of characters) input values
like compound names.
r of

ll also
perature or
Think of molecular weight as a
conversion factor between mass and
moles, and don't forget to keep the
units consistent-- g-moles (usually
written as "plain" moles, mol) go with
grams, kg-mol with kg, lb-mol with lbm,
etc. Numerically, each consistent set
has the same numerical value.

BEST PRACTICE: Reduce

significant digits displayed to at
least a reasonable number when
reporting an answer.

IT: Change the names of the cells where compounds

ements are listed. Think about the numbers that are
ned-- are they reasonable?

BEST PRACTICE: Always label results with units!

Think of specific gravity as a

conversion factor between mass and
volume. You get to choose your units
by selecting the reference density
(make sure you review the definition
of specific gravity!)

addresses in the formula in cell H32. The '$'

he element (column letter or row number)
or "autofilling" cells. Select cell H32 (click on
ver the "handle" on the lower right of the
mouse button and "drag" the handle down
able. Then go back and experiment with
$' in the formula!
 mouse button and "drag" the handle down
able. Then go back and experiment with
$' in the formula!
Chapter 4.

This chapter does not require additional tabular

data, but it does require more in terms of
equation solution. Here, the APEx Equation
Solving Wizard (ESW) is introduced to guide
you through use of a spreadsheet to solve a
system of non-linear (or linear) equations.
Note that the Excel Solver add-in must be
installed to use the ESW.
Solution to Example 4.5-1
To use the Wizard, click on the Add-ins tab (on
Mac, use the menu to select n1+n5=n2
View/Toolbars/APEx). Click on the Equation 0.04*n1+0.017*n5=0.023*n2
Solving Wizard button.
n2=n3+n4
0.023*n2=n3+0.017*n4
After reading the overview, click Next and enter n4=n5+100
your equations to be solved. You can copy and
paste the equations from Example 4.5-1 at
right if you'd prefer. Note how the ESW tracks
your equations and your variables to ensure
you reduce the degrees of freedom to zero
before moving to the next step.

You can then change the initial guess for

your variables by clicking on the variable
name. Giving guesses on the correct order of
magnitude can improve the liklihood of
solution for mathematically difficult systems.
If you know all of your answers will be
positive, checking the assumption box can
result in a more efficient solution.

The last step is to se

this will overwrite ex
using an enhanceme
widely varying order
heat duties or large
a look at the Solver s
 After the ESW
finishes, you c
run Solver (Da
tab, Analysis
section) again
resolve the sy
with any chan
you've made
without re-en
anything.

Once you get comfortable with this setup

you can easily solve systems (and find
parameters for curve fits amongst other
uses) with the same technique.
Example 4.5-1

017*n5=0.023*n2

3+0.017*n4

The last step is to select where to place your results. Note

this will overwrite existing data. Note you have the option of
using an enhancement for problems whose answers have
widely varying orders of magntude (like mole fractions and
heat duties or large flow rates). The last option lets you take
a look at the Solver settings before finding a solution.

Variable n1 n2 n3 n4 n5
Value 102.3958 392.5174 2.395833 390.1215 290.1215

Equation LHS RHS (LHS-RHS)^2

n1+n5=n2 392.5174 392.5174 8.89E-019
0.04*n1+0 9.027899 9.027899 4.52E-016
n2=n3+n4 392.5174 392.5174 1.03E-018
0.023*n2= 9.027899 9.027899 1.38E-019
 n4=n5+10 390.1215 390.1215 2.00E-018
SUM 4.56E-016

After the ESW

finishes, you can
run Solver (Data
tab, Analysis
section) again to
resolve the system
with any changes
you've made
without re-entering
anything.

rtable with this setup,

systems (and find
e fits amongst other
technique.
 Chapter 5 introduces a couple of new properties accessible from APEx.
Tcrit(compound) returns the critical temperature in K
Pcrit(compound) returns the critical pressure of a compound in atm

Example 5.1-1, p. 191

xH2SO4= 0.5
SG(H2O)= 1.000
The text cites how it looked
up the density of a 50% SG(H2SO4)= 1.834
sulfuric acid solution at 20 ref=
oC. We can replicate the 1 g/cm3
test of the two suggested Using Eq 5.1-1
methods of estimating the 1/bar 0.772628
mixture density from the bar= 1.294 g/cm3
pure component densities
using Excel and ProPrEx as Using Eq 5.1-2
illustrated here. bar= 1.417 g/cm3

Example 5.3-1, p. 202 T -150.8 C Best Practice: Ke

122.35 K your original data
V 3L input separate fro
n 2 mol any calculations,
Vhat 1.5 L/mol including unit
conversions.
Tc 126.2 K
Pc 33.5 atm
wN2 0.04
Tr 0.969493

Try it. Complete the rest

of the example in Excel,
and see if you can identify
places you are likely to
make errors in composing
your formula (or entering
operations into your
calculator)
 Hover your mouse over the
red triangles in the upper left
of the SG values. This is the
refernce state information. In
the case of water, this is
telling us this is the SG of
water at 4 oC, not at 20 oC as
in the book.

Best Practice: Look up values,

then perform calculations using
those values. This allows you to
determine if the values returned
by the function are reasonable.

Best Practice: Keep

your original data
input separate from
any calculations,
including unit
conversions.
 The following APEx functions allow you to access some of the key properties from the
textbook within Excel.

Hv(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of vaporization in kJ/mol

Tm(compound) returns the melting point temperature in C
Hm(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of melting in kJ/mol.
Tb(compound) returns the normal boiling point temperature in C
VPWater(temperature,[temperature units])returns the vapor pressure in mm Hg of
water for a given temperature.
AntoineP(compound, temperature, [temperature units]) returns the vapor pressure
in mm Hg of a compound for a given temperature.
AntoineT(compound, pressure) returns the temperature in oC for a given vapor
pressure in mm Hg of a compound.

Example 6.4-3 part 1

Xbenzene= 0.4
Xtoluene= 0.6
This example Temperature= 368.296 K 95.1
demonstrates how
bubble and dew P*benzene= 1181 mmHg
Here, we vary the
point calculations P*toluene= 479 mmHg f(Tbp)=0. The Goal
can be simplified
below.
by using Goal Seek
or Solver in f(Tbp)= 0.000118
conjunction with
the Antoine Pbenzene= 472.6 mmHg
equation accessed
Ptoluene= 287.4 mmHg
by AntoineP() and
its inverse P= 760.0 mmHg
AntoineT(). ybenzene= 0.622 mol Benzene/ mol
ytoluene= 0.378 mol Toluene/ mol

T= 95.14597 C It doesn't hurt to test th

calculations as we do he
T= 95.14597 C
calculated vapor pressu
temperature as calculat
For water, your text provides a table of data for the vapor often need to do this un
pressure of water. This data is more accurate than the errors.
Antoine equation correlation and should be used for
water. Example 6.3-3 below shows how we might use the
VPWater() function.

Example 6.3-2, p. 251

T= 100 C
P= 5260 mm Hg
yH2O= 0.100

Here we use Goal Seek to vary

until p*=pH2O. The value of T is
in the VPWater() function. Solve
can be used here as well.
pH2O=yH2OP= 526 mm Hg Here we use Goal Seek to vary
pH2O=p*H2O(Tdp), Tdp= until p*=pH2O. The value of T is
90.0 C
in the VPWater() function. Solve
p*= 526.0001
can be used here as well.
y properties from the

vaporization in kJ/mol.

melting in kJ/mol.
n C
essure in mm Hg of

ns the vapor pressure

r a given vapor
Take Note: The comments
returned by AntoineP() warn
if the temperature is outside
the bounds of the correlation.
Use these results with care!

Watch Out! The Antoine equation

form in your text requires
temperatures in oC, not K!
C

Here, we vary the temperature to set

f(Tbp)=0. The Goal Seek setup is shown
below.

doesn't hurt to test the inverse

lculations as we do here, showing the
lculated vapor pressure yields the correct
mperature as calculated above. You won't
ten need to do this unless tracking down
rors.

se Goal Seek to vary T

H2O. The value of T is used
Water() function. Solver
ed here as well.
 se Goal Seek to vary T
H2O. The value of T is used
Water() function. Solver
ed here as well.
 Chapter 7 requires use of the steam tables. SteamSatT() interpolates results from
Table B.5; SteamSatP() from Table B.6; and SteamSH from Table B.7.

Note that in table B.6 both U and H are not monotonic (multiple pressures may
satisfy a given value of U or H). The lowest pressure solution will be returned unless
otherwise specified in the last optional argument.

SteamSatT(value,typegiven, typetoreturn, [phase]) For the value given of

typegiven, returns the quantity of the type typetoreturn from the saturated
steam temperature table. Warns of extrapolation. Valid types of parameters 2 and 3
are T, P, V, U, and H. Phase must be specified when returning V, U, and H.
Valid phases are L and V.
SteamSatP(value,typegiven, typetoreturn, [phase], [root]) For the value given
of typegiven, returns the quantity of the type typetoreturn from the saturated
steam pressure table. Valid types of parameters 2 and 3 are T, P, V, U, and
H. Phase must be specified when returning V, U, and H. Valid phases are L, E,
and V. For some typegiven quantities (U and H for vapor), multiple solutions are
possible. The last optional parameter root can be specified as requesting the lower
pressure root (L, default), or the upper pressure root (U).
SteamSH(value1, value2, typegiven1, typegiven2, typetoreturn, [phase]) For the
value1 of typegiven1 and value2 of typegiven2, returns the value for
typegiven3. Valid types for value1 are T and P; all other types may be T, P,
V, U, or H. Phase is assumed vapor unless otherwise specified.

UNITS for all: Temperatures in oC, pressures in bar, specific volumes in m3/kg,
specific enthalpies and specific internal energies in kJ/kg

-2878.5

The following examples demonstrate how the functions may be used to obtain values from the stea

Example 7.5-2, p.328

Determine vapor pressure, specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy of saturated steam at 13
T= 133.5 C
From Table B.5 (extrapolated) From Table B.6 Try it. Replac
p*= 2.260975 bar p*= 3.0 temperature w
within the ran
Vhat= -0.11925 m3/kg Vhat= 0.606 m3/kg (between 0 an
Uhat= 2540.5 kJ/kg Uhat= 2543 kJ/kg you get essen
Hhat= 2726.25 kJ/kg Hhat= 2724.7 kJ/kg for each table

Did you notice? This demonstrates

the danger of extrapolation significantly
beyond the range of your tabular data.

Show that water at 400 C and 10 bar is superheated steam and determine its specific volume,
specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy relative to liquid water at the triple point, and its
dew point.

Concluding that the given point is outside the closed region is far easier examining the table in prin
we can use SteamSH to calculate the desired quantities:
T= 400 C
P= 10 bar
Hhat= 3264 kJ/kg
Uhat= 2958 kJ/kg
Vhat= 0.307 m3/kg
The dew point at this pressure is more readily determined from the saturated steam table.
Tdp= 179.9 C

The remainder of the examples here only demonstrate accessing steam table values needed for th

Example 7.5-3, p. 329

P= 10 bar P= 1 bar
T= 370 C
Hhat in= 3201 kJ/kg Hhat out= 2675.4 Try it. For one or m
set up a problem w
Example 7.6-1, p. 330 determine the pre
given the enthalpy
Goal Seek or Solve
Liquid feed 1 Liquid feed 2
7.5-3, assume you
Assume saturated Assume saturated and start with a gu
T= 30 C T= 65 C Solver or Goal See
Hhat 1= 125.7 kJ/kg Hhat 2= 272.05 kJ/kg equal to 3201 kJ/k
result? If not, why?
Vapor product P=15 bar.
Saturated vapor
P= 17 bar
Hhat= 2793.4 kJ/kg

Example 7.6-3, p. 332

Turbine discharge Feed steam

saturated, 1 atm T= 400 C
P= 1 atm P= 1 atm
1.01325 bar 1.01325 bar
Hhat 1= 2676 kJ/kg Hhat 2= 3277.98 kJ/kg

Product
T= 300 C
P= 1 atm
1.01325 bar
Hhat 3= 3073.97
s results from

sures may
returned unless

given of
e saturated
meters 2 and 3
ning V, U, and H.

e value given
the saturated
, V, U, and
ses are L, E,
le solutions are
esting the lower

hase]) For the

value for
may be T, P,

s in m3/kg,

n values from the steam tables.

aturated steam at 133.5 C.

Try it. Replace the given

temperature with some values
within the range of Table B.5
(between 0 and 100 oC) and confirm
you get essentially the same results
for each table when interpolating.

e its specific volume,

e triple point, and its

mining the table in print. Once that is done,

steam table.

values needed for the problem solution.

Try it. For one or more of these examples,

set up a problem where you attempt to
determine the pressure (or temperature)
given the enthalpy already calculated. Use
Goal Seek or Solver. For example, in Example
7.5-3, assume you don't know the pressure
and start with a guess of P =1 bar. Now in
Solver or Goal Seek vary P until Hhat in is
equal to 3201 kJ/kg. Did you get the same
result? If not, why? Repeat using a guess of
P=15 bar.
 The key addition for Chapter 8 is the need to account for energy change due to temperatur
integral of heat capacity functions. The Enthalpy() function uses the coeeficients in the text
integrates the resulting function.

Other lookup functions in this chapter include heats of solution/mixing, and approximating h
capacity with Kopp's Rule.

Enthalpy(compound, T1, T2, [temperature units],[state]) Integrates the constant pressure

capacity correlations for a temperature change from T1 to T2 in kJ/(molC). If temperature
not specified (K, R, F) units of C are assumed. If state (l, g, c) is not specified, t
entry in the table is used. If either temperature is outside of the correlation range, a comme
the calling cell indicating Out of Range. If multiple coefficient sets are available for a give
and state, coefficients for the narrowest range containing T1 and T2 is used.
HsHCl(r) Returns the integral heat of solution at 25 C for HCl at a given value of r(mol H 2
solute) in kJ/mol. Uses linear interpolation of table data. If value is extrapolated a comment
the calling cell. The heat of solution at infinite dilution is returned by entering r as inf.
HsNaOH(r) Returns the integral heat of solution at 25 C for NaOH at a given value of r(m
solute) in kJ/mol. Uses linear interpolation of table data. If value is extrapolated a comment
the calling cell. The heat of solution at infinite dilution is returned by entering r as inf.
HmH2SO4(r) Returns the integral heat of mixing at 25 C for H 2SO4 at a given value of r(m
solute) in kJ/mol. Uses linear interpolation of table data. If value is extrapolated a comment
the calling cell. The heat of mixing at infinite dilution is returned by entering r as inf.
Kopps(elements, number_atoms, [phase]) Returns an estimate using Kopps Rule of the co
pressure heat capacity of a substance. Elements is a range of cells containing element sym
number_atoms is a range of cells containing the number of atoms for each element in the fi
argument. If phase is not specified (s, l) a liquid is assumed.

Also remember these-2878.5

functions introduced earlier:
Hv(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of vaporization in kJ/mol.
Tm(compound) returns the melting point temperature in C
Hm(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of melting in kJ/mol.
Tb(compound) returns the normal boiling point temperature in C

Example 8.3-2, p. 369

compound nitrogen
T1= 20
T2= 100
n= 100 mol/min
deltaH= 2.332376 kJ/mol Watch Out. Don't forget to
restrict the number of significant
Q= 233 kJ/min
digits you display for your
answer!

Example 8.3-4, page 373 Example 8.4-3, p. 382

 n (mol/h)= 150 compound: methanol
nC2H6 = 0.60 Tbp= 64.7
nC3H8 = 0.40 337.85
T1(C)= 0 Tc= 513.2
T2(C)= 400
Estimating heat of vaporization using Tro
C2H6 = 29.7 v = 36.82565
C3H8 = 42.7 Compare with literature value
v = 35.27
mix (kJ/mol)= 34.9

Q (kJ/h) = 5234

Example 8.5-1, p. 397

APEx functions can be used in two parts of this problem.
Hhat1= 2.181544 kJ/kg

For the product solution

r= 8.10219
deltaHhatA= -67.42518
nge due to temperature change by
coeeficients in the text and

g, and approximating heat

the constant pressure heat

olC). If temperature units are
c) is not specified, the first
lation range, a comment is set for
re available for a given species
s used.
given value of r(mol H 2O/mol
rapolated a comment is added to
entering r as inf.
at a given value of r(mol H 2O/mol
rapolated a comment is added to
entering r as inf.
at a given value of r(mol H2O/mol
rapolated a comment is added to
ntering r as inf.
g Kopps Rule of the constant
ntaining element symbols, and
each element in the first

rization in kJ/mol.

ng in kJ/mol.

get to
significant
our
 C
K
K

vaporization using Trouton's Rule

kJ/kg
ature value
kJ/kg
 You will continue to find APEx functions handy in Chapter 9 when composing
your enthalpy tables. New functions are introduced to allow access to heats
of formation and combustion.

DeltaHfg(compound)returns the specific heat of formation of the compound

in the gaseous state in kJ/mol
DeltaHf(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the compound
in the liquid state in kJ/mol
DeltaHfaq(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the
compound in aqueous solution in kJ/mol
DeltaHfc(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the compound
in crystalline form in kJ/mol
DeltaHcg(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the gaseous state in kJ/mol
DeltaHcl(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the liquid state in kJ/mol
DeltaHcc(compound)returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the crystalline state in kJ/mol
DeltaHcs(compound)returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the solid state in kJ/mol

Example 9.1-1, p. 443

We can recalculate the heat of reaction in part 1 using the heat of combustion:
(r)= -2878.5

Example 9.3-1, p. 447

For the reaction
C5H12(l)+8O2(g)--> 5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
i Don't Forget the sign
(f)C5H12(l)= -173 kJ/mol -1 convention for
(f)O2(g)= stoichiometric coefficients:
0 kJ/mol -8
negative for reactants,
(f)CO2(g)= -393.5 kJ/mol 5 positive for products.
(f)H2O(l)= -285.84 kJ/mol 6

r= -3509.54 kJ/mol
Note the use of the
SUMPRODUCT() function
to simplify the formula
calculating the heat of
reaction.

Example 9.4-1, p. 449

Calculate the standard heat of reaction for the dehydrogenation of ethane:
C6H6C2H4 + H2

Solution: i
(c)C2H6= -1559.9 kJ/mol -1
(c)C2H4= -1410.99 kJ/mol 1
(c)H2= -285.84 kJ/mol 1

r= -136.93 kJ/mol
mposing
o heats

mpound

mpound

mpound

he

he sign

oefficients:
actants,
ducts.