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- Methane, CH4
- Nitrous oxide, N2O
- Particulates, soot, aerosols
- Stratospheric H2 O
- Tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, O3
- Sulphates
Stratospheric Ozone Destruction:
Montreal (1987), London (1990) and
Copenhagen (1992) Protocols cap the following:
- Methane, CH4
11.
Ozone removal in lower stratosphere
O + N2 k1f
--- NO + N
k1r
(N.1)
k2f
N + ---
NO + O
k2r
O2 N k3f (N.2)
---
+ OH k3r
NO + H
(N.3)
- The contribution of reaction 3 is small for lean
mixtures, but for rich mixtures it should be con-
sidered. Forward reaction 1 controls the system,
but it is slow at low temperatures (high activation
energy). Thus it is effective in post-flame zone
where temperature is high and the time is avail-
able.
- Concentrations of 1000 to 4000 ppm are typically
observed in uncontrolled combustion systems.
- From reactions 1-3, the rate of formation of ther-
mal NO can be calculated:
d[N
O] = k1f [O][N 2 ] k 1r [NO][N] + k 2f
[N][O2 ]
dt
d[
= k1f [O][N2 ] k1r [NO][N] k2f
N]
[N][O2 ]
dt
+k2r [NO][O] k3f [N][OH] + k3r
[NO][H] = 0
k1f [O][N2 ] + k2r [NO][O] + k3r
[NO][H]
[N]ss
= k1 [NO] + [O ] + [OH]
r k2f 2 k3f (5.1
5)
- The reaction rate constants, in [m3 / kmol s], for
1-3 are as follows:
---
O + N2 + M N2 O + M
---
(N.4) H + N2 O NO +
NH
(N.5)
---
O + N2 O NO + NO
(N.6)
---
CH + N2 HCN + N
(N.7)
---
C + N2 CN + N
(N.8)
- The conversion of hydrogen cyanide, HCN,
to form NO is as follows
---
HCN + O NCO + H (N.9)
---
NCO + H NH + CO
(N.10) NH + H --- N + H2
(N.11)