g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #$ n] lbPsf] -5_ sfof{no eGgfNf] k|flws/0fsf sfof{no ;Demg'
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0fn] b]xfosf k5{ .
lgodx? agfPsf] 5 .
-h_ ;]jf eGgfNf] lgod @=@ adf]lhd u7g ePsf]
kl/R5]b! k|flws/0fsf] g]kfn gful/s pog ;]jf ;Demg' k5{.
k|f/lDes -em_ kb eGgfNf] ;]jfsf] s'g} kb ;Demg' k5{ .

-`_ :yfoL kb eGgfNf]] Dofb gtf]lsPsf] kb ;Demg'
!=!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM-!_ oL lgodx?sf] gfd g]kfn k5{ .
gful/s pog k|flws/0f sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf -6_ ljz]if1 kb eGgfNf] ljz]if k|s[ltsf] sfd, st{Ao /
;DaGwL -jfx|f} ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)%^ /x]sf] 5 . pQ/bfloTj ePsf] laz]if of]Uotf rflxg] kb ;Demg'
-@_ of] lgodfjnL g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] ldlt k5{ .
af6 k|f/De x'g]5 .
-7_ sd{rf/L eGgfNf]] ;]jfdf jxfn /x]sf] AolQm ;Demg'
!=@= kl/efiffM ljifo jf k|;+uNf]] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o;
k5{ .
lgodfjnLdf M
-8_ tx eGgfNf]] o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd Aoj:yf
-s_ P]g eGgfNf] g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f P]g,
ul/Psf] ;]jfdf /xg] kbsf] >[\vnf ;Demg' k5{ .
@)%# ;Demg' k5{ .
-9_ kl/jf/ eGgfNf]] sd{rf/Lsf] Psf3/sf lgh cfk}mNf]]
-v_ dGqfno eGgfNf] ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s
kfng kf]if0f ug{'kg]{ klt, kTgL, 5f]/f, cljjflxtf
pog dGqfno ;Demg'kb{5 .
5f]/L, wd{k'q, cljjflxtf wd{k'qL, afj', cfdf /
-u_ k|wfg sfof{no eGgfNf]] sf7df08f} l:yt
;f}t]gL cfdf ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbNf] k'?if /
k|flws/0fsf] k|wfg sfof{no ;Demg' k5{ .
cljjflxtf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf] jfh],
-3_ ljefuLo k|d'v eGgfNf] cg';"rL ! df tf]lsPsf]
aHo} tyf ljjflxtf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf]
kbflwsf/L ;Demg' k5{ .
;f;", ;;'/f / ;f}t]gL ;f;" ;d]tnfO{ hgfp+5 .
-_ sfof{no k|d'v eGgfNf] cg';"rL @ df tf]lsPsf]
kbflwsf/L ;Demg' k5{ .
-r_ clVtof/jfnf eGgfNf]] lgod $=! adf]lhd lgo'lQm
ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/L ;Demg' k5{ .

klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

afx|f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

1 2
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-0f_ d]l8sn jf]8{ eGgfNf]] ;ldltNf] u7g u/]sf] kl/R5]b @

PlePzg d]l8sn af]8{ jf dfGotf lbPsf]
lrlsT;sx?sf] af]8{ ;Demg' k5{ .
-t_ tnj eGgfNf] sd{rf/LNf]] cfkm" lgo'Qm ePsf] kb jf @=!
tx cg';f/ kfpg] dfl;s kfl/>lds ;Demg'k5{ .
-y_ ;ldlt eGgfN]f P]gsf] bkmf !# adf]lhd ul7t @=@
;+rfns ;ldlt ;Demg' k5{ .
-b_ ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
btf{ ePsf] sDkgL, kmd{ jf ;+:yf ;Demg' k5{ .
!=# o; lgodfjnLsf] AofVofM -!_ k|flws/0fsf] s'g} clwsf/LNf]] o;
lgodfjnLsf] s'g} lgod k|of]u ubf{ u/]sf] AofVof s'g}
@=#
sd{rf/LnfO{ lrQ gj'em]df jf dsf{ k/]df lghNf] dxflgb]{zs
;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ cg';f/ kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bgdf
dxflgb]{zsNf] u/]sf] AofVof lrQ gj'emL jf dsf{ k/L
s;}N]f k'g/fj]bg lbPdf ;ldltNf]] 5fgljg u/L AofVof
;lxt lg0f{o lbg ;Sg]5 / o:tf] lg0f{o clGtd
x'g]5 .
@=$
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
;+u7g tyf ;]jfsf] u7g
k|flws/0fsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfM k|flws/0fsf] ;+u7gfTds
;+/rgf tyf b/aGbL ;ldltNf] :jLs[t u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
;]jfsf] u7gM -!_ k|flws/0fdf g]kfn gful/s pog ;]jf
gfds Ps ;]jfsf] u7g ul/g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;]jfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf
;]jfx? /xg]5g\ M
-s_ k|zf;g ;]jf
-v_ k|fljlws ;]jf
;d"x tyf pk;d"xM -!_ lgod @=@ adf]lhd ;]jfdf /xg]
;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? cg';"rL# adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
-@_ of] lgodfjnL k|f/De ePkl5 k|fljlws ;]jf ljljw
;d"xdf /x]sf kbx, ;jf/L rfns / sfof{no
;xof]uL kbxdf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g . o:tf
kbxsf] hgzlQm ;]jfk|bfoL ;F:yf dfk{mt cfk"lt{
ul/g]5 .
:t/ Pj+ tx ljefhgM -!_ ;]jfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf :t/x?
/xg]5g\M
-s_ clws[t :t/
-v_ ;xfos :t/
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;]jfdf /xg] :t/x?df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf txx? /xg]5g\M

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

3 4
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-s_
clws[t :t/ -v_ ;xfos :t/ -s_ kl/jt{g x'g] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf] kbsf] lglDt
-!_ afx|f}+ tx -!_ kfFrf}+ tx cg';"lr^ df sfo{ Ifdtfsf cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfsf
-@_ P3f/f}+ tx -@_ rf}yf] tx nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf k"/f ePsf] tyf
-#_ bzf}+ tx -#_ t]>f] tx tfnLd k|fKt ePsf],
-$_ gjf}+ tx -$_ bf]>f] tx -v_ xfn jxfn /x]sf] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf] ;dfg
-%_ cf7f}+ tx -%_ klxNff] tx txsf] kbdf slDtdf ! jif{ ;lxt % jif{ :yfoL ;]jf
-^_ ;ftf}+ tx cjlw k"/f ePsf],
-&_ 5}7f}+ tx -@_ s'g} klg sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cjlw e/df Ps k6s
@=% ;]jfdf /xg] kbx?M eGbf j9L ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x kl/jt{g ul/g]
-!_ ;]jfsf ljleGg txdf k|zf;lgs tyf k|fljlws kbx? 5}g .
/xg]5g\ . -#_ ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cGo
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;]jfsf] ljleGg txdf /xg] dfkb08 tyf cfwf/ ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd
ljleGg kbsf kb gfdx? cg';"rL$ df pNNf]]v eP x'g]5 .
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
@=^ sfo{ ljj/0f jgfpg] / tf]Sg]M;]jfsf] ljleGg kbsf] sfo{
ljj/0f cg';"rL% adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sfof{noljefuLo
k|d'vNf] tof/ ug]{5 . o;/L tof/ ePsf] sfo{ ljj/0f
dxflgb]{zsaf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ nfu" ul/g]5 .

@=^s ========

@=& ;]jf ;d"x jf pk;d"x kl/jt{gM -!_ k|flws/0fnfO{ cfjZos

ePdf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf ;]jfsf] Ps ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ csf]{ ;]jfdf jf ;f]xL ;]jfsf] csf]{ ;d"x jf pk
;d"x cGt/utsf] ;dfg txsf] kbdf ;ldltn] sd{rf/Lsf]
sfof{g'ej / sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ;]jf ;d"x jf pk;d"x
kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg]5M

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f z+;f]wg

5 6
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

kl/R5]b# k|of]hgsf] nflu lghsf] tx cg';f/sf] kb k"n

kbk"lt{ b/jGbLdf :jtM l;h{gf ePsf] dflgg]5 .

#=! kb ;[hgf M-!_;ldltNf] ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos kb ;[hgf -&_ k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/L dxflgb]{zs
ug]{5 . kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ jxfn /x+bf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghnfO{
-@_ ;]jfsf] nflu gofF kb ;[hgf ug{ cfjZos k/]df P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ;f] kbaf6
;DjlGwt ljefun] sfo{ af]em / sfo{ ljj/0f ;d]t x6fPdf lghsf] kbflwsf/ pklgod -^_ adf]lhd
pNn]v u/L sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefu / cfly{s l;h{gf ePsf] k'n b/jGbLsf] kbdf :yfgfGt/0f
k|zf;g ljefu;+u ;d]t ;dGjo u/L dxflgb]{zs x'g]5 .

;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 . #=@ ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{M -!_ o; lgodsf] pklgod -@_ sf] clwgdf
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd gofF kb ;[hgfsf] nflu /xL ;]jfsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf kbx b]xfo jdf]lhdsf]
cg'/f]w x'g cfPdf dxflgb]{zsn] ;DjlGwt zfvfsf] tl/sfaf6 k"lt{ ul/g]5
sfo{ af]em / kg{ cfpg] cfly{s bfloTj;d]tnfO{ cfGtl/s sfo{
v'Nnf
ljrf/ u/L kb ;[hgf ug'{kg]{ b]v]df cfgf] l;kmfl/z k|ltof]lutfTds Ifdtfsf]
tx k|ltof]lutff/f
;ldltdf k]z ug]{5 . k/LIfff/f d"Nof+sgf/f
k|ltzt -_
-$_ ;ldltNf] s'g} gofF kb ;[hgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]df k|ltzt -_ k|ltzt -_
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefuNf]] To:tf] kbsf] ;]jf, ;d"x ;xfos klxnf] -k|=_ !))
pk;d"x tyf tx ;d]t v'nfO{ b/jGbL lstfjdf kb ;xfos bf];|f] -k|=_ ljz]if a9'jff/f
;xfos t];|f] -k|=_ !))
btf{ u/fpg'kg]{5 .
;xfos t];|f] -k|f=_ !))
-%_ ;ldltNf] ;do ;dodf k'g/fjnf]]sg u/L kbx? ;xfos rf}yf] -k|=k|f=_ ^) $)
yk36 ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;xfos kfFrf}+ -k|=k|f=_ ^) $)

-^_ P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|flws/0fsf] clws[t -k|=_ 5}7f}+ &% !) !%
;]jfdf axfn /x]sf] s'g} sd{rf/L k|flws/0fsf] clws[t -k|f=_ 5}7f}+ @) *)
dxflgb]{zs kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lgh jxfn /x]sf] clws[t -k|=_ ;ftf}+ @) *)
kbsf] kbflwsf/ :jtM ;dfKt x'g]5 / lghsf] clws[t -+k|f=_ ;ftf}+ &% !) !%
kbflwsf/ k'n b/jGbLdf :yfgfGt/0f x'g]5 . o; clws[t cf7f}+ !) !) *)

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk . kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
7 8
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

clws[t gjf}+ !) !) *) dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw];L / blnt

clws[t bzf}+ !) !) *) ;Demg' k5{ .
clws[t P3f/f}+ @) *) -@_ o; pklgodsf] v08 -r_ sf] k|of]hgsf
clws[t afx|f}+ !)) nflu lk5l8Psf] If]q eGgfn] c5fd,
sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, aemf,
t/ ;ldltn] cf7f}, gjf} / bzf}+ txsf kbxdWo] ljz]if1 kb afh'/f, d'u' / x'Dnf lhNnf ;Demg' k5{ .
egL tf]s]sf] ljz]if kbdf ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] ljz]if1tf xfl;n -#_ o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
u/]sf JolQmxdWo]af6 v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f kbk"lt{ ug{ o; eP tfklg pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -_
lgodNf]] jfwf k'ofPsf] dflgg]5}g . adf]lhd lgwf{l/t k|ltztsf] kb s'g} vf;

-@_ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ ug]{ egL pklgod -!_ k|s[ltsf] sfdsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf
adf]lhd lgwf{l/t k|ltztsf] kb dWo]af6 k}+tfnL; ckfxaLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L
k|ltzt kb b]xfosf ;d"xsf pDd]bjf/x dfq k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIfff/f k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
;dfj]z x'g kfpg] u/L v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ -$_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{
ul/g]5M Ps k|ltzteGbf sd 3tf -k|mofSzg_
-s_ dlxnf t]QL; k|ltzt cfPdf To:tf] 3tf h'g ;d"xsf] xsdf
-v_ cflbjf;Lhghflt ;QfO{; k|ltzt 3tf cfPsf] xf] ;f]eGbf nut} kl5sf]
-u_ dw]zL afO{; k|ltzt ;d"xdf ;b}{ hfg]5 .
-3_ blnt gf} k|ltzt -%_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd 5'fO{Psf]kbdf h'g
-_ ckf kfFr k|ltzt jif{sf] nflu lj1fkg ePsf] xf] ;f] jif{ x'g]
-r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q rf/ k|ltzt lj1fkgdf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ pknJw x'g
:ki6Ls/0fM g;s]df To:tf] kb csf]{ jif{ x'g] lj1fkgdf
-!_ o; pklgodsf] v08 -s_, -v_, -u_ / -3_ ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 . To;/L lj1fkg ubf{ klg
sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu dlxnf, pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ pknJw x'g g;s]df
cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw];L / blnt eGgfn] To:tf] kb csf]{ jif{ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f
cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
-^_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
k|ltztf/f kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf k|To]s bz

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk . jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{5 .

9 10
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-&_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltzt adf]lhd
kb ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ubf{ s'g} ljjfb cfPdf
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
-*_ o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP tfklg s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] sfo{ jf kbsf
nflu dlxnfn] dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L
;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L kb tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
-(_ k|flws/0f ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL cGo
Joj:yf / ljz]if1 kbxsf] k"lt{ ;DaGwL
Joj:yf o;} lgodfjnLdf tf]lsP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
;ldltNf]] tf]s]sf] k|flws/0fsf] s'g} clws[tNf]] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf
k|ltlglwTj ug]{5g\ .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf k"lt{
ul/g] kb eGbf tNnf]] txsf] clws[tn] k|ltlglwTj ug{
kfpg] 5}g .
-#_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] k|flws/0fdf l/Qm /x]sf] s'g} kbk"lt{
ug]{ lznl;nfdf cGtjftf{ lnbf kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf
;b:ox?sf] cltl/Qm kbsf] sfo{;+u ;DalGwt Ps
hgf ljz]if1nfO{ cfdGq0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_ cGtjftf{ lng] k|of]hgsf] nflu kbk"lt{ ;ldlt
cGtu{t cGt/jftf{ ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 / o;

#=# kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] u7gM -!_ ;]jfdf l/Qm /xg cfPsf] kbdf cGt/jftf{ ;ldltdf kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf
v'NNff k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff cltl/Qm kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]] tf]s]sf] cGo ljz]if1 ;b:o
jf j9'jf k|lqmoff/f pko'Qm pDd]b\jf/sf] 5gf}6 u/L /xg ;Sg]5 .
lgo'lQmsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf l;kmfl/z k]z ug{ b]xfo -%_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltN]f cfgf] j}7s;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ljlw
adf]lhdsf] Ps kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] u7g ul/g]5 . P]g, lgodsf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f ug{
-s_ dxflgb]{zsM cWoIf ;Sg]5 .
-v_ k|ltlglw dGqfnoM ;b:o -^_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] j}7s cfjZostfg';f/ j:g]5 .
-u_ ;ldltN]f tf]s]sf] k|flws/0fsf] -&_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] j}7s eQf ;ldltNf]] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
pkdxflgb]{zs:t/sf] Ps hgfM ;b:o #=$ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ o;
-3_ ;ldltNf] bIfsf] ?kdf dgf]gog lgodfjnLdf cGoq pNn]lvt sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/sf]
u/]sf] PshgfM ;b:o cltl/Qm kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo
-_ k|zf;g ljefu k|d'vM ;b:o;lrj adf]lhd x'g]5 .
t/ v08 -3_ / -_ df pNNf]lvt kbsf] kbflwsf/L -s_ ;]jfdf :yfoL kbk"lt{sf] nflu dfu x'g cfPsf] s"n
j9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g] cj:yfdf lghsf] ;f kb ;+Vof dWo] lgod #=@ adf]lhd lgwf{l/t
k|ltztsf] cfwf/df v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIfff/f

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;++zf]lwt . afx|f} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
11 12
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
gofF egf{, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff /
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofs+gsf] cfwf/df j9'jff/f k"lt{ ug]{
kbsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIfff/f
gofF egf{ tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff4f/f
k"lt{ ug]{ egL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kb ;+Vof cg';f/sf]
kbk"lt{sf] nflu v'Nnf tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIffsf] lsl;d lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To:tf] k/LIff
;~rfng ug]{, u/fpg] .
-u_ v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;~rfng ul/Psf] v'Nnf tyf
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;a}eGbf j9L c+s
k|fKt ug]{ pDd]b\jf/nfO{ of]Uotf qmdsf] cfwf/df k"lt{
ug'{kg]{ kb ;+Vof cg';f/ gofF lgo'lQm tyf j9'jfsf]
nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{ .
-3_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sgsf]
cfwf/df j9'jf4f/f kbk"lt{ ug]{ egL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
kb;+Vof cg';f/sf] kbk"lt{sf] nflu ;DefJo
pDd]b\jf/nfO{ j9'jfsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd eg]{ ;"rgf
k|sfzg u/L ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sg kmf/fd ;+sng u/L sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg
ug]{ .
-_ v08 -3_ adf]lhd ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x?sf]
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg ubf{ ;a}eGbf j9L c+s k|fKt
ug]{ pDd]b\jf/nfO{ of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/df k"lt{ ug'{kg]{
kb;+Vof cg';f/ j9'jfsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf
l;kmfl/z ug]{ .
-@_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] cfgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo]
s]xL jf s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfgf] s'g}
13
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
;b:onfO{ jf ;b:ox? /x]sf] pk;ldlt u7g u/L
To:tf] pk;ldltnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] clwgdf /xL
k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm
k|flws/0fn] pknJwu/fpg]5 .
#=% lgo'lQmsf] nflu Go"gtd of]UotfM -!_;]jfsf] ljleGg txsf
kbx?sf] nflu lgo'lQm x'g cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd z}lIfs
of]Uotf cg';"rL ^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
#=^ pDd]b\jf/ x'gsf] nflu cof]UotfM -!_b]xfosf JolQm ;]jfsf]
kbdf pDd]b\jf/ x'gsf] nflu cof]Uo dflgg]5 M
-s_ clws[t txsf] kbsf] nflu PSsfO; jif{ / ;xfos
txsf] kbsf] nflu c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f gePsf,
-s!_ ljz]if1 kbsf] nflu slDtdf k}tL; jif{ pd]/ k'/f eO{
krf; jif{ pd]/ ggf3]sf],
-v_ k'?if pDd]b\jf/sf] xsdf k}tL; jif{ / dlxnf
pDd]b\jf/sf] xsdf rfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f eO;s]sf,
-u_ ;]jf lgj[Q k|x/L / g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 lgo'lQm ul/g]
;'/IffsdL{sf] xsdf k}+tfnL; jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePsf,
-3_ lgod #=% adf]lhd lgwf{l/t Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
jf s'g} kbsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ cfjZos bIftf,
cg'ej jf tfnLd k|fKt gePsf,
-_ eljiodf ;/sf/L jf ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf
jf k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L
jvf{:t ePsf,
bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;++zf]lwt .
14
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-r_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6
s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf,
-5_ u}/ g]kfnL gful/s,
-@_ k|zf;g ;]jftk{m ;ftf}+ txsf] / k|zf;g tyf
k|fljlws ;]jftk{msf] cf7f}+, gjf}+ / bzf}+ txsf]nflu
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f lgo'lQm ubf{ cg';"rL^ df
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cnfjf g]kfn
;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ;+3,
;+:yfdf clws[t sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otN]f qmdzM ;ftf}+
txsf nflu % jif{, cf7f}+ txsf nflu ^ jif{ / gjf}+ /
bzf}+ txsf nflu & jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] / $)
jif{ pd]/ ggf3]sf] JolQm x'g'kg]{5 .
-#_ k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfsf :yfoL jxfnjfnf sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf pd]/sf] xb nfUg]5}g .
#=& k/LIffsf] lsl;dM kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] b]xfosf] s'g} Ps jf
PseGbf j9L tl/sfaf6 v'Nnf tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIff ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-s_ lnlvt k/LIff,
-v_ k|of]ufTds k/LIff,
-u_ =============,
-3_ cGt/jftf{, /
-_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]] tf]s]sf] cGo tl/sf .
#=* ;fj{hlgs?kdf lj1fkg k|sfzg ug'{kg]M{ -!_ v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff /
j9'jff/f kbk"lt{ ug'{ kbf{ ;j{;fwf/0fNf]] yfxf kfpg] u/L
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;++zf]lwt .
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h
15
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
/fli6o :t/sf] s'g} Ps k|d'v klqsfdf sDtLdf tL; lbgsf]
b/vf:t lbg] Dofb /fvL lj1fkg k|sfzg ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|sfzg ul/g] lj1fkgdf k"lt{
ug'{kg]{ kbsf] gfd, kb;+Vof, ;]jf, ;d"x, cfjZos
Go"gtd of]Uotf, pd]/sf] xb, gful/stf, sfdsf]
lsl;d, k/LIffsf] lsl;d, k/LIff b:t"/, b/vf:t
j'emfpg'kg]{ clGtd ldlt cflb s'/fx? :ki6?kdf
v'nfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltN]f k|ltztsf cfwf/df k"lt{ ug'{kg]{
;dfg txsf kbx?sf] lj1fkg ;fdfGotof Ps} k6s
ug'{kg]{5 .
#=( b/vf:t kmf/fdsf] 9fFrfM lgod #=* adf]lhd k|sflzt
lj1fkgdf pDd]b\jf/ x'g rfxg] JolQmn] cg';"rL & df
tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf b'O{ k|lt b/vf:t kmf/fd e/L a'emfpg'
kg]{5 .
#=!) k/LIff ljlw, kf7\oqmd tyf c+s ef/ M v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIff / cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd,
kf7\of+z ef/, k/LIff k|0ffnL / d"Nofs+g ljlw tyf lnlvt,
cGtjf{tf{ / k|of]ufTds k/LIff;d]t lng] ePdf To:tf
k/LIffx?sf] c+s ef/ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;ldltn]
lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
16
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-&_ ljz]if1 kbsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df

#=!! klxnf] txsf] kbk"lt{o; kl/R5]bdf h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]]
ePtf klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosf jflx/ l:yt sfof{nodf l/Qm kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .
;]jfsf] klxnf] txsf] sd{rf/Lsf] k"lt{ ;DjlGwt sfof{no -*_ ljz]if1 kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf]
k|d'vn] ug]{5 . d"Nof+sg ;ldltf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
ul/g]5 .
#=!@ ljz]if1 kb ;DjGwL Joj:yfM -!_ ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu
-(_ ljz]if1 kbsf ;DjGwdf cGo Joj:yf ;ldltn]
ge} gx'g] cj:yfdf ;ldltn] of]Uotf, cg'ej / sfdsf] lgwf{/0f u/] jdf]lhd x'g]5 .
k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df ;]jfsf] tx cf7 b]lv tx bzf}+ ;Dd kb
dWo]sf] s'g} kbnfO{ rf6{8 PsfpG6]G6, sfg'g ljb, ljQzf:qL,
al/i7 jfo'ofg rfns, Po/ jlb{g]z ljb h:tf ljz]if1 kb
tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ljz]if1 kbdf lgo'Qm sd{rf/LnfO{ lgwf{l/t ;]jf,
;d"x / pk;d"xleqsf ;dfg k|s[ltsf] sfd, st{Jo
;Dkfbg ug]{ u/L ljz]if1 kbdf ;?jf ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ jdf]lhd ;?jf ePsf] sd{rf/L cfgf]
kb ;lxt ;?jfx'g]5 .
-$_ ljz]if1 kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L cGo kbsf] a9'jfdf
pDd]bjf/ x'g] 5}g .
-%_ ljz]if1 kbsf] sd{rf/L Ps txaf6 csf]{ txdf a9'jf
x'g jxfn /x]sf] txsf] kbdf lgod ^=# sf] pklgod
-!_ jdf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf] x''g' kg]{5 .
-^_ ljz]if1 kbdf /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ dflyNnf] txdf
a9'jf ubf{ sd{rf/L jxfn /x]sf] kbnfO{g} pko'Qm
k|sf/sf] dflyNnf] txdf kl/0ft -cku|]8_ ul/g]5 /
cku|]8 ul/Psf] kb s'g} sf/0faf6 l/Qm ePdf :jtM
z'? lgo'lQmsf] txsf] kbdf kl/0ft x'g]5 .

klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
17 18
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/R5]b$
lgo'lQm tyf kb:yfkgf
$=! lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/M -!_ k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf clws[t :t/sf] kbdf ;ldltN]f
/ ;xfos :t/sf] kbdf dxflgb]{zsNf]ug]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePtfklg
;xfos :t/sf] klxnf]] tx b]lv t];|f] tx;Ddsf] kbdf
lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/ ljefuLo tyf sfof{no k|d'vnfO{
/xg]5 .
$=@ lgo'lQm tyf kb:yfkgfM kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 gofF lgo'lQmsf]
nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf pDd]b\jf/nfO{ l;kmfl/z ePsf] ldltNf]]
clws[t txsf] xsdf Ps dlxgf leq / ;xfos txsf] xsdf
kGw| lbgleq lgo'lQm lbOg]5 / o:tf] lgo'lQmsf] ;"rgf l56f]
;fwgf/f ;DjlGwt pDd]b\jf/nfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
$=# lg/f]lutfsf] k|df0f kqMlgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf]
clws[t txsf] pDd]b\jf/n] d]l8sn jf]8{af6 / ;xfos :t/sf]
pDd]b\jf/n] :jLs[t lrlsT;saf6 lg/f]lutfsf] k|df0fkq k]z
gu/];Dd lghnfO{ ;]jfsf] kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g .
$=$ j}slNks pDd]b\jf/nfO{ lgo'lQm lbg]M-!_ lgod $=@ adf]lhd
;DjlGwt pDd]b\jf/Nf]] lgo'lQmsf] ;"rgf ga'em]df jf ;"rgf
lkmtf{ cfPdf j9Ldf tL; lbgsf] Dofb tf]sL lgo'lQm kq j'em\g
cfpg /fli6o:t/sf] klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|sflzt ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf]
Dofbleq klg lgo'lQmkq j'em\g gcfPdf jf l;kmfl/;
ePsf] pd]b\jf/Nf]] lgo'lQm glng] lnlvt ;xdlt JoQm
u/]dfclVtof/jfnfn] k|tLIff ;"rLdf /x]sf of]Uotfqmd
cg';f/sf] cGo pDd]b\jf/nfO{ lgo'Qm ug{;Sg]5 .
19
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm u/]sf] hfgsf/L
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefun] tLg lbgleq kbk"lt{
;ldltnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
$=% k/LIf0f sfnM;]jfsf] :yfoL kbdf gofF lgo'lQm ubf{ k'?if
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ! jif{sf] / dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ^
dlxgfsf] k/LIf0fsfn /xg] u/L lgo'lQm ul/g]5 .
k/LIf0fsfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf lghsf]
lgo'lQm jb/ ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L k/LIf0fsfn leq lgo'lQm
jb/ gePsf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm :jtM ;b/ ePsf] dflgg]5 .
t/ Ps k6s k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt ul/;s]sf
sd{rf/LnfO{{ k'gM k/LIf0fsfndf /flvg] 5}g .
$=^ zky u|x0f M klxnf]] k6s lgo'Qm eO{ cfgf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg'
cl3 clws[t txsf] sd{rf/LNf]] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf / ;xfos
txsf] sd{rf/LNf]] sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefusf] k|d'v ;dIf
cg';"rL* adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf zky u|x0f ug'{kg]{5 .
$=& j}olQms ljj/0f kmf/fdM-!_ ;]jfdf lgo'Qm ePsf k|To]s
sd{rf/LNf]] lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] ! dlxgfleq cg';"rL(
adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf j}olQms ljj/0f kmf/fd e/L sd{rf/L
k|zf;g ljefudf j'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ xjfO{
ljefuaf6 k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft ePsf k|To]s
sd{rf/LNf]] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] j}olQms ljj/0f
kmf/fd e/L # dlxgfleq sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefudf
a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd v8f ul/Psf] sd{rf/Lsf]
j}olQms ljj/0f kmf/fddf ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Lsf]
gf]s/L;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f, lgo'lQmkq, ;?jf,
20
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
j9'jf, k|z+;fkq, ;hfo tyf ljefuLo sfjf{xL;DjGwL
ljj/0f / tT;DjGwL kqx? ;+nUg ul/g]5 .
-$_ sd{rf/L cfkm}n] jf k|flws/0fNf]] s'g} sd{rf/Lsf]
j}olQms ljj/0fdf s'g} sfuhft yk ug'{ k/]df
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefudf k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-%_ sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefuNf]] ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] j}olQms
ljj/0f kmf/fd cBfjlws?kdf /fVg'kg]{5 .
-^_ o; lgod adf]lhd v8f ul/Psf] sd{rf/Lsf] j}olQms
ljj/0f kmf/fd uf]Ko /xg]5 . o:tf] kmf/fd
clVtof/jfnf / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/
k|fKt clwsfl/NffO{ s'g} sfd ljz]ifdf afx]s cglws[t
JolQmnfO{ b]vfOg] 5}g .
$=* sfod d'sfod d's//M -!_ ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfof{no
k|d'vsf] kb s'g} sf/0faf6 kGw|| lbgeGbf j9L cjlwsf] nflu
l/Qm x'g uPdf tTsfn sfd rnfpgsf nflu Ps tx d'lgsf
kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? dWo]af6 h]]i7 sd{rf/LnfO{{
dxflgb]{zsn] sfod d'sfod d's// ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ sfod d'sfod d's// ubf{ Ps kbdf Ps JolQmnfO{
dfq sfod d'sfod d's// ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-#_ s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{{ Ps txeGbf dflyNnf]] kbdf
sfod d'sfod d's// ul/g]5}g .
-$_ sfod d'sfod d's// ul/Psf] sd{rf/LNf]] sfod
d'sfod u/]sf] ldltb]lv sfd u/]sf] kbsf] z'? :s]n
tnj / eQf jf lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnj eQf
h'g a9L x'g cfp5 ;f]xL kfpg]5 .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
21
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-%_ sfod d'sfodsf] cjlw a9Ldf ^ dlxgfsf] x'g]5 .
t/ sfod d'sfod ul/g] kbdf j9'jf x'g]
;DefJo pDDf]b\jf/ gePsf] cj:yfdf a9Ldf #
jif{;Ddsf nflu sfod d'sfod d's// ug{
;lsg]5 .
-^_ pklgod -%_ ljkl/t s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ sfod
d'sfod d's// u/]df lghNf]] ;f] kbdf /xFbf vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] tnj, eQf / cGo ;'ljwfjfktsf] /sd
sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{ kbflwsf/Laf6 ;/sf/L
afFsL ;/x c;'npk/ ul/g]5 .
$=( ljefuLo k|d'v tyf sfof{no k|d'vsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{M-
!_k|flws/0fsf] s'g} ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfof{nosf] k|d'v s'g}
sf/0fNf]] 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu cg'kl:yt ePdf lgh dftxtsf]
lgs6td h]i7 sd{rf/LNf]] lgldQ hgfO{ b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng
ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ k|flws/0fsf] s'g} sfof{nosf] k|d'v s'g} sf/0fNf]] l/Qm
eO{ ;f] kbdf gofF lgo'lQm jf ;?jf eO{ k"lt{
geP;Ddsf] nflu pklgod -!_ adf]lhd h]i7
sd{rf/LNf]] ;f] sfof{nosf sfuh kq / b}lgs sfd
rnfpgsf nflu rflxg] lhG;L;d]t lhDdf lnO{
sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfd csf]{ Aoj:yf geP;Dd
lgldQ eO{ ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf sfof{no k|d'vsf]
kbdf lgldQ eO{ sfd u/]sf] Joxf]/fsf] hfgsf/L
dxflgb]{zsnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
22
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-$_
Ps dlxgfeGbf j9L cjlwsf] nflu s'g} sd{rf/LNf]]
pklgod -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd lgldQ eO{ sfd u/]sf]
eP ;f] cjlwdf lghn] lgldQ eO{ u/]sf] kbsf] tna
eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf kfpg]5 .
t/ o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;'ljwf cfgf] kbeGbf Ps
tx dflysf] kbsf] dfq kfpg]5 .
$=!) kbflwsf/ sfod /xg]M b]xfosf cj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf] cfgf]
kbflwsf/ sfod /xg]5 M
-s_ To; kbdf /xL sfdsfh ul//xFbf;Dd,
-v_ csf]{ kbdf ;?jf eO{ sfo{ef/ ;dfNg kfOg]
Dofb;Dd,
-u_ ljbfdf /x]sf] jvt,
-3_ lgnDjgdf /x]sf] jvt,
-_ cGoq sfhdf v6fOPsf] jvt,
-r_ s'g} cGo kbdf sfod d'sfod d's// eO{ sfd u/]sf]
jvt .
$=!! s/f/df lgo'lQm;DjGwL Joj:yfM -!_ Pl6P;, /]l8of], km\nfO6
ck/]zg, kmfo/, Po/ jlb{g]z,ONf]S6f]lgS; P08
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg OlGhgLol/, ONf]]lS6sn OlGhgLo/,
d]sflgsn OlGhgLo/ / l;len OlGhgLol/;DjGwL k|fljlws
l/Qm :yfoL kbdf k|flws/0fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd of]Uotf k'u]sf JolQmnfO{ lnlvt
k/LIff Pj+ k|of]ufTds k/LIff / cGtjftf{sf]] dfWodaf6
dxflgb]{zsn] al9df Ps jif{;Dd s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg f/f ;+zf]lwt .
23
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
;Sg]5 . pQm cjlw leq kbk"lt{ x'g g;s]df ;ldltNf] csf]{ ^
dlxgf;Dd s/f/ lgo'lQmsf] Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod ! df tf]lsPsf] cjlweGbf j9L cjlwsf]
nflu lgo'lQm u/]sf] cj:yfdf lghNf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
tnj, eQf ;'ljwf cflb /sd lgo'lQm ug]{ ;DjlGwt
kbflwsf/Laf6 c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 .
$=!@ kbk"lt{df jGb]hM ;]jfsf] s'g}klg kbdf o; lgodfjnLdf
Joj:yf ePb]lv afx]s cGo s'g}klg tl/sfaf6 kbk"lt{
ul/g]5}g .
$=!@s= ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf dfkm{t kbk"lt{ ul/g]M -!_ k|flws/0fnfO{
cfjZos kg]{ /g/, ;jf/L rfns, sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, PgfpG;/,
6]lnkmf]g ck/]6/, 6nL sn]S6/, jf/];, lnk\m6 ck/]6/, au}+r],
;/;kmfO{stf{ tyf ;'/Iff uf8{ h:tf hgzlQm ;]jf k|bfos
;+:yf dfkm{t dfq cfk'lt{ ul/g]5 .
-@_ pk lgod -!_ jdf]lhd ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt
ul/g] hgzlQmn] ;ldltn] tf]lslbP jdf]lhdsf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf, cf]l/06]zg tfnLd / ;DalGwt
ljifodf dfGotf k|fKt lgsfoaf6 tfnLd k|fKt u/]sf]
x'g' kg]{5 .
-#_ k|flws/0fn] pk lgod -!_ jdf]lhd ;]jf k|bfos
;+:yf dfkm{t\ cfk"lt{ ul/g] hgzlQmsf] ;]jf ;DalGw
cGo Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|rlnt ;fj{hlgs
vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
bzf+} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
24
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-$_ =========================
$=!# kb geO{ lgo'lQm ug{ gx'g]M kb geO{ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{
;]jfdf lgo'lQm ug'{ x'Fb}g . To;/L lgo'lQm u/]sf] kfOPdf
To:tf] sd{rf/LNf]] ;]jfdf /xFbf kfPsf] tnj, eQf nufPtsf
cGo ;'ljwf lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/Laf6 c;'npk/ ul/g]5 .
$=!#=skb vf/]h x'g]M-!_ j9'jfsf] nflu b'O{ jif{ ;Dd klg ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/gePsf ;]jfsf ;a} kbx?df v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f
kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] cjlw of] lgodfjnL k|f/De ePsf]
ldlt b]lv u0fgf x'g]5 .
$=!$ jxfnL DofbM ;?jf, j9'jf eO{ jf sfhdf vl6Psf] :yfgdf
xflh/ x'g uPsf] sd{rf/LNf]] ;?jf, j9'jf jf sfhsf] kqdf
Dofb lsl6Psf]df af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s ;f]xL Dofb leq / Dofb
glsl6Psf]df ;?jf j9'jf jf sfhdf vl6Psf] ldltn] af6f]sf]
Dofb jfx]s ;ft lbgleq ;?jf j9'jf jf sfh vl6Psf]
sfof{nodf xflh/ x'g'kg]{5 .
P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
25
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/R5]b%
;?jf tyf sfh
%=! ;?jf ug]{ clwsf/LM sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf ug]{ clwsf/
dxflgb]{zsnfO{ x'g]5 . dxflgb]{zsn] ;f] clwsf/
cfjZostfg';f/ cfkm" dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{{ k|Tofof]hg ug{
;Sg]5 .
%=@ ;?jf x'g jfWotfM-!_ Ps sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;?jf
ePsf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ ;?jf ePsf] sfof{nodf xfhL/ geO{
;fdfGotof csf]{ sfof{nodf ;?jf ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;?jf ePsf] sfof{nodf xfhL/
gx'g] sd{rf/LnfO{{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/LNf]] ljefuLo
sf/jfxL rnfpg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ s'g} kbsf] nflu cjlw tf]sL ;?jf u/]sf]df afx]s
s'g} kbdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ ;fdfGotof
b'O{jif{ k"/f ePkl5 dfq ;?jf ul/g]5 .
t/ cf7 tx jf ;f] eGbf dflysf sfof{no
k|d'vx?sf] xsdf cg';"rL !) jdf]lhd s ju{sf]
ef}uf]lns If]qsf sfof{nodf k|To]s Ps jif{df / cGo
ef}uf]lns If]qsf sfof{nodf k|To]s b'O{ jif{df clgjfo{
?kdf ;?jf ul/g] 5 .
-$_ ;?jf ug{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] sd{rf/Lx?sf]
;?jf ;DjGwL ljj/0f cBfjlws ?kdf tof/ u/L
/fVg' kg]{5 .
-%_ ;?jf ;DjGwL cGo Joj:yf ;ldltNf]] lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
bzf+} ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
26
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

%=#= sfh v6fpg] clwsf/LM -!_ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfsf] sfdsf] -^_ pk lgod -%_ jdf]lhd cfGtl/s ko{6gdf hfg]
l;nl;nfdf sfh v6fpFbf Ps jif{df tLg dlxgf eGbf a9L sd{rf/Lsf] e|d0f ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;ldltaf6
cjlwsf nflu sfhdf v6fO{g] 5}g . :jLs[t x'g] lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf sfh
v6fpg] clwsf/ b]xfosf clwsf/LnfO{ x'g]5M
-s_ clws[t txsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ dxflgb]{zs,
-v_ ;xfos txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DjlGwt
sfof{no k|d'v,
-#_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg
k|flws/0fsf] dftxtdf ;+rfngdf /x]sf] jf ;+rfng
ul/g] of]hgf, cfof]hgf jf ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf
k|ToIf ;+nUg x'g] k|of]hgsf]nflu dxflgb]{zsn]
cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df Ps k6sdf a9Ldf
Ps aif{;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu sfhdf v6fpg
;Sg]5 .
-$_ tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L sfh vl6Psf] sd{rf/Ln] sfh
vl6Psf] :yfgsf] cfjf; tyf :6]zg eQf kfpg]5 t/
b}lgs eQf kfpg] 5}g .

-%_ k|flws/0fsf :yfoL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ jif{sf] Ps k6s
j9Ldf ;ft lbgdf gj9\g] u/L cfGtl/s ko{6gsf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] s'g} Ps uGtJodf cfnf]kfnf] ljbfdf
hfg] u/L lgodfg';f/sf] b}lgs tyf e|d0f vr{
pknJw u/fOg]5 .

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bzf+} ;+zf]wgf/f yk . bzf+} ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
27 28
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/R5]b^
j9'jf
^=! j9'jfM sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIffsf] cfwf/df j9'jfJbf/f kbk"lt{ ug]{ egL kb;+Vof
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] P3f/f}+ tx;Ddsf] kbdf kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]]
j9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x?sf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg
tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff ;~rfng u/L sfo{Ifdtf
d"Nof+sgdf ;a} eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{ pDd]b\jf/ tyf
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt
u/L pko'Qm 7xl/Psf] pDd]b\jf/nfO{ j9'jf lgo'lQmsf] nflu
clVtof/jfNff ;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{5 .
^=@ ===========================
^=# j9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'gnfO{ rflxg] Go"gtd ;]jf
cjlwM-!_;]jfsf] kbdf x'g] a9'jfdf ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'gsf]
nflu a9'jf x'g] kbsf] ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d'xsf] Ps tx
d'lgsf] kbdf tLg jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f ePsf] /
cg';"rL^ adf]lhdsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'
kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePtf klg
P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :yfoL
;]jfdf /xL k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft ePsf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf lghx?Nf]] k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .
kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
29
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/0ft x'Fbfsf] cj:yfsf] txdf lghfdlt ;]jfsf] h'g
kbaf6 ;]jf kl/0ft ePsf] xf], ;f] kbdf u/]sf] k'/}
;]jf cjlw o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd j9'jfsf] nflu
pDd]b\jf/ x'gnfO{ rflxg] ;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf
ul/g]5 .
-@s_ lgod @=& adf]lhd ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x kl/jt{g
ePsf sd{rf/Lxn] ;fljssf] ;]jf, ;d"x jf
pk;d"xsf] ;dfg txsf] kbdf u/]sf] ;]jf cjlw
a9'jfsf] k|of]hgsf]nflu ;d]t u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-#_ ;]jfsf] Pp6} txsf] kbdf cjlR5Gg ?kn] bz jif{
;Dd :yfoL ?kdf sfo{/t /xL j[lQ ljsf; -a9'jf_
sf] cj;/ gkfPsf tx cf7 ;Ddsf sd{rf/LnfO{
xfn jxfn /x]sf] txsf] kbaf6 Pstx dflysf] kbdf
b]xfosf] k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df ljz]if a9'jf ul/g]5 .
-s_ ljz]if j9'jf x'g] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ljz]if >[lht
kb sfod u/L kb:yfkgf ul/g]5 . g]kfn
gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f sd{rf/Lx?sf]
;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DjGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sf] cg';"lr ^ df sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df j9'jfsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd
z}lIfs of]Uotf k"/f ePsf sd{rf/L dfq
ljz]if j9'jfsf] nflu ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/
x'g]5g\ .
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
30
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-v_ ljz]if j9'jf x'gsf] nflu ljut # jif{sf] sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nofs+gsf] c+s u0fgf ubf{ cf};t
c+s *) k|ltzt k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-u_ ljz]if j9'jfsf] pDd]b\jf/ x'g kfpg]
sd{rf/Lx?Nf]] k|flws/0faf6 tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf
cfj]bg kmf/fd e/L tf]lsPsf] ;doleq cfk"m
sfo{/t /x]sf] sfof{no dfk{mt k|wfg
sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 . k|flws/0fNf]
To:tf] cfj]bg kmf/fddf el/Psf ljj/0fx?
k|flws/0fdf ePsf] ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Lsf]
cleNf]v;+u le8fO{ ljz]if j9'jf ;DjGwL
lg0f{o ug]{5 .
-3_ o; lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^=$ adf]lhd
j9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g gkfpg]
cj:yfdf s'g} klg sd{rf/L ljz]if j9'jfsf]
nflu pDd]b\jf/ x'g kfpg] 5}g .
-_ ljz]if >[lht kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?
dflyNNff] txsf] kbdf j9'jf ePdf lghsf]
;fljssf] ljz]if >[lht kb vf/]h x'g]5 .
ljz]if l;h{gf ePsf] kb vf/]h ePsf]
cj:yfdf dfq lghsf] ljz]if j9'jf x'g'k'j{sf]
;fljs kb k'lt{ ul/g]5 .
-r_ :jLs[t b/jGbLsf] kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?
dflyNnf] txsf] kbdf ljz]if j9'jf e} l/Qm
x'g cfPsf] lghsf] ;fljssf] kb lgh ljz]if
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
31
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
j9'jf ePsf] ldltNf]] % jif{;Dd k"lt{ ul/g]
5}g .
t/, dfly h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
ePtfklg ljz]if l;lh{t kbdf jxfn /x]sf]
s'g} sd{rf/L s'g} klg lsl;dn] ;]jfaf6
cjsfz ePdf jf lghsf] d[To' ePdf lghsf]
;fljssf] Ps tx d'lgsf] kbdf kbk"lt{ ug{
s'g} jfwf k'Ug] 5}g .
-5_ ljz]if j9'jf x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fdfGotof
lgh j9'jf ePsf] ldltn] 36Ldf % -kf+r_
jif{;Dd ljz]if >[lht kbdf g} /fvL ;fljs
adf]lhds} -lgh j9'jf x'g' k"j{sf]_ lhDd]jf/L
tf]Sg ;lsg]5 . l/Qm kb ePdfdfq l/Qm
kbsf cfwf/df yk lhDd]jf/L lbOg]5 .
-$_ o; lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePtf
klg k|flws/0f ;]jfsf] Pp6} txsf] kbdf kGw| jif{
:yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f ul/;s]sf / ljut # jif{sf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf *) k|ltzt cf};t c+s
k|fKt u/]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;]jf cjlw e/df Ps
k6ssf] nflu xfn jxfn /x]sf] txsf] kbaf6 Ps tx
dflysf] kbdf cg';"rL ^ df plNnlvt z}lIfs
of]Uotf gePtf klg ljz]if j9'jf ul/g]5 . o;/L
ljz]if j9'jf x'g] sd{rf/LNffO{ j9'jf ePkl5 klg lgh
bzf+} ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
32
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

ljz]if j9'jf ePsf] kbdf jxfn /x];Dd ;fljs ^=% sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d'Nof+sg M-!_ lgod ^=! jdf]lhd sfo{
adf]lhds} sfd sfh nuffpg ;lsg]5 . Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+gsf] cfwf/df ul/g] a9'jfdf sd{rf/Lsf]

.. sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+g ug]{ cfwf/ / ;f] jfkt kfpg] clwstd

-%_ ljz]if j9'jfsf] sf/jfxL k|To]s cfly{s jif{df Ps c b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5M
k6s dfq ul/g]5 . pklgod -#_ / -$_ adf]lhd -s_ h]i7tf jfkt tL;
ljz]if j9'jfsf] nflu ;]jf cjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ ljz]if -v_ z}lIfs of]Uotf jfkt kGw|
j9'jfsf] sf/jfxL ug{'eGbf cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] -u_ tflnd jfkt tLg
c;f/ d;fGt;Ddsf] ;]jf cjlw u0fgf u/L ljz]if -3_ ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd u/] jfkt afx|
j9'jfsf] sf/jfxL ul/g]5 . -_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+g jfkt rfnL;

-^_ lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft eO{
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd Ho]i7tf jfkt
lgod !$=! sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd t];|f] txdf kb
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] c+s lbOg] 5M
ldnfg ul/Psf ;jf/L rfns / klxnf] txdf kb
ldnfg ul/Psf sfof{no ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ -s_ xfn jxfn /x]sf] txdf sfd u/]sf] k|To]s jif{sf]
;f]xL kb ldnfg u/]sf] ldlt b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lgldQ b'O{ bzdnj kf+r csf b/n] a9Ldf #) c
qmd;M rf}yf] txsf] ;jf/L rfns / bf];|f] txsf] k|bfg ul/g]5 .
sfof{no ;xof]uL kbdf kb ldnfg ul/g]5 . -v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd Ho]i7tf jfkt c+s u0fgf

-&_ ========================= ubf{ Ps jif{ eGbf rfgr'g dlxgf jf lbgsf]
^=$ j9'jfsf] nflu ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g gkfpg] cj:yf M lgod lgldQ bfdf;fxLsf] lx;fjn] c+s lbOg]5 /
^=! / ^=# df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg b]xfosf uoNf ePsf] tyf c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf]
sd{rf/L j9'jfsf] nflu ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g kfpg] 5}gg\M cjlwsf] Nfflu Ho]i7tf jfkt c+s lbOg]5}g .
-s_ lgNfDjg ePsf]df lgNfDjg ePsf] cjlwe/, -#_ pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
-v_ j9'jf /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/, ;]jf cjlw j9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhd
-u_ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/ . u0fgf ul/g]5 .

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .

;ftf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt . kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bzf}+;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h . bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
33 34
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-s_ xfNf jxfNf /x]sf] kbdf :yfoL ;]jf u/]sf]

-%_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd tfNfLd jfkt
cjlw -aLrdf 6'6]sf] eP 6'6]sf] htL s6fO{_ b]xfo adf]lhd c+s k|bfg ul/g]5
zt k|ltzt . tfNfLd >]0fL
-v_ ;]jfdf u/]sf] c:yfoL ;]jf cjlw cljlR5Gg
/fvL ;dfg ;]jfsf] ;dfg txdf :yfoL ;]jfsfNfLg tfNfLd jfkt k|yd ltLo t[tLo
lgo'lQm ePdf To:tf] c:yfoL ;]jfsf] s"Nf -:jb]zL jf j}b]lzs_ # @=% @
cjlwsf] krxQ/ k|ltzt . -^_ >]0fL gv'Nf]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf tfnLd jfkt
-$_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd z}lIfs of]Uotf ltLo >]0fL j/fj/sf] c+s lbOg]5 / s'g} z}lIfs
jfkt b]xfo adf]lhdsf] c+s lbOg]5 M of]Uotf tyf tfNfLdsf :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lljwf
pTkGg ePdf kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]] ljz]if1x?sf] ;NNffx
z}lIfs of]Uotf >]0fL NfLO{ lg0f{o ug]{5 .
k|yd ltLo t[tLo -&_ tfNfLdsf] c+s lb+bf Ps dxLgf jf ;f] eGbf j9L
-s_ ;]jf k|j]zsf] lgldQ cfjZos cjlwsf] ;]jf;+u ;DjlGwt ljifosf] ;]jfsfNfLg
Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf jfkt !!=% !! !)=% tfNfLd jfkt c+s lbOg]5 . tfNfLdsf] c+s u0fgf ubf{
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs h'g txdf 5+bf tfNfLdsf] nflu dgf]gog ePsf] xf],
of]Uotf eGbf Ps tx dflysf] ;f] c+s ;f]xL txsf] Nfflu dfq u0fgf ul/g]5 .
;DjlGwt ljifosf] s'g} Ps -*_ sd{rf/LNf] z}lIfs of]Uotf / ;]jfsfNfLg tfNfLd
cltl/Q z}lIfs pkflw jfkt #=% # @=% jfktsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlNflk k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;f] k]z

o; v08df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg gu/]df To; jfkt c+s lbOg] 5}g .

OlGhgLol/ ljifodf :gfts pkflw xfl;n u/L ;]jf k|j]z -(_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ jdf]lhd ef}uf]lns If]qdf
u/]sf OlGhgLol/ ;]jfsf ljleGg ;d"x / pk;d"xsf] v'Nnf, sfd u/] jfkt b]xfo jdf]lhd al9df afx| c lbOg]
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf / sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df 5M
x'g] a9'jfsf] xsdf gful/s p88\og;Fu ;DalGwt h'g;'s} -s_ s ju{df sfd u/] jfkt k|To]s jif{sf] nflu
ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf] ePklg dflyNnf] txsf] z}lIfs @=))
of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL tb\g's"nsf] c k|bfg ul/g]5 .

5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg f/f ;+zf]lwt

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
35 36
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-v_ v ju{df sfd u/] jfkt k|To]s jif{sf] nflu
!=&%
-u_ u ju{df sfd u/] jfkt k|To]s jif{sf] nflu
!=%)
-3_ 3 ju{df sfd u/] jfkt k|To]s jif{sf] nflu
!=@%
t/ of] ;+zf]wg nfu" x'g' eGbf cufj}
s'g} sd{rf/Ln] ef}uf]lns If]q afkt k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] c o; lgod adf]lhd clwstd
cdf ga9\g] u/L 36\g] 5}g .
-!)_ pklgod -(_ adf]lhdsf] ef}uf]NfLs If]qsf] juL{s/0f
cg';"rL!) df pNNf]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-!!_ ef}uf]lNfs If]q jfktsf] c+s ?h' xflh/sf] cfwf/df
u0fgf ul/g]5 . s'g}klg ef}uf]nLs If]qdf @## lbg
?h' xflh/ eO{ ;]jf u/]df bfdf;flxsf b/n] k|fKt x'g]
c+s lbOg]5 . ef}uf]NfLs If]qdf sfd u/] jfkt kfpg]
c+s axfNf /x]sf] txdf k|fKt u/]sf] eP dfq
kfpg]5 .
-!@_ tL;lbg jf ;f] eGbf al9 cjlwsf]nflu j}b]lzs
tfnLd jf ljb]zdf sfhdf jf cWoog ljbfdf hfg]
sd{rf/Ln] pQm cjlwsf]nflu ef}uf]lns If]q
jfktlgod ( sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhdsf] -3_ ju{sf
nflu tf]lsPsf] csf] cfwf c dfq kfpg]5 .
-!#_ c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf] cjlwsf] ef}uf]NfLs If]q
jfktsf] c+s u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
bf]>f];+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt
37
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
^=^ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdM -!_ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sgsf]
Nfflu k|of]u ul/g] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd cg';"rL!!
Dff pNNf]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg b]xfo adf]lhdsf
txaf6 x'g]5 / k|To]s txaf6 sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg
ubf{ lbOg] s'Nf rfNfL; c+sNffO{ b]xfo adf]lhd
ljefhg ul/g]5 .
-s_ ;'kl/j]IfsNf]] kRrL; c+s
-v_ k'g/fjNff]sgstf{Nf] bz c+s
-u_ k'g/fjNff]]sg ;ldltn] kfFr c+s
-#_ j9'jfsf] Nfflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/sf] c+s u0fgf ubf{
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg jfkt cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf]
c+s u0fgf ul/g]5 .
^=& ;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjNff]sgstf{ / k'g/fjNff]]sg ;ldltM-!_
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sgsf] Nfflu d"Nof+sg ul/g]
sd{rf/L eGbf slDtdf Ps tx dflysf] sd{rf/L ;'kl/j]Ifs
x'g]5 / ;'kl/j]Ifs eGbf slDtdf Ps tx dflysf] sd{rf/L
k'g/fjNff]]sgstf{ x'g]5 .
t/ ;xfos txsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;'kl/j]Ifs lghsf]
lgs6\td dflyNNff] txsf] clws[t sd{rf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ ;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjNff]]sgstf{ / dxflgb]{zs jf lghn]
tf]s]sf] kbflwsf/L ;d]t tLg hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf]
Ps k'g/fjNff]sg ;ldlt /xg]5 .
-#_ afx|f}+ txsf] clws[t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf]
d"Nof+sgsf] ;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjNff]sgstf{ /
k'g/fjNff]sg ;ldltsf] sfd dxflgb]{zsNf] ug]{5 .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
38
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-$_ ljefuLo k|d'vsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf]
;'kl/j]Ifsdf dxflgb]{zsNf]] tf]s]sf] pkdxflgb]{zs,
k'g/fjNff]sgstf{df dxflgb]{zs / k'g/fjNff]sg
;ldltdf ;DjlGwt ;'kl/j]Ifs / dxflgb]{zs /xg]5 .
-%_ dfly bkmfx?df pNNf]v eP afx]s ljz]if kl/l:ylt
kg{ uPdf ;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjNff]sgstf{ tyf
k'g/fjNff]]sg ;ldlt ;DjGwL Joj:yf dxflgb]{zsNf]
tf]lslbP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
^=* sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd eg]{ sfo{ljlwM -!_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf]
d"Nof+sgsf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu c+s u0fgf ubf{ j9'jfsf] Nfflu
;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g hlt jif{sf] ;]jf cfjZos kg]{ xf] kl5NNff]
TolQ g} jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdsf] cf}iftaf6 lx;fa
ul/g]5 .
-@_ cWoog jf tfNfLddf uPsf] jf lgNfDjg eO{ lgNfDjg
km's'jf ePsf]df pQm cjlwsf]sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
afkt To:tf] cWoog jf tfNfLddf hfg' eGbf jf
lgNfDjg x'g' eGbf tTsfNf cl3Nnf] jif{df hlt c+s
kfPsf] 5 To;} cg'kftdf g} c+s lbOg]5 .
-#_ c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf] cjlwNffO{ s6fP/ dfq}
;DefJo pDd]b\jf/sf] c+s u0fgf ul/g]5 / To:tf]
ljbfsf] cjlwsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg jfktsf] c++s
lbOg] 5}g . j9'jfsf] Nfflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g
hlt jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw cfjZos kg]{ xf], ;f] sf] Nfflu
;f] cjlwdf c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf] cjlwNffO{
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
39
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
s6fP/ afFsL cjlwsf] dfq bfdf;flxNf] sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofs+gsf] c+s u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-$_ Ps jif{ eGbf sd cjlwsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
ubf{ Ps jif{sf]Nfflu tf]lsPsf] c+ssf] bfdf;flxNf]
u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-%_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LN]f
cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltN]f kGw| lbg leq
;'kl/j]Ifs ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;'kl/j]IfsNf] ;f]
kmf/fd k|fKt ePsf] ldltNf] kGw| lbg leq cfkm'Nf]
eg'{kg]{ d"Nofg e/L k'g/fjNff]sgstf{ ;dIf k]z
ug'{kg]{5 . k'g/fjNff]]sgstf{N]f klg cfkm" ;dIf sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd k|fKt ePsf] ldltNf] kGw|
lbg leq d"Nofg u/L k'g/fjNff]]sg ;ldlt ;dIf
k]z ug{ sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefudf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-^_ o; lgod adf]lhd tof/ ul/Psf] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{5 /
cfjZos ePsf] jvt kbk"lt{ ;ldltNffO{ pkNfAw
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-&_ P]gsf] bkmf #@ cg';f/ k|flws/0fdf kl/0ft x'g]
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sgsf] k|of]hgsf]
lgldQ c+s u0fgf ubf{ j9'jfsf] Nfflu ;+efJo
pDd]b\jf/ x'g hlt jif{sf] ;]jf cfjZos kg]{ xf]
kl5NNff]] Tolt jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdsf]
cf};taf6 lx;fa ul/g] 5 . of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De
ePkl5 ;j} sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfly{s jif{ @)%%)%^
sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg u/L c+s u0fgf ubf{ o;}
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
40
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
lgodfjNfL adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd
cg';f/ ul/g]5 . j9'jfsf] Nfflu ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g
hlt;'s} jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd
cfjZostf eP klg cfly{s jif{ @)%%)%^ sf]
lgldQ o;} lgod adf]lhd Ps jif{sf], bf]>f] jif{ b'O{
jif{sf], t];|f] jif{ tLg jif{sf] / rf}yf] jif{ rf/ jif{sf]
cjlwsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fdsf] cf}ift c+s
u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-*_ k|To]s sd{rf/LNf] b]xfo adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sgsf] kmf/fd e/L tf]lsPsf] ;dod} cfk"m
sfo{/t sfof{Nfodf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 . To;/L btf{
gug]{ sd{rf/L pk/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL x'g]5 .
-s_ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg aflif{s
?kdf ul/g]5 .
-v_ pk lgod -%_ adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sg kmf/fddf lglb{i6 ;dodf l/tk"j{s
d"Nof+sg gug]{ ;'kl/j]Ifs jf
k'g/fjNff]]sgstf{ / k'g/fjNff]sg ;ldltNffO{
;d]t clVtof/jfNffNf] ljefuLo
sf/jfxLug]{5 .
-u_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofs+g kmf/fddf ;DjlGwt
sfof{Nfo k|d'v tyf ljefuLo k|d'vNf]
tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq d"Nof+sg u/L, u/fO{
To;sf] b'O{ k|lt tof/ u/L Ps k|lt kbk"lt{
;ldlt / Ps k|lt k|wfg sfof{Nfo l:yt
clen]v zfvfdf /fVg' kg]{5 .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
41
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-3_ sfj' aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt k/L jf sfof{Nfosf]
sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf ljb]zdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf
sd{rf/LNf] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
kmf/fd e/L tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq btf{ ug{
g;sL ;f] sf] dgfl;j sf/0f ;lxt Dofb
yksf Nfflu lgj]bg lbPdf / ;'kl/j]IfsNf]
lgj]bgdf plNNflvt sf/0f dgfl;j b]v]df
;f] sf] cleNf]v :ki6 b]lvg] u/L sfo{
;Dkfbg kmf/fd e/L j'emfpg] Dofb !%
lbg;Dd yk lbg ;Sg]5 .
-_ tf]lsPsf] Dofb gf3]kl5 btf{ ePsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg jfkt ;f]xL jif{ k|fKt
u/]sf] k|fKtf+saf6 kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf] kfFr c+s
36fpg]5 .
-r_ s'g} sd{rf/L j}b]lzs ;ef, ;Dd]ng, tflnd,
uf]li7 jf cWoog e|d0f cflbdf sfhdf hfg'
kg]{ eO{ tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd eg{ cfOk'Ug]
cj:yf gePdf To;/L hfg' eGbf cufj} ;f]
sf] Joxf]/f v'nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg
kmf/fd e/L ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf btf{
u/fpg' kg]{5 . To;/L btf{ ePsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fdnfO{ lgwf{l/t
;dodf btf{ ePsf] dfgL d"Nofg ug'{
kg]{5 .
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
42
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
^=( j9'jfsf] gfdfjNfL k|sfzgM -!_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltN]f j9'jfsf] Nfflu
;DefJo pDd]b\jf/sf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofg ubf{ ;a} eGbf
a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{ pDd]b\jf/NffO{ j9'jfsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf
;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd j9'jfsf] Nfflu l;kmfl/;
ePsf pDd]b\jf/x?sf] gfdfjNfL kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]
;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{5 . To:tf] gfdfjNfL
k|sfzg ubf{ j9'jf x'g] pDd]b\jf/Nf] kfPsf] s'Nf c+s
;d]t k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 . To;/L j9'jf l;kmfl/zsf]
gfdfjNfL k|sfzg ePkl5 j9'jfdf gkg]{ s'g}
pDd]b\jf/Nf]] cfkm'Nf] kfPsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
;lxtsf] hDdf c+ssf] hfgsf/L lng rfx]df To;sf]
hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
^=!) j9'jf l;kmfl/z pk/ ph"/L / tt\;DjGwL sfo{ljlwM -!_ lgod
^=( adf]lhd l;kmfl/z ePsf] kbk"lt{ ;"rLdf gfd ;dfj]z
gePsf pDd]b\jf/Nf] To:tf] j9'jf l;kmfl/z pk/ lrQ gj'emL
ph"/L lbg rfx]df j9'jf gfdfjNfL k|sflzt ePsf] ldltNf]
k}+tL; lbgleq cfkm"Nf] j9'jf kfpg' kg]{ :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f
;d]t v'NffO{ ;ldltN]f tf]s]sf] j9'jf l;kmfl/z ph'/L ;ldlt
;dIf ph'/L lbg ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pklgod!_ adf]lhd j9'jf l;kmfl/z pk/ ph"/L ug]{
k|of]hgsf] Nfflu ;ldltN]f ;ldltsf] ;b:ox? dWo]
Ps hgf ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo j9'jf
l;kmfl/z ph'/L ;ldlt u7g ug]{5 .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
43
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] ph"/Lsf] ;DjGwdf
ph"/L ;'Gg] clwsf/LNf] ;f7L lbgleq 5fgjLg u/L
klxNf] k|sflzt j9'jf gfdfjNfLdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{
ePdf ph"/L ;'Gg] clwsf/Nf] ;f] sf] ;"rgf kbk"lt{
;ldltNffO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
-$_ pklgod-!_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] ph"/L cfwf/xLg
7xl/Pdf j9'jf l;kmfl/z ph"/L ;ldltNf] ;f] sf]
dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f ;d]tsf] hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt
ph"/jfNffnfO{{ lbg' kg]{5 / ph"/L kl5 x'g] j9'jfdf
To:tf] ph"/Lstf{sf] klxNff] k6ssf] ph"/L eP b'O{
c+s sf ul/g]5 / bf]>f] k6ssf] ph"/L eP tLg c+s
sfl6g]5 .
^=!! j9'jf ldltM -!_ lgod ^=( sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|sflzt
j9'jfsf] l;kmfl/z;"rL pk/ lgod ^=!) sf] pklgod -!_
adf]lhdsf] Dofb leq s;}sf] ph"/L gk/]df To:tf] j9'jf
l;kmfl/z ;"rL k|sfzg ePsf] ldltNf] 5lQ;f}+ lbgb]lv j9'jf
ldlt sfod x'g] u/L ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LNffO{{ j9'jfsf] k"hL{
lbO{g]5 .
-@_ lgod ^=!) sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|sflzt j9'jf
l;kmfl/zsf] ;"rLdf lrQ gj'e\mg] cGo s'g}
pDd]b\jf/Nf] lgod ^=!) sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf]
Dofb leq ph"/L u/]df j9'jf l;kmfl/; ;ldltNf] ;f]
ph"/L ;DjGwdf 5fgljg u/L k"j{ k|sflzt j9'jf
;"rLNffO{ oyfjt sfod /fVg] lg0f{o u/]sf]df
pklgod -!_ df plNNflvt lbgb]lv / ;+zf]lwt ?kdf
j9'jfsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]df ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]sf]
lbgb]lv j9'jf ldlt sfod x'g] u/L ;DjlGwt
sd{rf/LNffO{{ j9'jf ul/g]5 .
44
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-#_lgod ^=!@ adf]lhd cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds pkNfJw eP;Ddt]Jj/ ;+Vofdf ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x? dWo]af6
k/LIffsf] dfWodaf6 kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf] j9'jfsf] Nfflu sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf ;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{x?NffO{
l;kmfl/z u/]sf]df clVtof/jfNffn] j9'jfsf] lg0f{o l;kmfl/z ug]{5 / To;/L l;kmfl/; ul/Psf pDd]b\jf/x?
ldltb]lv Nffu" x'g] u/L j9'jf ul/g]5 . dWo]af6 ;ldltNf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / sfo{ s'zNftfsf]
^=!@ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIfff/f x'g] j9'jfM cfGtl/s cfwf/df pko'Qm 7xofPsf] pDd]b\jf/NffO{ j9'jf ug]{5 .
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] cfwf/df j9'jfJbf/f kbk"lt{ ug{
lgwf{l/t k|ltzt cg';f/ sfod x'g cfPsf] kbdf kbk"lt{
;ldltN]f cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffaf6 of]Uotfqmdsf]
cfwf/df 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]b\jf/x?NffO{ k"lt{ ul/g'kg]{ kb;+Vof
cg';f/ j9'jfsf] Nfflu l;kmfl/z ug]{5 .

^=!# kbk"lt{ ;ldltN]f cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ j9'jfsf]

sf/jfxL ubf{ o; kl/R5]b leq gk/]sf] ljifodf jf ;f] leq
k/]sf ljifo eP tfklg lgodNf] o:tf] ug]{ eGg] s]xL ;+s]t
gu/]sf] ljifodf s'g} ck|Toflzt sl7gfO{ cfOk/]df o;
lgodfjNfLsf] p2]Zo k|lts'Nf gx'g] u/L kbk'lt{ ;ldltNf]
AofVof jf Aoj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L ;ldltNffO{
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd u/]sf] Aoj:yfsf ;DjGwdf
lrQ gj'e\mg] sd{rf/LNf] lg0f{o yfxf kfPsf] ldltNf] #%
lbg leq ;ldltdf ph'/ ug{ ;Sg]5 / o:tf] ph'/Lsf
;DjGwdf ;ldltNf] cfjZos hfFrj'em u/L ;f] sf]
AofVof ;lxt hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{5 .

^=!$ j9'jf ;DjGwL ljz]if Joj:yfM-!_ o; lgodfjNfLdf cGoq

h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtf klg afx|f}+ txsf] kbdf j9'jf ug{
kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df l/Qm kbsf]

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

45 46
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/R5]b&
cWoog, tfNfLd tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog ;DjGwL Aoj:yf
&=! cWoog, tfNfLd tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/LM-!_
k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ ljb]zdf cWoog, tfNfLd tyf
;]ldgf/df efu lngsf] Nfflu dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/
dxflgb]{zsNffO{ x'g]5 .
-@_ clws[t txsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ :jb]zdf cWoog, tfnLd
tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/ dxflgb]{zsNffO{
x'g]5 / ;xfos txsf] sd{rf/LNffO{{ :jb]zdf cWoog,
tfNfLd tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/
dxflgb]{zs jf lghNf] tf]s]sf] pkdxflgb]{zsNffO{
x'g]5 .
-#_ dfly h'g;'s} s'/f pNNf]v ePsf] ePtfklg z}lIfs
pkflw xfl;Nf ug]{ cWoogsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf ul/g]
dgf]gog ;ldltsf] :jLs[ltaf6 ul/g]5 .
&=@ cWoog tyf tfNfLddf dgf]gogsf] cfwf/M sd{rf/LNffO{{cWoog
tyf tfNfLddf dgf]gog ubf{ cWoog tyf tfNfLdsf] ljifo;+u
;DjlGwt ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"x leqsf sd{rf/Lx? dWo]af6
h]i7tf / sfo{ bIftf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df dgf]gogul/g]5 .
&=# dgf]gog ubf{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{M -!_ cWoog tyf tfNfLddf
sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]gog ubf{ klxNf] cWoog tyf tfNfLd lNfg]
df}sf gkfPsf tyf ljifoj:t' x]/L pko'Qm sd{rf/LNffO{{ lgod
&=@ sf] clwgdf /xL k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
47
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-@_
sd{rf/LNffO{{ s'g} cWoog tyf tfNfLddf dgf]gog
u/L k7fPdf To:tf] tfNfLd cjlwe/ lghnfO{ k"/f
tNfj lbg] u/L k7fOg]5 .
-#_ tLg jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f gePsf] sd{rf/LNffO{{
ljb]zdf cWoog jf tfNfLdsf]nflu dgf]gog ul/g]
5}g .
t/ cWoog tyf tfnLdsf] ljifo / k|s[lt
cg';f/ s'g} lglZrt ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf
sd{rf/LnfO{g} dgf]gog ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf tLg jif{
;]jf cjlw k"/f ePsf sd{rf/L gePdf Ps jif{ ;]jf
cjlw k"/f u/]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;ldltn] dgf]gog
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ o; lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf
klg sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf]nflu
pkof]uL / cfjZos ljifodf ljb]zL d'n's jf g]kfn
;b:o /x]sf cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfaf6 k|bfg x'g] 5fqj[lQ
adf]lhdsf] cWoog tyf tflndsf] 5gf}6
k|ltof]lutfdf ;xeflu x'g ;ldltsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{
b/vf:t lbPsf sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ePdf To:tf
sd{rf/LnfO{ To:tf] cWoog jf tflnddf ;xefuL x'g
dgf]gog ul/g]5
&=$ cWoog tyf tfNfLd k"/f u/]kl5 ;]jf ug'{kg]{ cjlwM
k|flws/0faf6 dgf]gog eO{ cWoog tyf tfNfLddf hfg]
sd{rf/LN]f To:tf] cWoog tyf tfNfLd k"/f u/]kl5 b]xfo
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
48
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

adf]lhdsf] cjlw;Dd clgjfo{ ?kdf k|flws/0fdf ;]jf tfNfLd ubf{ Nffu]sf] vr{ Pj+ sj'NfLotdf pNN]fv
ug'{kg]{5 . ePsf cGo /sdx? ;d]t c;"Nf pk/ ul/g]5 .
cWoog tyf tflndsf] cjlw ;]jf ug'{ kg]{ Go"gtd cjlw -#_ ljb]zdf cWoog, tfNfLd tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog
-s_ Ps dlxgfb]lv tLg dlxgf;Dd b'O{ jif{ ug]{ ;DjGwL cGo Aoj:yf ;ldltNf] lgwf{/0f u/]
-v_ tLg dlxgfb]lv 5 dlxgf;Dd tLg jif{ adf]lhd x'g]5 .

-u_ 5 dlxgfb]lv gf} dlxgf;Dd rf/ jif{ &=& k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yfM k|flws/0fsf]nflu cfjZos kg]{
-3_ gf} dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd kfFr jif{ tfnLdxdWo] :jb]zd} ;+rfng ug{ ;+ej x'g] tfnLdx
-_ Ps jif{eGbf dfly ;ft jif{ gful/s pog k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgdf ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf
;fdfGotof h'g ljifodf cWoog tyf tfNfLd k'/f ldnfOg]5 .
u/L kms]{sf] xf] ;f]xL ljifo;+u ;DjlGwt If]qdf k|flws/0fNf]
&=* k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]M{ -!_ of] lgod k|f/De ePkl5 lghL
sfd Nfufpg]5 . k|of;df :jb]z jf ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ rfxg] sd{rf/Ln]

&=$s=ck/]zg 8\o"6Ldf ;]jf ug'{ kg]M{ k|flws/0fsf] vr{df cfwf/e"t dxflgb]{zssf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 .
tflnd k|fKt u/L ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf sd{rf/Lxn] ;]jfdf k|j]z -@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
u/]sf] ldltn] slDtdf bz aif{;Dd ljdfg:ynsf] ck/]zg k|fOe]6 k/LIffyL{sf] ?kdf k/LIffdf ;fd]n x'g tyf
8\o"6Ldf ;]jf ug'{ kg]{5 . sfo{/t :yfgdf sfof{no ;do afx]ssf] ;dodf
&=% dgf]gogdf jGb]hM o; lgodfjNfLsf] lgod ^=$ Nf] tf]s]sf] cWoog ug{ k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ 5}g .
cjlwe/ s'g} klg sd{rf/L cWoog, tfNfLd / cWoog t/ To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] cfk"m sfo{/t
e|d0fsf] Nfflu dgf]gog ul/g] 5}g . sfof{nodf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
&=^ sj'lnot ug'{ kg]{ M -!_ s'g} klg sd{rf/LNf] cWoog tyf
tfNfLd lNfg hfg'eGbf cl3 To:tf] cWoog tyf tfNfLd k"/f
u/L kms]{/ cfO{ lgod &=$ adf]lhdsf] ;]jf ug]{ ;d]t
sj'NfLot ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ s'g} klg sd{rf/LNf] cWoog tyf tfNfLd k"/f u/]kl5
;]jf ug{ gcfPdf jf lgod &=$ adf]lhd ug'{kg]{
;]jf cjlw k"/f gu/]df To:tf] sd{rf/Laf6 cWoog
tyf tfNfLd cjlwe/ lghn] kfPsf] tNfj eQf

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk . kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
49 50
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

kl/R5]b* -#_ sd{rf/LNffO{;fdfGotofxKtfsf] Ps lbg ;fKtflxs

sfof{Nfo ;do, xflh/L / ljbf ljbf lbOg]5 .

============================
*=! sd{rf/Lsf] ;j} ;do k|flws/0fsf] cwLgdf x'g]M o;
-$_ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ s'g} klg ;dodf sfddf Nfufpg
lgodfjNfLdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]]df afx]s sd{rf/Lsf] ;a} ;do
;lsg]5 / xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfNfgsf] Nfflu cfjZos eP
k|flws/0fsf] cwLgdf x'g]5 / h'g;'s} ;dodf klg k|flws/0fNf]
adf]lhd sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfd ug]{ ;do lbpF;f] jf
cfgf sd{rf/LNffO{{ sfddf Nfufpg ;Sg]5 .
/ftL hlxNf] klg lgoldt ?kn] jf cfnf]kfNff]] u/L
*=@=-!_ gful/s pog ;]jf cTofjZos ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ePsf]n]
/f]i6/df tf]Sg ;lsg]5 .
xKtfsf] ;ft} lbg ;~rfNfg ug'{kg]{ u/L Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-%_ sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/L cGo ;dodf sfddf Nfufpg' kg]{
sd{rf/LNffO{{ cfjZos ePdf ljbfsf] lbgdf klg sfddf
jfx]s h'g;'s} ljefu jf zfvfsf sd{rf/Lx?Nf]
Nfufpg ;lsg]5 .
;ldltNf] lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] ;dodf sfd ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Lsf] k|To]s jif{sf] sfof{no ;do b]xfo
*=# sfof{Nfo ;do, ;do kfNfg / lgoldt xflh/LM -!_
adf]lhdsf] x'g]5M
sd{rf/LNf] k|flws/0faf6 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;dodf lgoldt ?kdf
-s_ df3 !^ ut] b]lv sflt{s !% ut] ;Dd
cfkm\gf] sfof{Nfodf xflh/ x'g'kg{]5 . d'gfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f
ljxfg !) ah] b]lv ck/fGx kfFr ah] ;Dd,
jfx]s ljbfsf] lgsf;f gNfLO{ cfkm\gf] sfof{Nfodf cg'kl:yt
-v_ sflt{s !^ ut] b]lv df3 !% ut] ;Dd
x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] xflh/L lstfjdf uoNf hgfO{, tNfj sL u/L
ljxfg !) ah] b]lv ck/fGx $ ah];Dd,
ljefuLo ;hfo ;d]t ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L uoNf ePsf] cjlw
-u_ k|To]s z'qmjf/ ljxfg !) ah] b]lv ck/fGx
;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf gug]{ u/L cleN]fv /flvg]5 . ljbf
# ah];Dd .
:jLs[t gu/fO{ Nfuftf/ ^) lbgeGbf j9L cjlw cg'kl:yt
-@s_ /f]i6/df a;L ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf sfo{/t x'g] sd{rf/LNffO{{ xflh/ gu/fO{ lgod !#=% adf]lhd ljefuLo
sd{rf/Lsf] sfof{no ;do ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/] sf/jfxL ul/g]5 .
adf]lhd x'g]5 . -@_ sd{rf/LNf] k|flws/0fdf pkl:yt eO{ xflh/L hgfO{

-@v_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfof{no ;dodf x]/k]m/ ePsf] ;s]kl5 cfkm" eGbf dflysf] clws[tsf] cg'dlt glNfO{
cj:yfdf ;ldltn] klg tb\g's"nsf] sfof{no ;dodf
x]/k]m/ ug]{5 .

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt . bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
51 52
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

sfof{Nfo ;dodf cfkm"NffO{ tf]lsPsf] :yfg 5f]8L -@_ 3/ ljbf j9Ldf Ps;o c;L lbg;Dd ;+lrt /xg]5 .
cGoq st} hfg x'Fb}g . Ps;o c;L lbg eGbf j9L ;l~rt ljbf x'g]
sd{rf/LN]f ;+lrt ljbf jfktsf] /sd Ps jif{df tL;
-#_ k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf jfx]s Nfuftf/ tLg
k6s;Dd xflh/L 58\s]df cg'kl:yt /xg] lbgdf gj9fO{ NfLg ;Sg]5 . s'g} sf/0fN]f sd{rf/L
sd{rf/LNffO{{ ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]5 . ;]jfaf6 cNfu ePdf lghsf] ;+lrt /x]sf] 3/ ljbf
*=$ ;fj{hlgs ljbfM -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdlt jfkt lghsf] kbflwsf/ /x]sf] kbaf6 vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
sd{rf/Lsf]nflu lgwf{/0f u/] jdf]lhd k|flws/0fdf ;fj{hlgs tNfjsf b/N]f x'g cfpg] /sd lghn] Psd'i6 NfLg
ljbf lbO{g]5 . kfpg]5 .
t/ lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;sf] lbg k|flws/0fdf ljbf -@s_ sd{rf/LNf] jif{sf] Ps k6s slDtdf;ft lbg 3/
lbOg] 5}g . ljbf lnO{ 3/ hfFbf /3/ ljbf e'Qmfg u/L 3/af6

-@_ pklgod -!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s k|flws/0fsf] cfgf] sfof{Nfodf cfpFbf k}bNfsf] af6f]NffO{ cf7
aflif{sf]T;jsf] lbg k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/LnfO{ sf]ifsf] lglDt Ps lbgsf] b/N]f j9Ldf ;ft lbg;Dd
;fj{hlgs ljbf x'g]5 . / df]6/, /]Nf, xjfOhxfhsf] af6f]NffO{ hlt lbg nfUg]
*=% e}k/L cfpg] / kj{ ljbfM -!_sd{rf/LN]f e}k/L cfpg] sfdsf] xf] Tolt lbg af6f]sf] Dofb kfpg]5 .
nflu k|To]s jif{ k"/f tNfj / eQf ;lxtsf] afx| lbg e}k/L -#_ ;fj{hlgs ljbf, e}k/L cfpg] ljbf / kj{ ljbfdf
cfpg] / kj{ ljbf kfpg]5 . e}k/L / kj{ ljbf cfwf lbg klg j;]sf] cjlwNffO{ 3/ ljbfsf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu sfd
lNfg ;lsg]5 . u/]sf] cjlw dflgg]5 .
-@_ Ps jif{sf] e}k/L cfpg] ljbf csf]{ jif{sf] Nfflu ;+lrt -$_ 3/ ljbf, cWoog ljbf / c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf
x'g] 5}g . sd{rf/LN]f ;f] cjlwsf] 3/ ljbf kfpg] 5}g .
*=& lj/fdL ljbf -!_ sd{rf/LNf] Ps dlxgfsf] Ps lbgsf] b/N]f
-#_ e}k/L cfpg] / kj{ ljbf ljefuLo k|d'v / sfof{Nfo lj/fdL ljbf kfpg]5 / lj/fdL ljbf ;l~rt x'Fb} hfg]5 .
k|d'vNffO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ NfLg ;lsg]5 . -@_ ;ft lbgeGbf j9L lj/fdL ljbfsf] dfu ug]{ sd{rf/LNf]
*=^ 3/ ljbfM -!_ sd{rf/LN]f k|To]s jfx| lbg sfd u/]jfkt Ps :jLs[t lrlsT;ssf] k|df0fkq k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
lbgsf] b/N]f tNfj eQf ;lxtsf] 3/ ljbf kfpg]5 . -#_ s'g} sf/0fNf] sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6 cNfu ePdf lghsf]
;+lrt /x]sf] lj/fdL ljbf jfkt lghsf] kbflwsf/

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt . kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
53 54
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
/x]sf] kbaf6 vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tNfjsf b/Nf] x'g cfpg]
/sd Psd'i6 NfLg kfpg]5 .
-$_ k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;+lrt lj/fdL ljbfNf]] gk'u
ePdf d]l8sNf jf]8{sf] l;kmfl/;df k}+tfNfL; lbg
k]ZsL lj/fdL ljbf kfpg] 5 . To;/L k]ZsL lj/fdL
ljbfdf j;]sf] sd{rf/LNf]] k"/f tNfj kfpg]5 .
-%_ c;fwf/0f ljbf NfLO{ j;]sf] cjlwsf] lj/fdL ljbf
lbOg]5}g .
-^_ s'g} 7"Nff]] jf s8f /f]u nflu pkrf/ ug{ pklgod -
$_ cg';f/ lj/fdL ljbf / 3/ ljbfNf]] gk'u eO{ yk
ljbf NfLg' k/]df d]l8sNf jf]8{sf] l;kmfl/;df s'g} klg
ljbf ;+lrt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf kl5 ;+lrt x'g] s'g}
klg ljbfaf6 sL gx'g] u/L k'/f tNfj ;lxtsf]
j9Ldf 5 dlxgf;Ddsf] yk lj/fdL ljbf kfpg]5 .
*=* k|;"lt ljbfM-!_ dlxNff sd{rf/L ue{jtL ePdf lghNf] ;'Ts]/Lsf]
cl3 / kl5 u/L ;f7L lbg k"/f tNfj ;lxtsf] k|;"lt ljbf
;]jf cjlwe/ b'O{ k6s ;Dd kfpg]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Lsf] >LdtL ;'Ts]/L ePdf lghNf] !% lbg
k|;"lt :ofxf/ ljbf kfpg]5 . o:tf] k|;'lt :ofxf/
ljbf tdfd ;]jf cjlwe/df b'O{ k6s;Dd dfq
kfpg]5 .
s;}Nf] hfgfhfgL k|;'lt ljbf jf k|;'lt
:ofxf/ ljbf @ k6s eGbf j9L lNfO{ a;]df To:tf]
ljbfsf] cjlw uoNf u/L lghNffO{ lgod !#=!
adf]lhd ljefuLo ;hfo ;d]t ul/g]5 .
klxnf]] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
55
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
*=( lsl/of ljbfM s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{ s'Nfwd{ cg';f/ cfkm} lsl/of
j:g' k/]df k"/f tNfj / eQf ;lxtsf] kGw| lbg lsl/of ljbf
kfpg]5 . dlxNff sd{rf/Lsf] kltNf] lsl/of j:g' k/]df lghNffO{
TolQg} lbg lsl/of ljbf lbOg]5 .
*=!) c;fwf/0f ljbfM-!_ sd{rf/LnfO{{ c;fwf/0f ljbf cfjZos
k/]df ;f]sf] sf/0f ;lxt lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 / sf/0f dgfl;j
b]lvPdf;ldltNf] Ps k6sdf Ps jif{df gj9fO{ ;]jf
cjlwe/df tLg jif{df gj9fO{ c;fwf/0f ljbf lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ kfFr jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f gu/]sf] s'g} klg
sd{rf/LNf] c;fwf/0f ljbf kfpg] 5}g .
-#_ c;fwf/0f ljbf j;]sf] cjlwdf sd{rf/Lsf] cGo s'g}
k|sf/sf] ljbf kfSg] 5}g / c;fwf/0f ljbf j;]sf]
cjlw ;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf gul/g'sf ;fy} tNfj eQf
klg kfpg] 5}g .
-#s_ :jb]zL jf j}b]lzs s'g} ;+:yfdf Jofj;flos sfd
ug{sf nflu s'g} sd{rf/Ln] c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j:g
kg]{ ePdf pQm sfd ug{ hfg] ;+:yfdf lgj]bg
lbg'k"j{ ;Da4 sd{rf/Ln] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f v'nfO{ cfk"m
sfo{/t sfof{no dfkm{t dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lgj]bg
lbO{ ljefuLo :jLs[t k|fKt ug'{kg]{5 .
-#v_ pk lgod -#s_ adf]lhd ljefuLo :jLs[t k|fKt
u/]sf sd{rf/Lx? dWo] pknJw hgzlQm / sfdsf]
ef/ ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L k|To]s jif{sf nflu ;ldltn]
tf]s]sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dfq sd{rf/Lsf] c;fwf/0f
ljbf l:js[tL ug{] 5 .
bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
56
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-$_ k|flws/0fnfO{ ;d]t pkof]uL / cfjZos x'g] ljifodf
sd{rf/Ln] ljbf lnO{ /fli6o tyf cGt{/fli6o ;+3
;+:yfdf ;]jf ug{ / ;]jf kZrft k'gM k|flws/0fsf]
;]jfdf sfo{/t /xg] saf]nsf;fy lgj]bg lbPdf
To:tf sd{rf/Ln] o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd kfpg]
c;fwf/0f ljbfaf6 sf x'g] u/L ;ldltn] To:tf] ;]jf
ug{ hfg] cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5 .
*=!! b'3{6gf tyf czQm ljbfM k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf
s'g} sd{rf/L b'3{6gfdf k/L 3fOt] jf c e eO{ sfd ug{
;Ifd gePsf] cj:yfdf cf}ifwf]krf/sf] nflu d]l8sNf jf]8{sf]
l;kmfl/zdf a9Ldf Ps ;o c:;L lbg;Ddsf] k"/f tNfj eQf
;lxtsf] b'3{6gf tyf czQm ljbf lbOg]5 . o:tf] ljbf lghsf]
s'g} klg ;l~rt ljbfaf6 sf ul/g]5}g .
*=!@ cWoog ljbf M-!_s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{{ s'g} ljifodf pRr cWoog
jf tfNfLdsf] Nfflu k|fKt 5fqj[lQdf k|flws/0faf6 dgf]gog
ul/Pdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ k"/f tNfj ;lxt k6s k6s u/L
j9Ldf tLg jif{sf] cWoog ljbf lbO{g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd cWoog ljbf :jLs[t ubf{ Ps}
k6s tLg jif{sf] :jLs[t ul/g]5}g . lgh sd{rf/Lsf]
cWoog k|ult ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df yk cWoog ljbf
:jLs[t ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ df pNNf]v ePb]lv afx]s s'g} sd{rf/LNf]
k|flws/0fnfO{ pkof]uL x'g] ljifodf pRr cWoogsf]
nflu cWoog ljbf dfu u/]df To;/L cWoog ug{
rfx]sf] ljifo k|flws/0fnfO{ pkof]uL x'g] b]lvPdf
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
57
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ j9Ldf tLg jif{sf] nflu j]tNfjL
cWoog ljbf lbg ;lsg]5 .
-#s_ k|flws/0fsf] nflu pkof]uL x'g] ljifodf cWoog
ug{sf nflu ;DjlGwt ljZjljBfno tyf lzIf0f
;+:yfdf lgj]bg lbg' k"j{ ;Da4 sd{rf/Ln] ;a}
ljj/0f v'nfO{ lgj]bg lbO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf ljefuLo
:jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 .
-$_ tLg jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f gePsf] / k}tfln; jif{ pd]/
k"/f ePsf s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog ljbf lbOg]
5}g .
*=!# ;f ljbfM-!_;DjlGwt sfof{Nfo k|d'vNf] dxflgb]{zssf]
:jLsl[t lnO{ dftxtsf Operation Shift Duty-ck/]zg
l;k\m6_df j:g] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ljbf / /f]i6/
ljbfsf lbgdf ;d]t cfjZostf cg';f/ sfddf nufpg ;Sg]
5.
-@_ pk lgod -!_ adf]lhd sfd u/] jfktsf] ;f ljbf
;f]xL jif{leq lnO{ ;Sg'kg]{5 . olb ;f ljbf pkef]u
ug{ gkfPdf ;f] jfktsf] kfl/>lds j9Ldf vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] krxQx/ lbg;Ddsf] tnj j/fj/sf] /sd
lbg ;lsg]5 .
t/ bz} ltxf/sf] ;fj{hlgs ljbfdf sfd u/]
jfktsf] kfl/>lds o;df u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
gjf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
58
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-#_
ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf ;+nUg x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] /f]i6/ *=!* k]ZsL ljbf glbOg]M lj/fdL ljbf afx]s cGo s'g} klg ljbf
ljbf, sfo{ ;do, ;fj{hlgs ljbf / cltl/Qm ;dodf k]ZsLsf] ?kdf lbOg] 5}g .
sfd u/]sf] ;'ljwf ;DjGwL Joj:yf ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f *=!( ljbfsf] clen]vM ljbf lbg] clwsf/Ln] cfgf] dftxtdf sfd
u/] jdf]lhd x'g]5 . ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ljbfsf] clen]v /fVg nufpg' kg]{5 .
*=!$ ljbf kl/0ft gx'g] M o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd sd{rf/LNf] h'g ljbf *=@) ljbf clwsf/sf] s'/f xf]OgM-!_ ljbf clwsf/sf] s'/f xf]Og,
lnO{ j;]sf] xf] ;f]xL ljbf g} pkef]u ug'{ kg]{5 . Ps lsl;dsf] ;x'lnot dfq xf] . ljbfsf] lgsfzf lbg] clwsf/Ln] cfgf]
ljbf :jLs[t ePsf]df To:tf] ljbf kl5 lsl/of ljbf jf k|;"tL :jljj]sn] ;]jfsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljbf k"0f{ jf cflz+s
ljbf jfx]s csf]{ lsl;dsf] ljbfdf kl/0ft ul/g] 5}g . ?kdf :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
*=!% ljbf dfu ug]{ ljlwM ljbfsf] lgsf;fsf] lgldQ sd{rf/Ln] -@_ k|;"lt ljbf, lsl/of ljbf, la/fdL labf, b'3{6gf jf
cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ljbfsf] cjlw, sf/0f / ljb]z hfg'kg]{ czQm labf/ cWoog ljbf j;]sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s
ePdf ;f] ;d]t vf]NfL cg';"rL!@ df tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf ljbf :jLs[t eO{ ;s]sf cGo ljbf ;]jfsf] cfjZostf
:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/L ;dIf lgj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{5 . / ljbf lbg] cg';f/ /2 u/L sd{rf/LnfO{{ k|flws/0fdf sfddf
clwsf/Ln] klg ljbf :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ePsf] ;"rgf ;f] lkmtf{ jf]nfpg ;lsg]5 .
sd{rf/LnfO{{ lbg'kg]{5 . k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' cufj} ljbf j:g' kg]{
sf/0f :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ lrQ j'em]df dfq lgj]bgsf]
ldlt eGbf cufl8sf] ljbf :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
*=!^ ljbf lgsf;f lbg] clwsf/LM-!_ c;fwf/0f ljbf / cWoog ljbf
;ldltn] :jLs[tug]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df plNnlvt ljbf jfx]s cGo ljbf
:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/ dxflgb]{zs jf lghn]] tf]s]sf]
clwsf/LnfO{ x'g]5 .

*=!& ;fj{hlgs labfdf ufleg] M sd{rf/Ln] 3/labf, la/fdL labf,

e}kl/ cfpg] / kj{ labf afx]s cGo labf ln+bf labfsf]
cjlwsf] aLrdf ;fj{hlgs labf k/]df pQm ;fj{hlgs labf
klg lghn] lng]lnPsf] ;f]xL labfdf ufleg]5 . ;f] labf
af+sL gePdf lng kfpg] c? labfdfa;]sf] dflgg]5 .

bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt . bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
59 60
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/R5]b (
tnj, eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf
(=! ksfPsf] tnj eQf kfpg] M -!_sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s dlxgf
e'Qmfg ePkl5 tnj eQf kfpg]5 . To;/L ksfPsf] tnj
eQf lgh h'g;'s} Joxf]/faf6 ;]jfdf g/x]df klg kfpg]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Ln] cfgf] kbdf jxfnL u/]sf] lbgb]lv tnj
eQf kfpg]5 .
-#_ lgod !#=! sf] v08 -v_ sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s clGtd
tnjj[l4 gk'u];Dd k|To]s j[l4 kfpg]5 .
(=@ tnj dfgM -!_ sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] tnj :s]n cg';'rL!#
adf]lhd x'g]5 . k|flws/0fdf lgo'lQm kfPsf] / j9'jf x'g]
sd{rf/Ln] lgo'lQm kfPsf] jf j9'jf ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{ k'/f
ul/;s] kl5 tnjdf yk Ps tnj j[l4 -u|]8_ kfpg]5 .
-@_ dflyNnf]] tnjdfgsf] s'g} kbdf j9'jf kfpg]
sd{rf/Ln] pQm tnjdfgdf tf]lsPsf] z'? tnj
kfpg]5 . t/ lghn] xfn kfO/x]sf] tnj pQm
dflyNnf]] tnjdfgsf] Go"gtd tnj j/fj/ jf ;f]
eGbf clwsePdf pQm dflyNnf]] tnjdfgdf lghsf]
tnj tf]Sbf b]xfo adf]lhd u/L tf]lsg]5 .
-s_ lghn] xfn kfO/x]sf] tnj dflyNnf]]
tnjdfgsf] z'? tnj j/fj/ dfq ePdf ;f]
tnjdf Ps tnj j[l4 yk u/L tf]lsg]5 .
-v_ ;fljs kbdf kfO/x]sf] tnj j9'jf ePsf]
kbsf] z'? tnjeGbf j9L ePsf] cj:yfdf
dflyNnf]] kbsf] tnj tf]Sbf xfn kfO/x]sf]
tnjdf gk'u ;Ddsf] tnj j[l4 yk u/L
61
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
dflyNnf]] kbsf] Ps tnj j[l4 ;d]t
lbOg]5 .
-u_ ljz]if a9'jf x'g] sfof{no ;xof]uL tyf
;jf/L rfnsxn] ;fljs tx / :t/df
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnadfgdf g36\g] u/L
;ldltn] gof+ tnjdfg lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
-#_ lgod ^=# sf] pklgod -^_ adf]lhd kb ldnfg
ePsf sd{rf/Ln] of] lgodfjnL k|f/De ePsf] ldlt
b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L ldnfg ePsf] kb adf]lhdsf]
tnjdfg\ kfpg]5g .
-$_ g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f k|wfg sfof{no /
cGtu{tlgsfosfof{nox?df sfo{/t :yfoL
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|flws/0f k|wfg sfof{nosf] k|zf;g
ljefuaf6 tnjL k|ltj]bg kf; gu/fO{ tnj v'jfpg'
x'b}g .
-%_ s;}n] pklgod -$_ jdf]lhd tnjL k|ltj]bg kf;
gu/L tnj v'jfPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To;/L tnj
v'jfpg] kbflwsf/Laf6 To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] kfPsf] tnj
eQf / cGo ;'ljwf jfktsf] /sd c;'n pk/
ul/g]5 .
(=# lgnDjg ePdf kfpg] tnjM-!_ s'g} sd{rf/L k|flws/0fsf]
sfdsf] ;DjGwdf jf k|flws/0faf6 ePsf] sf/jfxLsf]
kmn:j?k lgnDjg ePdf ;f] lgnDjgsf] cjlwe/ lghn]
cfgf] tnjsf] cfwf dfq tnj eQf kfpg]5 . t/ nfu]sf]
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
;ftf}+;+zf]wgf/f yk .
bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
62
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

cf/f]k k|dfl0ft geO{ lghn] ;kmfO{ kfPdf lgnDjg cjlwdf

(=& rf8kj{ vr{M k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Ln] cfk\mgf] wd{ ;+:s[lt,
kfPsf] cfwf tnj -tnj j[l4 x'g] ePdf_ ;f] ;d]t kfpg]5 . k/Dk/f cg';f/ dgfOg] rf8kj{sf] nflu sd{rf/Ln] vfOkfO{
/ lghn] lgodfg';f/ ;+lrt x'g] ljbf ;d]t kfpg]5 . s;"/bf/ cfPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] tnj a/fj/sf] /sd k|To]s cfly{s
7xl/Pdf lgnDjg ePsf] ldlt b]lvsf] jfFsL tnj eQf kfpg] jif{df rf8kj{ vr{sf] ?kdf kfpg]5 .
5}g . (=* pkrf/ vr{ M-!_ sd{rf/LNf] ;]jf cjlwe/df bz, P3f/ /
-@_ s'g} sd{rf/L pklgod -!_ df plNnlvt sf/0f jfx]s afx| txsfNf] !$ dlxgf j/fj/sf], 5, ;ft, cf7 / gf} txsfNf]
cGo s'g} sf/0faf6 lgnDjg /xg uPsf] /x]5 eg] !% dxLgf a/fj/sf], kf+r txsfNf] @! dxLgf a/fj/sf] / cGo
lghn] To;/L lgnDjg /x]sf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf ;xfos :t/sf] sd{rf/L eP @$ dxLgf a/fj/sf] vfO{kfO{
kfpg] 5}g . cfPsf] tNfj /sd;Dd pkrf/ vr{ jfkt kfpg]5 .
(=$ ;]jfdf k'gM sfod ePkl5 k"/f tnj eQf kfpg]M s'g} -@_ s'g} sd{rf/L jf lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:o lj/fdL
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf jvf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o /2 eO{ ePdf pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kfpg] /sddf gj9\g]
lgh ;]jfdf k'gM sfod ePdf ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] jf jvf{:t u/L b]xfo adf]lhd ePsf] pkrf/ vr{ lbOg]5 .
ul/Psf] ldltb]lv k'gM sfod ePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] k"/f tNfj -s_ /f]usf] pkrf/sf] lgldQ :jLs[t lrlsT;sNf]
eQf / tNfj j[l4 kfpg] eP tNfj j[l4 ;d]t lghNf] kfpg]5 . hfFr ubf{ Nffu]sf] z'Ns tyf hfFr u/L
(=% eQfM sd{rf/LNf] cg';"rL!# df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf b]xfosf Nf]lvlbPsf] k|]l:qmKzg cg';f/ cf}iflw lsg]sf]
eQfx? kfpg]5g\ . vr{,
s_ cfjf; eQf -v_ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf egf{ x'Fbf / pkrf/ u/fpFbf
v_ :6]zg eQf nfu]sf]] aLn adf]lhdsf] vr{,
u_ vfhf eQf -u_ c:ktfNf / :jLs[t lrlsT;s klg gePsf]
3_ Nf]vf tyf :6f]/ eQf 7fpFdf ePsf] pkrf/df ljefuLo k|d'v
_ jflif{s kf]zfs eQf jfx]s cGo sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ljefuLo

r_ kl/jxg -6fG;kf]6]{zg_ eQf . k|d'vNf] / ljefuLo k|d'vsf] xsdf
(=^ sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ul/lbg]M :yfoL dxflgb]{zsNf] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] vr{,
sd{rf/Lx?sf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] dfl;s tNfjaf6 bz k|ltztsf
b/n] /sd sf u/L ;f] /sddf k|flws/0fN]f zt\k|ltzt /sd
yk u/L sd{rf/L ;+rosf]ifdf hDdf ug]{5 .

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk . bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
63 64
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
:kli6s/0fM
:jLs[t lrlsT;s eGgfNf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
/x]sf jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
lrlsT;ssf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf 8fS6/,
slj/fh, x]Ny cl;:6]06 jf j}B ;d]tNffO{
hgfpF5 .
-3_ KNffli6s ;h{/L afx]s ;a} lsl;dsf] lr/kmf/
-;lh{sNf ck/]zg_ ubf{ Nffu]sf] lan
adf]lhdsf] vr{,
-_ cfgf] 3/ jf 8]/f 5f8L csf]{ lhNNff jf
ljb]zdf uO{ cf}iflw pkrf/ u/fpbf To:tf]
:yfg;Dd k'Ubfsf] / kms{bfsf] lj/fdLsf] /
s'?jf rflxg] cj:yf eP Pshgf s'?jf
;Ddsf] oftfoft vr{sf] k'/} /sd / vfgf
vr{ jfkt ;DalGwt sd{rf/LNf] lgod
adf]lhd kfpg] b}lgs eQfsf] krxQ/
k|ltzt /sd .
-#_ o; lgod adf]lhd kfpg] pkrf/ vr{ s'g}
sd{rf/LNf] k]ZsLsf] ?kdf lng rfx]df ;f] sf] sf/0f
d'gfl;j b]lvP o; lgodsf] clwgdf /xL kl5 lx;fj
j'emfpg] u/L k]ZsL lbg ;lsg]5 . To;/L k]ZsL
lnPsf]] /sd kl5 lx;fj ubf{ pkrf/ jfkt kfpg]
/sd eGbf a9L x'g cfPdf a9L eP hlt /sd
;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] tNfjaf6 ls:tfjGbLdf sL
ul/g]5 . To;/L sL ug'{kg]{ /sd e'QmfgL gx'Fb}
;DjlGwt sd{rf/L jf lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf]
d[To' ePdf sL ug{ afFsL /x]sf] /sdf ldGxf x'g]5 .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
jfx|f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
65
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-$_ em'f Aoxf]/f k]z u/L o; lgod adf]lhd pkrf/ vr{
dfu ug]{ jf k|fKt ug]{ sd{rf/L Nfufot To:tf] e'mf
Aoxf]/f k|dfl0ft ug{ :jLs[t lrlsT;s -sd{rf/L
ePdf_ pk/ sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg]5 .
-%_ s'g} sd{rf/L c:yfoL ?kdf sfo{/t /xFbf cf}iflw
pkrf/ vr{ lnPsf] /x]5 / lgh k|flws/0fsf] s'g}
:yfoL kbdf lgo'lQm ePsf] eP lghNf] c:yfoL xF'bf
lnPsf] cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ ;d]t lgod (=* sf]
pklgod -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu u0fgf ul/g]5 .
t/ c:yfoL sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6 cNfu x'Fbf eg]
o; lgod adf]lhd pkrf/ vr{ kfpg] 5}g .
-^_ eljiodf k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g]
u/L ;]jfaf6 jvf{:t ul/Psf] cj:yfdf afx]s c?
h'g;'s} Aoxf]/faf6 sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6 cNfu x'Fbf o;
lgod adf]lhd ;]jf cjlw e/df kfpg] pkrf/ vr{
dWo] s]xL lnO{ jf glnO{ pkrf/ vr{ lng AffFFsL /x]sf]
eP To:tf] afFsL /sd Psd'i6 lNfg kfpg]5 .
t/ lgj[lQe/0fjf pkbfgkfpg] u/L
;]jfaf6 cNfu ePsf] sd{rf/LNf] pkrf/ vr{ jfkt
lng afFsL /sddf aL; jif{, kRrL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf
a9L ;]jf cjlw ePsf] sd{rf/LNf] qmdz M bz, kGw| /
aL; k|ltzt yk u/L x'g cfpg] /sd Psd'i6 lng
kfpg]5 .
-&_ bz jif{ ;]jf cjlw gk'u]sf] s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{{ cf}iflw
pkrf/sf] Nfflu vr{ lb+bf o; lgoddf tf]lsPsf]
66
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

/sdNffO{ bz jif{ ;]jf u/] jfkt kfpg] /sd dfgL pkrf/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t d]l8sn af]8{n]
bfdf;flxn] x'g cfpg] /sd dfq lbOg]5 . u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df lgod (=* sf] pklgod-
-*_ o; lgod adf]lhd pkrf/ vr{ dfu ug]{ sd{rf/LNf] !_ adf]lhd kfpg] pkrf/ vr{sf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf]
sfof{Nfodf xflh/ x'g g;Sg] u/L lj/fdL ePsf] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;+rfns ;ldltn] pkrf/ ubf{
cj:yfdf lj/fdL ljbf afFsL eP;Dd lj/fdL ljbf g} nfu]sf] /sdsf] aLn adf]lhdsf] vr{df a9Ldf
dfu ug'{kg]{5 . lj/fdL ljbf afFsL geP dfq cGo kfFrnfv ?k}of+;Dd yk cfly{s ;xfotf /sd
ljbf dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 . pknJw u/fpg ;Sg]5M
-s_ ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] ;ldltsf]
-(_ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{ lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] b'O{
dlxgfsf] tnj j/fj/sf] /sd k"m6s/ pkrf/ vr{ Pshgf ;b:o cWoIf
jfkt lbO{g]5 . -v_ dxflgb]{zs jf dxflgb]{zsn]

-!)_ o; lgod adf]lhd sd{rf/LNf] kfPsf] pkrf/ vr{sf] tf]s]sf] pkdxflgb]{zs ;b:o
cleN]fv vr{ n]Vg] sfof{NfoNf] /fvL To:tf] ljj/0f -u_ lgb]{zs, cy{ ljefu ;b:o
k|flws/0fsf] k|wfg sfof{Nfodf cleNf]v /fVg k7fpg' -3_ lgb]{zs, k|zf;g ljefu ;b:o
kg]{5 . -_ dxflgb]{zsn] tf]s]sf] Pshgf
-!!_ ;fwg ljxLg b'u{d lhNNffdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LNffO{{ lrlsT;s ;b:o
Nffu]sf] /f]u :yfgLo :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 pkrf/ x'g -r_ k|flws/0fsf] cflwsf/Ls sd{rf/L
g;Sg] eO{ lghsf] HofgNffO{ g} hf]lvd x'g] cj:yf o"lgogsf k|ltlglw ;b:o
k/]df dxflgb]{zssf] :jLs[lt lnO{ To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] :ki6Ls/0fM o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
pkrf/sf] Nfflu To; 7fpFaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] s8f /f]u eGgfn] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf]
g]kfNf clw/fHoleqsf] c? s'g} ;'ljwfo'Qm :jf:Yo d]l8sn af]8{n] s8f /f]u egL tf]s]sf]
;+:yfdf l56f] ;fwg4f/f Nf}hfFbf / ToxfFaf6 kmsf{pFbf /f]unfO{ hgfpF5 .
NffUg] vr{ k|flws/0fNf] Aoxf]g]{5 . -@_ pk lgod -!_ adf]lhd yk cfly{s;xfotf kfpgsf]
Nfflu lj/fdL sd{rf/LNf] cfgf] /f]usf] cfkm"Nf]
(=!) ljb]zdf uO{ pkrf/ u/fpg' kbf{ M -!_ s'g} :yfoL hfg];Ddsf] ljj/0f / g]kfNfdf pkrf/ u/fpFbf lgsf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ s8f /f]u nflu :jb]z jf ljb]zdf x'g g;Sg] ;a} cj:yf vf]NfL cfgf] ljefuLo k|d'v

;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
67 68
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd k/]sf] lgj]bg pklgod -!_
adf]lhd ;ldltdf k]z ug{ ;DjlGwt ljefuLo
k|d'vNf] cfgf] l;kmfl/z ;lxt k|wfg sfof{Nfosf]
k|zf;g ljefudf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ lgod -!_ adf]lhd lbOg] cfly{s ;xfotf k]ZsLsf]
?kdf lbOg]5 / pkrf/ u/fO{ kmsL{ cfPkl5
sfof{Nfodf xflh/ ePsf] k}tL; lbg leq lan ekf{O{
/ afFsL /sd ;d]t j'emfO{ km5\of}+6 ug'{kg]{5 . t/
To;/L cfly{s ;xfotf k]ZsL lng]] sd{rf/Lsf] pkrf/
x'Fbfx'Fb} d'To' eP pQm k]ZsL ldgfxf x'g]5 .
(=!! lhjg ;'/If0f /sd M -!_ k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf :yfoL ?kdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgod !)=@ adf]lhd :j]lR5s cjsfz
jf pd]/sf] xbaf6 jf ;]jfcjwLsf] sf/0f cjsfz x'Fbf jf
;]jfdf 5b} d[To' ePdf b]xfosf txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g cfpg] /sd lhjg ;'/If0f jfkt e'QmfgL
ul/g]5 .
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] txM lhjg ;'/If0fjfkt kfpg] /sd
-s_ ! tx b]lv % tx;Dd #) -tL;_ dlxgf j/fj/sf] z'?
tNfjNf] x'gcfpg] /sd .
-v_ ^ txb]lv ( tx;Dd @%-klRr;_ dlxgf j/fj/sf]
z'? tNfjN]f x'g cfpg] /sd .
-u_ !) / !! txdf
@$ -rf}lj;_ dlxgf j/fj/sf] z'?
tNfjNf] x'g cfpg] /sd .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
rf}yf] ;+zf]wg f/f ;+zf]lwt .
afx|f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
afx|f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
69
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-3_ !@ txsf nflu @# -t]O{;_ dlxgf j/fj/sf] z'?
tNfjNf] x'g cfpg] /sd .
-@_ eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L jf
sfg"g adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 s'g} ;'ljwf gkfpg] u/L
x6fOPsf] cj:yfdf pk lgod-!_ adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf
kfpg] 5}g .
-#_ pklgod -@_ sf] cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} sd{rf/L
aLrdf ;]jfaf6 cjsf; ePdf pk lgod -!_
adf]lhdsf] lhjg ;'/If0f/sd lgh sd{rf/Lsf] s"Nf
gf]s/L cjlwe/df kfpg] /sd dfgL pd]/sf lx;fjNf]
lghsf] afFsL /x]sf] ;]jf cjlw s6fO{ bfdf;flxNf] x'g
cfpg] /sd dfq kfpg]5 .
-$_ pklgod -!_ / -#_ df n]lvP adf]lhdsf] Aoj:yf
ldlt @)^#(!$ kl5 k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfaf6
cjsfz jf d[To' ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf dfq
nfu' x'g]5 .
(=!@ dxflgb]{zssf] tNfj eQf Pj+ cGo ;'ljwfM dxflgb]{zssf]
tNfj eQf / cGo ;'ljwf cg';"rL!# df pNNf]v eP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
(=!# cGo ;'ljwfM -!_ ;]jflgj[Q sf]if M ;]jflgj[Q x'g] sd{rf/Lx?N]f
kfpg] ;'ljwfx?sf] Nfflu Ps ;]jflgj[Q sf]if /xg]5 . pQm
sf]ifdf ;ldltaf6 jflif{s ljlgof]lht /sd tyf P]gsf] bkmf -
#@_ adf]lhd k|flws/0fdf kl/0ft sd{rf/Lx?Nf] lgod !$=!
sf] pklgod -$_ adf]lhd g]kfNf ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ug]{ /sd
hDdf x'g]5 . pQm sf]ifaf6 cjsfz k|fKt sd{rf/Lx?Nf] kfpg]
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt
70
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
pkbfg, k]G;g, cf}iflw pkrf/ tyf cGo ;'ljwf jfktsf] /sd
vr{ Nf]lvg]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/L sNof0fsf/L sf]if M -!_ k|flws/0fNf]
sd{rf/Lx?sf] lxtNffO{ Wofgdf /fvL Ps sd{rf/L
!)=! clgjfo{ cjsfz-!_ ;]jfdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/
sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{5 . ;ldltN]f lg0f{o
u/] adf]lhd Psd'i6 /sd tyf cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt
x'g] /sd ;d]t ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf x'g]5 . pQm sf]ifsf]
;+rfNfg / Joj:yfkg ;ldltN]f lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-#_ k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cGo ;'ljwfx? cg';"rL
!# adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?sf]cGoyk ;'ljwfx? ;+rfNfs
;ldltNf] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
71
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/R5]b !)
cjsfz, pkbfg tyf lgj[lQe/0f
cG7fpGg jif{ k"/f ePkl5 ;]jf af6 cjsfz lbO{g]5 .
-@_ o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/
;]jfdf k|j]z ubf{ lghn] k]z u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yfsf]
k|df0fkqdf lsl6Psf] hGdlbg jf jif{af6 x'g cfPsf]
pd]/ jf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf lsl6Psf] hGdlbg
jf jif{af6 x'g cfPsf] pd]/ jf lghn] e/]sf] j}olQms
gf]s/L ljj/0f -l;6/f]n_ df n]vL lbPsf] hGd ldlt
jf jif{af6 x'g cfPsf] pd]/dWo] h'g pd]/af6 lgh
klxn] cjsfz x'G5 ;f]xL cfwf/df u0fgf ul/g] 5 .
-#_ jif{ jf ;+jt\ dfq pNn]v ePsf] k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df
hGd ldlt sfod ubf{ b]xfo jdf]lhd sfod ul/g]5M
-s_ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] xsdf k|df0fkq
k|fKt u/]sf] ldltsf] cfwf/df,
-v_ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkqsf] xsdf
k|df0fkq hf/L ePsf] ldltsf] cfwf/df,
-u_ l;6/f]nsf] xsdf z'? egf{ ePsf] ldltsf]
cfwf/df .
-$_ s'g} k|df0fkqdf jif{ dfq pNn]v ePsf] / csf]{
k|df0fkqdf k"/f hGd ldlt v'n]sf] /x]5 tyf To:tf]
k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGd ldltx?sf] jLrdf Ps
jif{;Ddsf] cGt/ b]lvPdf k"/f v'n]sf] hGd ldltnfO{
cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{5 .
72
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
t/ o;/L 5'f 5'} k|df0fkqf pNn]v ePsf]
hGd ldltsf] cGt/ Ps jif{ eGbf j9L ePdf jif{
dfq pNn]v ePsf] k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df pklgod -#_
jdf]lhd hGd ldlt sfod ul/g]5 .
!)=@ :j]lR5s cjsfz M-!_ ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|s[of
adf]lhd aL; aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln]
:j]R5fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng rfx]df clws[t txsf]
sd{rf/Ln] dxflgb]{zs dfk{mt ;ldlt ;dIf / ;xfos
sd{rf/Ln] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf ;f] s'/fsf] lnlvt hfgsf/L lbg
;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd :j]R5fNf]] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng
s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf clws[t txsf]
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;ldltNf] / ;xfos txsf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf dxflgb]{zsNf]] k|flws/0fdf ljBdfg
hgzlQmsf] l:ylt ;d]tNffO{ ljrf/ u/L cg'dlt lbg
;Sg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd cjsfz x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{{ lbOg]
yk ;'ljwf ;ldltNf] ;do ;dodf lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ o; lgoddf h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf]] ePtf klg jL;
jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k'/fu/]sf / %) jif{ pd]/
k'u]sf k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ yk ;'ljwf
;lxtsf] :j]lR5s cjsfz lbg] ;DjGwdf cfjZos
gLlt Pj+ k|lqmof lgwf{/0f, ;"rgf k|sfzg / To:tf]
kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
73
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
sd{rf/LNf] kfpg] ;'ljwf cflbsf] Aoj:yf ;ldltNf]]
lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ ;Djt @)$( ;fn sflt{s @! ut] eGbf cl3 b]lv
;]jfdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/Ln] #) jif{ ;]jf cjlw
k"/f ul/;s]sf] eP :jR5fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng
;Sg]5 . o;/L :j]R5fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng]
sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/ ^) jif{ k"/f x'g hlt cjlw afFsL 5
;f] cjlw yk u/L lghsf] hDdf ;]jf cjlw sfod
ul/g]5 . lgh sd{rf/Ln] tnj j[l4 -u|]8_ kfpg jfFls
/x]sf] eP hlt ;]jf cjlw yk ul/Psf] xf] ;f]
cjlwdf lghn] lgodfg';f/ kfpg] tnj j[l4 -u|]8_
;d]t yk u/L lghn] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf] u0fgf ul/g]5 .
!)=# /fhLgfdff/f cjsfz M -!_ ==========s'g} sd{rf/LNf] ;]jfaf6
cjsfz lng rfx]df clws[t txsf] eP dxflgb]{zs dfkm{t
;ldlt ;dIf / ;xfos txsf] eP dxflgb]{zs ;dIf
/fhLgfdf lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd cjsfz lng rfxg] s'g}
sd{rf/Lsf] /fhLgfdf k|fKt x'g cfPdf /fhLgfdf
:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/Nf]] k|flws/0fdf ljBdfg
hgzlQmsf] l:yltNffO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L /fhLgfdf
:jLs[t ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 /
To;/L /fhLgfdf :jLs[t u/]sf] hfgsf/L sd{rf/L
k|zf;g ljefuNf] ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LNffO{ lbg]5 .
!)=$ /fhLgfdf :jLs[t gx'g] cj:yf Mlgod !)=@ / !)=# adf]lhd
s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{{ :j]lR5s cjsfz lng cg'dlt lbg' cl3 jf
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f x6fOPsf] .
74
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
/fhLgfdf :jLs[t ug'{ cl3 To:tf] sd{rf/LNf]] k|flws/0fsf]
tkm{af6 tfNfLd tyf cWoogdf uP guPsf] / uPsf]df ;f]
;DjGwdf s'g} sj"lnot u/] gu/]sf] / ;f] sj'lnot
adf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/] gu/]sf] ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{
kg]{5 . cWoog jf tfNfLddf hfFbf u/]sf] sj"NlLot adf]lhd
k|flws/0fsf] ;]jf u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] To:tf] sd{rf/LNffO{
:j]lR5s cjsfz lNfg] cg'dlt lbg / /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ug'{
x'Fb}g . :jLs[t u/]df :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/Laf6 tfNfLd tyf
cWoogdf Nffu]sf] vr{ ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"Nf pk/
ul/g]5 .
!)=$sc;dy{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf ljz]if Joj:yfMk|flws/0fsf] s'g}
sd{rf/L zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s /f]usf] sf/0faf6 lgoldt
?kdf ;]jf ug{ c;dy{ 5 egL g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf]
d]l8sn af]8{af6 k|dfl0ft eO{ cfPdf k|flws/0fn] lghnfO{
lghsf] ;]jf cjlwdf al9df ;ft jif{ ;]jf cjlw yk u/L
cjsfz lbg ;Sg]5 .
!)=% pkbfg -!_ lgod !#=! adf]lhd eljiodf ;]jfsf] Nfflu
cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L avf{:t x'g] u/L ;hfosf] cfb]z kfPsf]df
afx]s k|flws/0fdf ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/L h'g;'s} lsl;daf6
;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKTf u/]sf] ePtfklg b]xfosf] b/Nf] pkbfg
lbOg]5 .
-s_ kfFr jif{b]lv dfly bz jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf]
sd{rf/LNffO{ lghNf] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
75
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
lghNf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] cflv/L Ps dlxgfsf] tNfj
j/fj/sf] /sd,
-v_ bz jif{ eGbf j9L kGw| jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf]
sd{rf/LNffO{{ lghNf] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ
lghNf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] cflv/L 8]9 dlxgfsf] tNfj
j/fj/sf] /sd,
-u_ kGw| jif{ eGbf a9L aL; jif{ eGbf sd cjlw ;]jf
u/.]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ lghNf] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf]
lgldQ lghNf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] cflv/L b'O{ dlxgfsf]
tNfj j/fj/sf] /sd,
-3_ aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf j9L ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/LNffO{{
lghn] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ lghNf]
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] cflv/Lc9fO{ dlxgfsf] tNfj
j/fj/sf] /sd .
-_ klRr; jif{ eGbf j9L ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf
sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ
lghn] vfOkfO cfPsf] cflv/L tLg dlxgfsf] tnj
j/fj/sf] /sd .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtfklg
k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf jxfNf /xg] p2]ZoNf] gful/stf jf
pd]/ jf of]Uotf 9fF6]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf To:tf]
sd{rf/LNffO{ pkbfg lbOg] 5}g .
!)=^ lgj[lQe/0fM -!_ P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd g]kfNf ;/sf/sf]
;]jfaf6 :j]R5fNf] k|flws/0f ;]jfdf kl/0ft x'g] sd{rf/Lx?Nf]
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
jfx|f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
76
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
jL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf j9L ;do;Dd ;]jf u/]df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] lx;fjNf] dfl;s lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]5 M
hDdf ;]jf jif{ cflv/L tNfjsf] /sd
%)
t/,
-s_ eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L
gf]s/Laf6 jvf{:t ul/Psf] sd{rf/LNf] o; lgod
adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g .
-v_ ;]jf kfpg] jf ;f] ;]jfdf jxfNf /xg] p2]ZoN]f
gful/stf jf pd]/ jf of]Uotf 9fF6]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g
cfPdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ lgj[lQe/0f lbOg] 5}g .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtf
klg lgj[lQe/0fsf] Go"gtd /sd ;dfg
kbsf] jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/Lsf] tNfjsf] cfwf
eGbf sd / clwstd ;dfg kbsf]
jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/Lsf] tNfjsf] z'? :s]Nf
eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
-#_ jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/Lsf] tNfjsf] j[l4 x'Fbf
tNfjsf] z'? c+ssf] hlt j[l4 ePsf] 5 ;f]
sf] b'O{ ltxfO{Nf] ;dfg kbsf lgj[Q
sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgj[lQe/0f /sddf klg yk
ul/g]5 .
-$_ ljqmd ;+jt\ @)$( ;fNf sflQs @! ut]
cl3 b]lv g]kfNf ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf
lgo'Qm e} k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft ePsf
sd{rf/Lx?Nf] %* jif{ k"/f u/L lgod !)=!
adf]lhd cjsfz k|fKt u/]df
To:tf]sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf lghsf] pd]/df
77
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
^) jif{ k"/f x'g hlt cjlw afFsL 5 ;f]
cjlw ykL hDdf ;]jf cjlw sfod ul/g]5 .
o;/L yk ul/Psf] ;]jf cjlwdf lgh
sd{rf/Ln] tnj j[l4 -u|]8_ kfpg jfFlseP
yk ul/Psf] ;]jf cjlwsf] ;d]t tnj j[l4 -
u|]8_ yk u/L lgod (=* / o; lgod
jdf]lhd kfpg] ;'ljwfsf] u0fgf ul/g]5.
-%_ o; lgodfjNfLdf h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]]
ePtfklg of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De ePkl5 gofF
lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/LN]f o; lgodfjNfL
adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g . To:tf
sd{rf/LNf] lgod !)=% adf]lhd pkbfg dfq
kfpg]5 .
-^_ lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{
lghn] kfpg] Ps dlxgfsf] tna a/fa/sf]
/sd rf8kj{ vr{sf] ?kdf lbOg]5 .
-&_ P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf
kl/0ft e} g]kfNf ;/sf/sf] ;]jf ;d]t u0fgf
ubf{ kGw| jif{ cjlw k'u]sf] s'g} sd{rf/Lsf]
d[To' ePdf lghsf] ;]jf cjlwdf jl9df kfFr
jif{ yk u/L lghsf] kl/jf/NffO{ lgj[lQe/0f
jf pkbfg h'g lNfg rfxG5 ;f] /f]h]/ lng
lbOg]5 . of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De x'g' k"j{ P]gsf]
bkmf #@ adf]lhd k|flws/0fdf kl/0ft e}
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
78
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
;]jf/t /xFbf s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePsf]
/x]5 eg] lghsf] kl/jf/Nf]] lgj[lQe/0f jf
pkbfg glnPsf] eP To:tf] kl/jf/ ;d]tNf]
o:tf] ;'ljwf kfpg]5 .
!)=^s pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f dWo] s'g} Ps /f]Hg ;Sg]M P]gsf] bkmf
#@ adf]lhd k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft eO{ lj;aif{ :yfoL
;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf sd{rf/Lxn] lgod !)=% adf]lhdsf]
pkbfg jf !)=^ adf]lhdsf] lgj[lQe/0f dWo] s'g} Ps ;'ljwf
/f]Hg kfpg] 5g\ .
!)=& kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f / pkbfgM -!_ s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfdf
5Fb} jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfNf]sf] & jif{ gk'Ub} d[To' ePdf
lghsf] kl/jf/NffO{ jf lghsf] gfjfNfs efO{ jf cljjflxtf
lbbL, jlxgLNffO{ lgod !)=% jf !)=^ df Nf]lvP adf]lhd
pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt x'g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePklg
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] AolQm gfjfNfs /x]5 eg] lgh
jflNfu geP;Dd To:tf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]5 .
-#_ sd{rf/Lsf] ljb'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgLNf] lghsf] klt
jf kTgL ;]jfdf 5Fb} jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfNf]sf]
;ft jif{ gk'Ub} d[To' eO{ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd
kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] ePdf ;f] lgj[lQe/0f
kfpg] cjlw e'Qmfg ePsf] ldltb]lv / To:tf]
lgj[lQe/0f gkfpg] ePdf jf lghsf] klt jf kTgLNf]]
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfNf]sf] & jif{ Joltt eO{ d[To'
ePdf lgh sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePsf] ldltb]lv hLjge/
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
79
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
lghNf] kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f /sdsf] cfwf /sd kfpg]
5.
t/ ljwjf kTgL jf ljw'/ kltn] csf]{ ljjfx
u/]df o:tf] lgj[lQe/0f ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g .
-$_ jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/Lsf] tNfj j[l4 x'Fbf tNfjsf] z'?
c+sdf hlt j[l4 ePsf] 5, To;sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ /sd
pklgo !,@ / # cg';f/ kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f
kfO/x]sf JolQmNf] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] lgj[lQe/0f /sddf
klg yk ul/g]5 .
-%_ s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] o; lgod adf]lhd kfpg] s'g} /sd
lng gkfpFb} d[To' ePdf ;f] /sd lghsf] kl/jf/sf]
;b:ox?dWo] o; lgod adf]lhd lghsf] lgj[lQe/0f
jf pkbfg kfpg] 7xl/Psf] JolQmNf] lng kfpg]5 .
-^_ lgj[lQe/0f jf pkbfg lb+bf d[t sd{rf/LNf] cfgf]
kl/jf/sf] ;b:o dWo]df jf cfgf] gfjfNfs efO{ jf
cljjflxtf lbbL jlxgL s;}NffO{ OR5fPsf] /x]5 eg]
;f] JolQmNffO{ / s'g} sf/0fN]f ;f] JolQmN]f kfpg g;Sg]
cj:yf ePdf jf s;}NfO{ gOR5\ofOPsf] ePdf ;f]
sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:odWo] ;ldltNf]] plrt
7x/fPsf] AolQmNffO{ lbOg]5 .
-&_ k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf b'3{6gfdf k/L To:tf]
b'3{6gfaf6 s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] c+u e+u eO{ sfd ug{
g;Sg] ePdf jf d[To' ePdf lgh jf lghsf] ;uf]Nfsf
ljwjf kTgL jf ljw'/ klt jf gfjfNfs ;GttL jf
;uf]Nfsf cfdf jfj'Nf] o; lgodfjNfLsf cGo
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
80
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

lgodfg';f/ kfpg] ;'ljwfsf cltl/Qm Psd'i7 hDdf pkbfg jf lgod !)=& adf]lhd kfpg]
?= %),))). -krf; xhf/_ hLjga[lQ / lgj[lQe/0fsf]/sd lghn] bfjL ug{ cfPsf] ldltb]lv
;Gtltj[lQsf] ?kdf kfpg]5g\ . lghNffO{ g} lbOg]5 .
t/, pklgod -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd e'QmfgL
*_ s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] d[To" eO{ lghsf] xsjfNff k]G;g k6[f
jf pkbfg lNfgsf] Nfflu Ps lhNNffaf6 csf]{ lhNNffdf lbO;s]sf] pkbfg lgj[lQe/0f jf kfl/jfl/s
hfg' k/]df klxNf]] Ps k6ssf] Nfflu lgh d[ts lgj[lQe/0f /sddf kl5 km]Nff k/]sf] AolQmNf]] bfjL ug{
sd{rf/LNf] ;]jfdf 5+bf vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] kfpg]5}g .
tNfj j/fj/sf] cltl/Qm /sd lghsf] xsjfNffnfO{ !)=( kbfjlw ;DjGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M -!_ afx|f}+ txsf] kbdf 5 jif{
af6f] vr{ jfkt lbOg]5 . ;]jf ul/;s]sf k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/LNfffO{ k|flws/0fsf]
o; pklgodsf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu sf7df8f}+ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbO{g]5 .
pkTosfNffO{ Pp6} lhNNff dflgg]5 . -@_ pklgod -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu ;]jf u/]sf] cjlw
!)=* j]kQf ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgj[lQe/0f / pkbfg M-!_ ;]jfdf/xL u0fgf ubf{ of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De eP kl5 lgh
sfd u/]sf] s'g} sd{rf/L x/fO{ j]kQf eO{ % jif{ d/] afFr]sf] sd{rf/L pQm kbdf kb:yfkgf ePsf] ldltNffO{
kQf gNffu]df To:tf] sd{rf/LNffO{{ o; lgodsf] !)=^ jf !)=& cfwf/ dflgg]5 .
adf]lhd pkbfg / lgj[lQe/0fsf] /sd lghsf] kl/jf/NffO{
lbOg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtf klg
bkmf !)=& adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0flNfg kfpg] JolQm
lgj[lQe/0f lng gkfpFb} j]kQf ePdf ;ft jif{;Dd /
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfNf]kl5 j]kQf ePdf ;ft jif{ k'Ug
afFsL cjlw;Dd lghsf] kl/jf/NffO{ lgj[lQe/0fsf] k'/}
/sd / ;f] cjlw kl5 klt jf kTgLnfO{ cfhLjg
lgj[lQe/0fsf] cfwf /sd kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f
lbOg]5 .
-#_ j]kQf ePsf] sd{rf/L kl5 km]Nff k/]df lgod !)=^
adf]lhdsf] pkbfg e'QmfgL lbO g;s]sf] eP ;f]

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
81 82
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/R5]b!!
cfr/0f
!!=! cg'zf;g / cf1fkfNfg M -!_ sd{rf/LNf]] cg'zf;gdf /xL
cfgf] ;]jf / kb cg';f/sf] st{Ao O{dfGbf/L / tTk/tfsf];fy
kfNfg ug'{kb{5 .
-@_ sd{rf/LNf] k|flws/0fsf] sfd ;DjGwL s'/fdf
cfkm"eGbf dflysf] clws[tNf] lbPsf cf1fNffO{
zL3|tfsf;fy k'/f ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_ sd{rf/LNf]] cfkm'eGbf dflysf ;a} kbflwsf/Lx? k|lt
plrt cfb/ b]vfpg' kg]{5 / cfkm" d'lgsf sd{rf/Lx?
k|lt plrt Aojxf/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!=@ sfof{Nfo ;do, ;do kfNfg / lgoldt xflh/LM -!_sd{rf/LNf]]
lgwf{l/t sfof{Nfo ;dodf lgoldt ?kdf sfof{Nfodf pkl:yt
eO{ xflh/ hgfpg v8f ul/Psf] xflh/L lstfjdf xflh/L
hgfO{ cfkm'NffO{ ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ sd{rf/LNf]] sfof{Nfodf pkl:yt eO{ xflh/L
hgfO;s]kl5 cfkm' eGbf dflysf] clws[tsf] cg'dlt
glNfO{ sfof{Nfo ;dodf cfkm"NffO{ tf]lsPsf] :yfg
5f]8L cGoq st} hfg x'Fb}g .
!!=# cfgf] ;]jf / kb cg';f/sf] cfr/0f kfNfgf ug'{kg]{ M k|To]s
sd{rf/LNf]] cfgf] ;]jf / kb cg's"Nfsf] cfr/0f kfNfg ug'{
kg]{5 .
!!=$ k|ltlglwTj ug{df k|ltjGwMsd{rf/LNf] cfkm"NffO{ dsf{ k/]sf]
ljifodf cfkm}Nf]] jf jf/];4f/f ;DjlGwt lgsfo jf clwsf/L
;dIf lgj]bg lbg afx]s c? AolQm jf ;d'xsf] tkm{af6
k|ltlglwTj ug{' x'Fb}g .
83
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
!!=% sd{rf/L 6]8 o'lgog / k]zfut, Joj;foLs tyf ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf]
;b:otfM -!_ sd{rf/Ln] k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL 6]8 o'lgog
u7g ug{ / cGo k]zfut, Joj;foLs tyf ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf]
;b:otf lng ;Sg]5g\ .
t/ clws[t P3f/f}+ tx / ;f] eGbf dflysf sd{rf/Lx 6]8
o'lgogsf] ;b:o x'g ;Sg] 5}gg\ eg] sfof{no k|d'v eO{ sfd ug'{
kg]{ clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/L 6]8 o'lgogsf] ;s[o ;b:o x'g ;Sg]
5}gg\ .
-@_ sd{rf/Lsf] 6]8 o'lgogsf ;b:oxn] 5gf}6 u/]sf
kbflwsf/Lx /x]sf] sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8
o'lgogsf] u7g x'g]5 .
-#_ sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8 o'lgogn] k|flws/0fsf]
;Fu7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df cfgf] k]zfut dfux
;DalGwt lgsfodf k|:t't u/L ;fdflhs ;Djfb / ;fd"lxs
;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
-$_ sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8 o'lgogsf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ sd{rf/Lsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Da4{g u/L
;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L / ultzLn agfpg
k|flws/0fnfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj / ;xof]u k|bfg
ug]{,
-v_ v08 -s_ sf] k|of]hgsf]nflu e]nf, tfnLd,
k|lzIf0f, uf]i7L, nufotsf /rgfTds Pj+
l;h{gfTds sfo{x ;~rfng ug]{,
kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
84
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-u_ sd{rf/L 6]8 o'lgogsf] dxf;+3 u7g ug]{, To;sf]
;b:o aGg], cGt/f{li6o ;+3 jf dxf;+3sf] ;b:o
aGg], / cfgf] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{
clwsf/ x'g]5 .
-%_ sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnL agfpFbf k|flws/0fn] sd{rf/Lxsf]
cflwsf/Ls 6]8 o'lgogsf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lng]5 .
-^_ sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8 o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/Lxaf6
cfgf] sfo{If]q cg's"n :yfgdf ;?jfsf] dfu ePdf
k|flws/0fn] ;f] cg'?ksf] ;?jf x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
-&_ sd{rf/Lxsf] 6]8 o'lgog / sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8
o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/L / ;b:oxnfO{ 6]8 o'lgog ;DaGwL
:jb]zL tyf a}b]lzs ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L, clwj]zg, ;Fu7g
;DaGwL sfo{ cflb sfo{qmddf efu lngsf]nflu
k|flws/0fnfO{ cfly{s bfloTj gkg]{ u/L Psjif{df a9Ldf
tL; lbg;Ddsf] sfhsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
!!=^ cjfl~5t ;Dks{ sfod ug{ gx'g] M k|flws/0fsf] lxt ljkl/t
cGo s'g} ;+:yf jf To:tf] ;+:yf;Fu ;DjlGwt JolQmx?;Fu
cjflG5t ;Dks{ sfod u/L cfgf] cf]xf]bfsf] dof{bf ljkl/t
u}/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ sfo{ ug{' x'Fb}g .
!!=& /fhg}lts jf cjf~5gLo k|efj kfg{ gx'g] M s'g} klg
sd{rf/LNf] cfgf] ;]jf ;DjGwL s'/fdf dtNfj ;fWo ug]{
dg;foNf] cGo sd{rf/L dfly s'g} /fhg}lts jf cjfG5gLo
k|efj kfg{ jf k|efj kfg]{ k|oTg ug'{ x'Fb}g .
!!=* ;/sf/ tyf k|flws/0fsf] cfNff]]rgf ug{ gx'g] M -!_k|flws/0fsf]
st{Jo kfNfgfsf] ;Gbe{df afx]s k|flws/0fsf] gLlt ljkl/t x'g]
u/L jf g]kfNf ;/sf/ / hgtfsf] kf/:kl/s ;DjGwdf jf s'g}
ljb]zL /fi6;Fusf] ;DjGwdf vNfNf kg{ ;Sg] u/L s'g} klg
sd{rf/LNf]] cfgf] sfNklgs jf jf:tljs gfdaf6 jf j]gfdL
85
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
s'g} Nf]v k|sflzt ug{, k|];NffO{ s'g} vj/ lbg, ljB'tLo ;+rf/
dfWodaf6 efif0f k|;fl/t ug{, s'g} ;fj{hlgs efif0f lbg jf
s'g} jQmJo k|sflzt ug{' x'Fb}g .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePtfklg
k|rNfLt sfg"g / k|flws/0fsf] gLltsf] ljkl/t gx'g]
;flxlTos, j}1flgs Joj;flos sNffTds sfo{ ug]{,
Nf]]v k|sfzg ug{ jf k|;f/0f ug{ o; lgodfjNfLdf
Nf]lvPsf] s'g} klg s'/fNf]] jfwf k'ofPsf] dflgg]5}g .
!!=( v6fO{Psf] sfof{Nfo jf :yfgdf hfg'kg]{M sd{rf/LNf]]
k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/LNf]]
v6fPsf] k|flws/0fsf] sfof{Nfo jf :yfgdf uO{ cfkm"NffO{
tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] kfNfgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!=!) k|flws/0fsf] clxt x'g] sfo{ ug{ gx'g]M Nffk/jfxL jf u}/
lhDd]jf/L t/LsfNf]] hfgfhfg q'6Lk"0f{ 9+uaf6 k|flws/0fNffO{
clxt x'g] u/L s'g} sfo{ ug'{ x'Fb}g .
!!=!! k|flws/0fNffO{ xfgL gf]SzfgL kfg{ gx'g]M sd{rf/L]n] k|flws/0fsf]
sfdsf/jfxL ;~rfNg ubf{ hfgfhfg Nffk/jfxL jf q'6Lk"0f{
9+uNf]] k|flws/0fNffO{ s'g} k|sf/af6 xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug] u/L
sfd ug{ x'Fb}g .
!!=!@ sDkgLsf] :yfkgf, ;+rfNfg, Aofkf/ Aoj;fo tyf k|fO{e]6
k|fS6L; ug{ gx'g] M
-!_ sd{rf/LNf] lNflvt :jLs[lt glNfO{ b]xfosf] sfd ug'{
x'Fb}g .
-s_ s'g} a}+s jf sDkgLsf] :yfkgf, /lhi6]zg jf
;+rfNfgsf] sfddf efu NfLg,
-v_ k|rNfLt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ u/fpg' kg]{ s'g}
Jofkf/ jf Aoj;fo ug{,
-u_ cGoq s'g} k|sf/sf] gf]s/L :jLsf/ ug{ .
86
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePtfklg
;ldltNf] tf]s]sf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|flws/0fsf]
:jLs[lt NfLO{ Aoj;flos sfo{ ug{ kfO{g]5 .
!!=!# ;]jf ;DjGwL ;dfrf/ k|sfz ug{df k|ltjGwM-!_ s'g}klg
sd{rf/Ln]] clVtof/jfNffsf] :jLs[lt glNfO{ cfkm"Nf] k|flws/0fsf]
;]jfdf /xL st{Jo kfNfgfsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf]
s'g} uf]Ko jf sfg"g4f/f lgif]lwt ljifo cfkm"Nf] Nf]v]sf] jf
;+sNfg u/]sf] s'g} sfuhkq jf ;dfrf/ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf
?kaf6 c? cgflws[t sd{rf/L jf JolQm jf k|];NffO{ lbg' jf
jtfpg' x'Fb}g . of] k|ltjGw h'g;'s} sf/0faf6 ;]jfdf g/x]sf]
JolQmsf] xsdf ;d]t Nffu" /xg]5
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtf klg
sd{rf/LNf] cfgf] kbLo sfdsf] ;DjGwdf s;}Nf]
NfufPsf] e'm7\7f cf/f]ksf] ;kmfO{ lbgsf] lgldQ
clVtof/jfNffsf] :jLs[lt lNfO{ k|]; jf cbfNftsf]
;xf/f NfLg o; lgodfjNfLdf Nf]lvPsf] s'g}klg s'/fNf]]
jfwf k'ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
!!=!$ k|bz{g / x8\tfNf ug{ k|ltjGw M sd{rf/LNf] g]kfNf clw/fHosf]
;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfdf cfFr cfpg] u/L, b]zsf] zflGt
;'/Iff, j}b]lzs ;DjGw / ;fj{hlgs dof{bf tyf cbfNftsf]
lg0f{osf] cjx]Nfgf x'g] u/L ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, ju{, If]q
/ ;Dk|bfosf dflg;x? aLr j}dg:o pTkGg u/fpg] jf
;fDk|bflos b'ef{jgf km}Nffpg] u/L jf s'g} ck/fwNffO{ k|>o
x'g] u/L jf k|flws/0fsf] b}lgs sfd ;~rfNfg ug{ jfwf k'Ug]
u/L k|bz{g ug{, x8\tfNfdf efu NfLg jf ;f] sfo{ ug]{ p2]ZoN]f
c?NffO{ pS;fpg ;d]t x'Fb}g .
!!=!% x8\tfNf, y'g5]s tyf 3]/fp ug{df k|ltjGw M sd{rf/LNf]]
k|flws/0fsf] s'g} klg sd{rf/LNffO{ sfg"g4f/f lgwf{l/t st{Jo
87
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
k"/f ug{df jfwf lj/f]w x'g] u/L x8\tfNf jf sNfd jGb tyf
zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s pTkL8g x'g] u/L bjfj lbg jf ;f] ug]{
p2]ZoNf]] c?NffO{ pS;fpg ;d]t x'Fb}g .
!!=!^ bfg, pkxf/, rGbf :jLsf/ ug{ jf ;fk6L, cfly{s Nf]]gb]g ug{
gx'g] M sd{rf/LNf]] cfkm}Nf] jf cfgf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:on]
k|flws/0fsf] sfd;Fu ;DjlGwt AolQmx?;Fu sfd sf/jfxLdf
c;/ kg]{ u/L s;};Fu bfg, pkxf/, rGbf :jLsf/ ug{ jf
;fk6L jf cfly{s Nf]]gb]g ug{ jf s'g} k|sf/sf] cfly{s
k|Nff]]egdf kg{, sld;g jf u}/ sfg"gL ?kdf /sd NfLg jf
e|i6frf/ ug{ x'Fb}g .
!!=!& /fhgLltdf efu NfLg gx'g] M sd{rf/LNf]] /fhgLltdf efu NfLg,
s'g} /fhg}lts bNf jf ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ /
/fhg}lts kbsf] Nfflu x'g] lgjf{rgdf pDd]b\jf/ x'g / To:tf]
lgjf{rgdf s'g} pDd]b\jf/, /fhg}lts bNf jf ;+u7gsf] tkm{af6
k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ jQmAo jf efif0f lbg / dt dfUg x'Fb}g .
t/ s;}NffO{ dt lbPsf] jf lbg] ljrf/ u/]sf] s'/f
k|s6 gu/L k|rlNft sfg"g adf]lhd cfkm"Nf]] kfPsf] dtbfgsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ o; lgodfjNfLNf] s'g} jfwf k'ofPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
!!=!* ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ M sd{rf/LNf] cfgf] / cfgf]
kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] rNf tyf crNf ;DklQsf] ljj/0f
cg';"rL !$ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf tof/ u/L sd{rf/L k|zf;g
ljefudf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!=!(M r]tfjgL lbg ;Sg]M s'g} sd{rf/Ln] ;do kfng gu/]df
k|flws/0fsf] sfd ;DjlGw s'/fdf cfk"m eGbf dflysf]
sd{rf/Ln] lbPsf] cf1f kfng gu/]df jf sfof{no ;DjGwL
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
88
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
sfddf nfk/jfxL jf l9nf;':tL u/]df To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{
;DjlGwt ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfof{no k|d'vn] sf/0f vf]nL
r]tfjgL lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] sf] clen]v ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Lsf]
JolQmut ljj/0f kmfOndf /fVg' kg]{5 .
89
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/R5]b !@
;]jfsf] ;'/Iff / k'/:sf/
!@=! sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/IffMg}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}Hfbf/L
cleof]udf cbfNftaf6 s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf] cj:yfdf jfx]s
sd{rf/LNffO{{ ;kmfO{sf] ;j"b lbg] dgfl;j dflkmssf] df}sf
glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fO{g] jf jvf{:t ul/g]5}g .
!@=@ sd{rf/Lsf] jrfpM s'g}klg sd{rf/LN]f cfgf] cf]xbfsf] st{Ao
kfNfg ;DemL u/]sf] s'g} sfdsf] ;DaGwdf lgh pk/ bfo/
ePsf] d'2fsf] k|lt/Iff k|flws/0fNf]] ug]{5 .
!@=# ;]jf zt{sf] ;'/IffM s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] lgo'lQm x'Fbf tTsfn
nfu" /x]sf] tnj, pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f / cGo ;'ljwf ;DjGwL ;]jfsf
zt{x df lghsf] :jLs[tL j]u/ lghnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L
kl/jt{g ul/g] 5}g . kl5 x'g] ;+zf]wgn] To:tf] ;+zf]wg x'g' cufj}
jxfn /x]sf] s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] pko'Qm ;]jfsf zt{xdf s'g} k|sf/n]
k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePdf To:tf] ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf jdf]lhd ug{ dGh'/
u/]sf] lnlvt :jLs[lt ge} To:tf] Joj:yf lghsf] xsdf nfu" x'g]
5}g .
!@=$ k|f]T;fxL k'/:sf/M -!_ k|flws/0fsf] k|ultsf] nflu cfgf] nugzLntf
/ ;Lksf] k|of]u u/L pTs[i6 Pj+ cg's/0fLo sfo{ ug]{
sd{rf/LxnfO{ k|flws/0fn] b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] k'/:sf/ f/f k'/:s[t
ug]{5M
-s_ ;]jfdf /xL ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 / cg's/0fLo sfo{ ug]{
Pshgf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{ Psnfv ?k}of
;Ddsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 k|flws/0f ;]jf k'/:sf/,
kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
90
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-v_ ;]jfdf /xL pTs[i6 / cg's/0fLo sfo{ ug]{ kfFrhgf kl/R5]b !#

;Dd sd{rf/LxnfO{ k|To]s jif{ jL; xhf/ ?k}of ;hfo / k'g/fj]bg
gubsf] pTs[i6 k|flws/0f ;]jf k'/:sf/, !#=!= ;hfoM plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePdf sd{rf/LNffO{{ b]xfo
-u_ ;]jfdf /xL pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{ bzhgf ;Dd adf]lhdsf] ;hfo lbg ;lsg]5M
sd{rf/LxnfO{ k|To]s jif{ ;Da4 sd{rf/Lsf] -s_ gl;xt lbg],
clGtd tnj :s]n ggfWg] u/L a9Ldf yk kfFr u|]8 -v_ j9Ldf tLg tNfj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug]{
;Ddsf] k|flws/0f ;]jf k'/:sf/ -u_ j9Ldf b'O{ jif{;Dd j9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{,
-3_ ;]jfdf /xL kRrL; jif{ ;]jf k"/f u/]sf -3_ cfly{s xfgL gf]S;fgL c;"Nf pk/ ug]{,
sd{rf/LxnfO{ bL3{ ;]jf kbs . -_ eljiodf ;]jfs]f lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6
-@_ pklgod -!_ jdf]lhd k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug{sf]nflu ;ldltn] x6fpg] .
tf]s]sf] ;ldltsf] ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo -r_ eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6
k'/:sf/ l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] u7g ul/g]5 / ;f]xL l;kmfl/z jvf{:t ug]{ .
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;ldltn] k'/:sf/ lbg] lg0f{o ug{]5 . !#=@ gl;xt lbg] M lgod !!=!, !!=@, !!=#, !!=$, !!=%,!!=^, /
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ul7t k'/:sf/ l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] !!=!@ ljkl/t cfr/0f ug]{ sd{rf/LNffO{{ gl;xt lbOg]5 .
k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ug{ cfwf/ / k|s[of !#=# tNfj j[l4, j9'jf /f]Ssf M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{{
:ki6 Pj+ kf/bzL{ x'g' kg]{5 . tNfj j[l4 jf j9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ u/L ;hfosf] cfb]z lbOg]5 M
-$_ tLg jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k'/f gu/]sf] sd{rf/L k'/:sf/
k|fKt ug{sf]nflu of]Uo dflgg]5}g . -s_ b'O{ k6s gl;xt kfO{ ;s]sf] sd{rf/LNf] k'gM gl;xt
kfpg] sfd u/]df,
-v_ lgod
!!=&,!!=*,!!=(,!!=!#,!!=!$,!!=!%,!!=!^,!!=!&
ljkl/t cfr/0f u/]df,
!#=$ cfly{s xflg gf]S;fgL c;"Nf pk/ ug]{ M lgod !!=!) / !!=!!
ljkl/t cfr/0f u/]sf] sf/0faf6 k|flws/0fNffO{ kg{ uPsf]
cfly{s xfgL gf]S;fgL ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Laf6 e/fpg] u/L
cfb]z lbg ;lsg]5 .

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
91 92
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

!#=% eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]M -s_ ;xfos klxNff]] txb]lv ;xfos kfFrf} tx;Ddsf
b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf sd{rf/LNffO{{ eljiodf k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf sfof{Nfo k|d'v jf ljefuLo k|d'v .
;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 M -v_ clws[t 5}7f}+ txb]lv clws[t afx|f} tx;Ddsf
-s_ cof]Uotfsf]sf/0fNf]] cfgf] kbsf] sfd jf lhDd]jf/L sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf dxflgb]{zs .
k"/f ug{ g;s]df . -u_ dxflgb]{zssf] xsdf lgh g]kfNf ;/sf/sf] jxfNfjfNff
-v_ ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ Nfuftf/ ;f7L lbg;Dd sd{rf/L ePdf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfNf ;/sf/ /
sfof{Nfodf cg'kl:yt /x]df . lgh k|flws/0fs} sd{rf/L ePdf ;ldltsf ;b:ox?
-u_ sfof{Nfo ;dodf a/fj/ dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]df . dWo]af6 ;ldltsf] cWoIfNf]] tf]s]sf # hgf ;b:ox?
-3_ cfr/0f ;DjGwL s'/f j/fj/ pNNf+3g u/]df . /x]sf] pk;ldlt.
-_ j/fj/ cg';f;gxLg sfd u/]df . -@_ lgod !#=! sf] v08 -_ / -r_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf]
-r_ /fhgLltdf efu NfLPdf . cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhdsf sd{rf/Lsf]
-5_ cfgf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] j/fj/ j]jf:tf u/]df . xsdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf clwsf/LnfO{ x'g]5M
-s_ ;xfos txsf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
-h_ s'g} sd{rf/Ln] a9'jfsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd ebf{ e'mf
ljj/0f k]z u/]df . dxflgb]{zs,
!#=^ eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 j/vf:t -v_ clws[t 5}7f}+ txb]lv clws[t afx|f}
ug]{ M b]xfosf cj:yfdf eljiodf ;]jfsf] lglDt cof]Uo tx;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;ldltsf
7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 j/vf:t ul/g] 5 M ;b:ox? dWo]af6 ;ldltsf] cWoIfNf]]
tf]s]sf] # hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf] pk;ldlt .
-s_ e|i6frf/ u/]df . -u_ dxflgb]{zssf] xsdf lgh g]kfNf ;/sf/sf]
-v_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s;"/ jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/L ePdf ;ldltsf]
k|dfl0ft ePdf . l;kmfl/zdf g]kfNf ;/sf/sf] / lgh
!#=& ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg] clwsf/LM-!_ lgod !#=! sf] k|flws/0f s} sd{rf/L ePdf ;ldltsf
v08 -s_, -v_,-u_ / -3_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg] ;b:ox? dWo]af6 ;ldltsf] cWoIfNf]
clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhdsf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf tf]s]sf # hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf] pk;ldlt .
clwsf/LNffO{ x'g]5 !#=* lgNfDjg ug]{ M -!_ s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf lgod !#=% /
!#=^ adf]lhdsf] s'g} cleof]usf] l;Nfl;Nffdf hfFrj'em ug'{
k/]df hfFrj'em ;dfKt gx'Gh]Nf ;Ddsf] Nfflu ;DjlGwt

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
93 94
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
sd{rf/LNffO{{ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf] b]xfosf]
cj:yf ljBdfg ePdf lgNfDjg ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ lgNfDjg gu/L cf]xbfsf] sfd ug{ lb+bf e'm7\7f ;j"t
k|df0f ;+sNfg ug{ ;Sg] jf cfgf] lj?4sf] ;j"t
k|df0f ufoj ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf,
jf
-v_ lgNfDjg gu/L cf]xbfsf] sfd ug{ lb+bf sfof{NfoNffO{
xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf .
-@_ sd{rf/LNffO{{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf jvf{:t ug]{
cleof]usf] ;"rgf lbg'sf] ;fy} lghNffO{
;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]
lgNfDjg ;d]t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{{
lgNfDjg ubf{ ;fwf/0ftM tLg dxLgf eGbf
a9L ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;f] cjlw leq} sd{rf/L
pk/sf] sf/jfxL lsgf/f Nfufpg' kg]{5 . s'g}
c;fwf/0f cj:yf k/L pQm cjlwleq
sf/jfxL lsgf/f Nfufpg g;lsg] e}
lgNfDjgsf] cjlw j9fpg' k/]df ;hfo lbg
kfpg] clwsf/LNf] Ps dlxgf;Dd lgNfDjgsf]
cjlw j9fpg ;lsg]5 .
-$_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}Hbf/L cleof]udf
lu/kmtf/ eO{ y'lgPsf] sd{rf/L To;/L
y'lgPsf] cjlwe/ :jtM lgNfDjg ePsf]
dflgg]5 .
!#=( lgNfDjgsf] ;dflKt M s'g} sd{rf/L cfgf] kbdf k'gM :yflkt
ePdf jf lgdo !#=* sf] pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] cjlw
95
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
k"/f ePdf jf ;]jfaf6 x6fO{Pdf jf j/vf:t ul/Pdf lghsf]
lgNfDjg ;dfKt x'g]5 .
!#=!) ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ df}sf lbg' kg]{M -!_ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg]
clwsf/LNf]] s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg'eGbf cl3
sf/jfxL ug{ NffluPsf] sf/0fsf] pNNf]]v u/L ;f] sd{rf/LNffO{
plrt Dofb lbO{ cfgf] ;kmfO{ k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg'kg]{5 . o;/L
df}sf lb+bf lghdfly NfufOPsf] cf/f]k :ki6 ?kNf] lsl6Psf] /
k|To]s cf/f]k s'g s'g s'/f / sf/0fdf cfwfl/t 5 ;f] ;d]t
v'Nffpg' kg]{5 . To:tf]df ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LN]]f klg Dofb leq
cfgf] ;kmfO{ k]z ug'{kg]{5 . / o;/L k]z x'g cfPsf]
;kmfO{NffO{ ;DjlGwt clwsf/Ln] uDeL/tf k"j{s dgg
ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] cfjZos
7fg]df :jo+ jf s'g} cGo clws[t4f/f hfFrj'em
u/fpg ;Sg]5 . hfFrj'em ug]{ clws[tNffO{ b]xfosf]
tl/sf ckgfO{ ljefuLo hfFrj'emsf] sf/jfxL rNffpg]
clwsf/ x'g]5 M
-s_ aofg u/fpg], lNflvt k|df0fx? bflvNf
u/fpg] / ;fIfLsf] gfddf cfb]z hf/L ug]{ .
-v_ cleof]u Nffu]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df ;j"b
k|df0f j'e\mg] .
-u_ cleof]u Nffu]sf] sd{rf/LNffO{ ;fIfL;Fu lh/x
ug{ / cleof]u lj?4 ;j"t k|df0f bflvNf ug]{
df}sf lbg] .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] hfFrj'emsf] sfd ;lsPkl5
;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/L ;dIf hfFrj'em
clws[tN]f k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . lghNf] To:tf]
96
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
k|ltj]bgdf ;hfo ;DjGwL sf/0f ;lxtsf] cfgf]
7x/;fy hf] ePsf] ;j"b k|df0f klg bflvNff
ug'{kg]{5 .
-$_ s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{ lgNfDjg ug'{ k/]df ;hfosf] cfb]z
lbg kfpg] clwsf/Nf]] lgNfDjg kq / pklgod -!_
adf]lhd ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ Nf]]lvPsf] kq ;DjlGwt
sd{rf/LNffO{ a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-%_ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] s'g}
sd{rf/L;Fu ;kmfO{ dfu ug'{ eGbf cufj} :jo+ jf s'g}
cGo clws[t4f/f pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ljefuLo
hfFrj'em u/fO{ lghsf] 7x/ ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg NfLg
;Sg]5 .
!#=!! ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg' cl3 ;hfo k|:tfj ug'{ kg]{ M lgod !#=!
adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg'eGbf klxNf]] ljefuLo ;hfosf]
cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] lgod !#=!) sf] pklgod -!_
adf]lhd ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ lbOPsf] Dofb leq ;kmfO{ k]z gu/]df
jf k]z x'g cfPsf] ;kmfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf To:tf]
sd{rf/LNffO{ lbg NffluPsf] k|:tfljt ;hfo lsg glbg' egL
To; ;DjGwdf plrt Dofb lbO{ :ki6Ls/0f dfUg' kg]{5 .
!#=!@ ;kmfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gx'gfsf] sf/0f v'Nffpg' kg]{ M ;hfosf]
cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LN]f s'g} sd{rf/L;Fu lgod !#=!)
sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] ;kmfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs
gePdf To;sf] sf/0f klg v'Nffpg' kg]{5 . To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf]
;DjGwdf lgod !#=!) sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd hfFrj'em
u/fOPsf] eP ;f] sf] gtLhf ;d]t pNNf]]v u/L k|:tfljt
;hfosf] cf}lrTo klg pQm :kli6s/0fdf v'Nffpg' kg]{5 .
!#=!# ;hfosf] cfb]z / gSsNf ;DjGwL sfo{ljlwM -!_ sd{rf/L pk/
s'g} ljefuLo ;hfosf] lg0f{o ubf{ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg]
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
97
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
clwsf/Nf] ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LNffO{ ;kmfO{ jf :kli6s/0f k]z
ug{ kof{Kt df}sf k|bfg eP gePsf] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L lgh
sd{rf/Laf6 k]z ePsf] ;kmfO{, :kli6s/0f tyf pkNfAw
;Dk"0f{ ;j"b k|df0fsf] ;d'lrt d"Nof+sg u/L :ki6 sf/0f
v'NffO{ cfk\mgf] /fo 7x/;fy lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L ;hfosf]
cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] ;hfosf] cfb]zsf] ;DjGwdf
cfgf] :ki6 /fo ;fy cg';"rL!% adf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ o; kl/R5]bdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf] ePtf
klg s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{ Pp6f ;hfo k|:tfj u/L
;kmfO{, :kli6s/0f dfu u/] kl5 csf]{ ;hfo lbg] u/L
lg0f{o ug'{ x'Fb}g . t/ s'g} sf/0f k/L 36L jf a9L
;hfo ug'{kg]{ cj:yf k/]df lgod !#=!) sf]
sfo{ljlw k'gM k"/f ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] pklgod -!_
adf]lhd s'g} klg sd{rf/LNffO{ ljefuLo ;hfo lbg]
lg0f{o ubf{ lg0f{o ldlt eGbf klxNf]]b]lv g} nfu" x'g]u/L
lg0f{o ug'{ x'Fb}g .
t/ lgod !#=% sf] v08 -v_ jdf]lhdsf]
s;'/df ;hfo ubf{ sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt ePsf]
ldlt b]lv / lgod !#=^ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_
jdf]lhdsf] s;'/df ;hfo ubf{ cbfntaf6 s;"/ 7x/
ePsf] ldlt b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L lg0f{o ul/g]5 .
-$_ s'g} klg sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf pklgod -!_ adf]lhd
ePsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]zsf] Ps k|lt gSsNf
;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] ;DjlGwt
sd{rf/LNffO{ lagf b:t'/ lbg' kg]{5 .
98
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-%_ o; lgodfjnL jdf]lhd sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf]
;hfosf] clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 .
-^_ pklgod -%_ adf]lhd /flvPsf] clen]v clwsf/
k|fKt clwsf/Ln] gl;xt kfPsf]df ;f] ;hfo kfPsf]
ldltn] Ps jif{sf] cjlwe/, lgnDjg ePsf]df ;f]
cjlwe/, a9'jf /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf]
cjlwe/ / tna j[l4 /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf]
cjlwe/ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|of]hgsf]nflu dgg\ ug'{
kg]{5M
-s_ ljefuLo k|d'vdf kb:yfkg ubf{,
-v_ sfod d'sfod d's// ubf{,
-u_ sfof{no k|d'vsf] kbdf lhDd]jf/L lb+bf,
-3_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ubf{,
-_ k'/:sf/ k|bfg ubf{,
-r_ cWoog jf tflnddf dgf]gog ubf{,
-5_ ljz]if a9'jf ubf{, :t/j[l4 ubf{ /
-h_ cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] cj;/ k|bfg ubf{ .
!#=!$ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/L M -!_ lgod !#=! adf]lhdsf]
;hfFosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf] lgod !#=!# adf]lhd
lbPsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ lrQ gj'e\mg] sd{rf/LNf] b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ sfof{Nfo k|d'v / ljefuLo k|d'vNf]] lbPsf] ;hfosf]
cfb]z pk/ dxflgb]{zs,
-v_ dxflgb]{zsNf]] lbPsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ ;ldlt,
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
99
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-u_ lgod !#=& sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -u_ / pklgod
-@_ sf] v08 -v_ / -u_ adf]lhdsf] pk;ldltNf]] lbPsf]
;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ ;ldlt .
!#=!% k'g/fj]bgsf] sfo{ljlw M s'g} sd{rf/LNf]] lgod !#=!#
adf]]lhd cfkm'NffO{ lbPsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z lj?4 k'g/fj]bg lbg'
k/]df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfoljlw ckgfpg' kg]{5 M
-s_ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sd{rf/LNf]] cfkm\g} gfdaf6
k'g/fj]bg lbg' kg]{5 / To:tf] k'g/fj]bg
plrt / cfb/;"rs efiffdf Nf]]lvPsf] x'g'
kg]{5 .
-v_ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sd{rf/LNf]] k'/fj]bgsf] ;fydf
cfgf] ;kmfO{sf] lgldQ hf] ePsf] ;j'b
k|df0f ;+NfUg /fVg'sf ;fy} h'g lgodsf]
lj?4 k'g/fj]bg ul/Psf] xf] ;f] lgodsf]]
gSsNf ;d]t ;+NfUg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-u_ k'g/fj]bg lb+bf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/LNffO{
;Djf]wg u/L k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-3_ ;hfosf] cfb]z kfPsf] ldltNf]] k}+tL; lbg
leq k'g/fj]bg lbg' kg]{5 . t/ k'g/fj]bgsf]
Dofb g3fO{ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ JolQmN]f kof{Kt
sf/0f b]vfO{ lgj]bg lbPdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg]
clwsf/LNf]] dgfl;j 7xofPsf] tLg
dlxgf;Dddf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgNffO{ btf{ ug{
;Sg]5 .
!#=!^ k'g/fj]bg dfly ljrf/ tyf lg0f{o M -!_ lgod !#=!%
adf]lhd k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/Ln]
b]xfosf s'/fx? ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
100
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-s_ ;hfosf] cfb]zdf cfwf/ lNfOPsf s'/fx?sf] kl/R5]b !$

oyfy{tf k|dfl0ft eO{;s]sf] 5 jf 5}g . >]0fL / tx ldNffg ;DjGwL Joj:yf
-v_ k|dfl0ft eO{ ;s]sf s'/fx? ;hfo ug{sf] !$+=! >]0fL, ;'ljwf tyf tx ldNffg M -!_P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd
lgldQ kof{Kt 5g\ jf 5}gg\ . tTsfNfLg xjfO{ ljefu tyf cGtu{t sfo{/t ljleGg >]0fLsf
-u_ ;hfo u/]sf] 7Ls, kof{Kt ck|ofKt jf a9L :yfoL kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft
s] 5< x'Fbf b]xfo adf]lhd kb ldNffg ul/g]5 . o;/L kb ldNffg ubf{
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf s'/fx?sf] ;DjGwdf ljrf/ lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] u]|8 ;+Vofdf g36g] u/L ldnfg
ul/;s]kl5 k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/LNf]] k'g/fj]bsNffO{ ul/Psf] txsf] u|]8 ;d]t lbOg]5 .
lbOPsf] ;hfo ;b/ jf jb/ ug]{ jf To:tf] ;hfoNffO{ g]kfNf ;/sf/sf >]0fL k|flws/0fsf] tx
36fpg] u/L clGtd lg0f{o lbg ;Sg]5 . -s_ /f=k= k|yd >]0fL afx|f} tx
!#=!& ;]jf k'gM :yflkt ePdf tLg dxLgf leq pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ Ms'g} -v_ /f=k= ltLo >]0fL bzf}+ tx
sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf o; lgodfjNfL adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] -u_ /f=k= t[tLo >]0fL cf7f}+ tx
clGtd lsgf/f Nffu]kl5 To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k jf cbfNftsf] -3_ /f=k= cg+ k|yd >]0fL 5}7f}+ tx
lg0f{o adf]lhd lghsf] ;]jf k'gM :yflkt x'g] ePdf ;f] -_ /f=k= cg+ ltLo >]0fL kfFrf} tx
lg0f{osf] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltNf]] tLg dxLgf leq lgh pkl:yt -r_ /f=k= cg+= t[tLo >]0fL rf}yf] tx
x'g gcfPdf lghsf] gf]s/L yfdL lbg s/ NffUg] 5}g . -5_ /f=k= cg+= rt'y{ >]0fL t];|f] tx
-h_ 8fOe/ k|yd t];|f] tx bf];|f] :t/
8fOe/ ltLo t];|f] tx t];|f] :t/
8fOe/ t[tLo t];|f] tx rt'y{ :t/
8fOe/ rt'y{ # u|]8 yk
-em_ lkog jf ;f] ;/x k|yd Ps tx ltLo :t/
lkog jf ;f] ;/x ltLo Ps tx t[tLo :t/
lkog jf ;f] ;/x t[tLo # u]|8 yk
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd tx ldNffg ubf{ k|flws/0fsf]
;+u7g tfNfLsfdf l/Qm b/jGbL gePtf klg :jtM kb
;[hgf ePsf] dflgg]5 . o:tf kbx? pQm sd{rf/Lx?
j9'jf jf cjsfz e}} uPdf :jtM vf/]h x'g]5g\ .

101 102
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd :j]R5fN]f k|flws/0f ;]jfdf hfg] lgj[lQe/0fsf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu u0fgf ul/g]5 . o:tf
sd{rf/LNf]] g]kfNf ;/sf/df u/]sf] ;]jf cjlwsf] sd{rf/LNffO{ pDd]b\jf/ aGg pd]/sf] xb NffUg] 5}g .
k]G;g, pkbfg, cf}ifwL tyf cGo ;'ljwf gNfLOsg -@_ ;fljsdf xjfO{ ljefu jf cGtu{t k|rlNft
uPsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] gf]s/L cjlw k|flws/0fsf lgodfg';f/ lgo'lQm kfPsf c:yfoL sd{rf/Lx?Nf]]
cGo sd{rf/L ;/x ;j} ;'ljwf Pj+ j[lQ ljsf;sf] cfgf] ;]jf 5'6fO{ cjsfz lNfg rfx]df jf cjsfz
Nfflu k'/f cjlw u0fgf ul/g]5 . ePdf lghNf] u/]sf] ;]jf cjlwsf] k|To]s jif{sf]
-$_ pkbfg, k]G;g, cf}ifwL pkrf/ tyf cGo ;'ljwf vfOkfO{ cfPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] tNfjsf] b/Nf]] x'g
jfktsf] e'QmfgL glNfOsg k|flws/0f ;]jfdf kl/0ft cfpg] /sd Ps d'i7 g]kfNf ;/sf/Nf]] pkNfAw
ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] g]kfNf ;/sf/df u/]sf] ;]jf u/fpg]5 .
cjlwsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjNfL cg';f/ kfpg] ;a} ;'ljwfx?sf] /sd
lx;fj u/L tLg ls:tfdf k|flws/0fNf] g]kfNf
;/sf/af6 k|fKt u/]kl5 k|flws/0fsf] ;d]t ;]jf hf]8L
cjsfz x'Fbf o;} lgodfjNfL adf]lhd e'QmfgL
ul/lbg]5 .
-%_ lgod !$=! sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|flws/0fsf]
;]jfdf kl/0ft x'g] sd{rf/LNffO{ lghx? jxfNf /xg]
tx, ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x / kb lgwf{/0f u/L ;d"xs[t
u/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOg]5 .
!$=@ c:yfO{ sd{rf/L ;DjGwL Joj:yf M -!_ g]kfNf ;/sf/ xjfO{
ljefu / cGtu{tsf sfof{Nfodf k|rlNft lgodfg';f/ c:yfoL
lgo'lQm e} c6'6 ?kdf jxfNf /lx/x]sf sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ kbk"lt{
;ldltNf]] lgod #=& adf]lhd Ps k6ssf] Nfflu dfq l;ldt
Nofst k/LIff (Closed Sutibility Test) sf] k|s[ofaf6
5gf}6 u/L ;Ifd pDd]b\jf/NffO{ lgo'lQmsf] Nflu clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/L ;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{5 . To:tf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
c:yfoL ;]jfsf] %) k|ltzt ;]jf cjwL Ho]i7tf /

103 104
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
kl/R5]b !%
ljljw
!%=! ;'ljwfsf] xsbf/M s'g} sd{rf/L ;]jfdf jxfNf /xb} jf s'g} klg
lsl;daf6 ;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 o; lgodfjNfL
adf]lhd kfpg] ;'ljwf NfLg gkfpb} d[To' ePdf To:tf] d[t
sd{rf/LNf] o; lgodfjNfL adf]lhd kfpg] ;'ljwf s;}NffO{
O{R5fPsf] /x]5 eg] O{R5fPsf] JolQmNffO{ / s;}NffO{ O{R5fPsf]
/x]g5 eg] k|rNfLt sfg"g adf]lhd lghsf] glhssf]
xsjfNffO{ lbO{g]5 .
!%=@ a/j'emf/yM -!_ gofF lgo"lQm jf j9'jf ePsf] sd{rf/LNf]]
lgo'lQm jf j9'jf ePsf] kbsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cufj} cfgf]
lhDdfdf /x]sf gubL, lhG;L Nfufotsf ;j} sfuhkq lgo'lQm
jf j9'jf kqdf Dofb tf]lsPsf]df ;f]xL Dofb leq / Dofb
gtf]lsPsf]df lgo'lQm jf j9'jfsf] kq j'em]sf] ldltNf] af6f]sf]
Dofb jfx]s ;ft lbg leq ;f] kb ;DxfNg] csf]{ sd{rf/LNffO{{
j'emfpg' kg]{5 . ;fy} To:tf] gubL, lhG;L tyf sfuhkq
a'lemlng] AolQmn] klg ;f]xL Dofb leq j'lemlNfg' kg]{5 . t/
;f] Dofb leq j/j'emf/y x'g g;Sg] egL lbPsf] lgj]bg plrt
Nffu]df sfof{Nfo k|d'vNf]] yk @! lbgsf] Dofb lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd j/j'emf/ysf] sfd ;dfKt
ePkl5 clVtof/ k|fKt JolQmaf6 j/j'emf/y k|df0fkq
lNfg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd j'lemlNfg] AolQm ;DjlGwt
k|flws/0fdf xflh/L x'g cfPsf] /x]g5 eg] j'emfpg'
kg]{ JolQmNf]] cfkm" eGbf lgs6\td tNNff]] sd{rf/LNffO{
a'emfpg ;Sg]5 / To:tf] sd{rf/LNf]] a'lemlNfO{
;DjlGwt sd{rf/L xflh/L ePkl5 a'emfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
105
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
-$_pklgod -!_ / -#_ adf]lhd a/j'emf/ysf] sfd
;dfKt ePkl5 ;f] sf] hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt ljefuNffO{
lbg'kg]{5 .
!%=# ;NNffxsf/ ;DjGwL Joj:yfM P]gsf] bkmf !( adf]lhd
;NNffxsf/ lgo'lQm s/f/df v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6
dfq ul/g]5 . To;/L lgo'Qm ePsf ;NNffxsf/sf] ;]jfsf] zt{
tyf ;'ljwf ;f]xL s/f/gfdfdf pNNf]]v eP cg';f/ x'g]5 .
!%=$ lg0f{odf c;/ gkg]{M o; lgodfjNfL adf]lhd clVtof/ k|fKt
clwsf/LNf] u/]sf] sf/jfxLdf tflTjs c;/ gkg]{ ;fgf]ltgf]
q'6Laf6 lg0f{odf s'g} c;/ kg]{ 5}g .
!%=% pd]/sf] xbM j9'jf k/LIffsf] Nfflu pDd]b\jf/ x'g k|flws/0fsf]
sd{rf/LNffO{ pd]/sf] xb NffUg] 5}g .
!%=^ ========================
!%=& =======================
!%=* clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgM o; lgodfjNfL adf]lhd cfkm"NffO{ k|fKt
ePsf] clwsf/ dxflgb]{zsNf]] ljefuLo k|d'v, sfof{Nfo k|d'v
tyf cGo clws[t sd{rf/LNffO{ oyf]lrt ?kNf] k|Tofof]hg ug{
;Sg]5 .
t/ ljefuLo sfjf{xL ug]{ /ph'/L ;'Gg] clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
!%=( k|zf;sLo cfb]z lbg] / jfwf c8\rg km'sfpg] M -!_
k|flws/0fsf b}lgs Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x?NffO{ k|efjsf/L /
ultlzNf t'Nofpg / ;ldltsf] lgb]{zg / k|Tofof]lht clwsf/
leq /xL plrt b]lvPsf cfb]z, lgb]{zgx? dxflgb]{zsn] ;do
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .
106
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

;dodf hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . sd{rf/Lx?Nf] o:tf cfb]z,

cg';"rL!
lgb]{zgx? kfNfgf ug'{kg]{5 .
-lgod !=@ sf] -3_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
-@_ of] lgodfjNfLsf] k|fjwfgx?NffO{ sfof{Gjog ubf{ afwf
c8\rg cfPdf lgodfjNfLsf] ljkl/t gx'g] u/L
ljefuLo k|d'v
dxflgb]{zsNf] To:tf] jfwf c8\rg km'sfpg;Sg]5 .
!%=!) sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/L M o; lgodfjNfLdf ePsf k|fjwfgx?
!= dxflgb]{zs
sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/L gtf]lsPsf] v08df ;f] sf]
@= pkdxflgb]{zsx? / afx|f} txsf clws[tx? /
sfof{Gjog dxflgb]{zsn] ug]{5 .
#= ;ldltNf] tf]s]sf cGo clws[tx?
!%=!! lgb]{lzsf Pj+ lbUbz{g jgfpg ;Sg] M of] lgodfjNfLdf Aoj:yf
ul/Psf k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog ug{ ;ldltNf] P]g tyf o;
lgodfjNfLsf] k|lts"Nf gx'g] u/L cfjZos lgb]{lzsf tyf
sd{rf/L lgodfjNfL lbUbz{g agfpg ;Sg]5 .

!%=!!-s_ cg';"rL ;+zf]wgM -!_ ;ldltn] o; lgodfjnLsf]

cg';"rLdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!%=!@ arfpM lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjNfL, @)%) adf]lhd eP u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLx?
of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De ePkl5 o;} adf]lhd eP u/]sf]
dflgg]5 .

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
107 108
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

cg';"rL@ cg';"rL #
-lgod @=# ;+u ;DalGwt_
-lgod !=@ -_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
;d"x tyf pk;d"xx?

sfof{no k|d'vx? != k|zf;g ;]jf
;d"x pk;d"x;d"x pk;d"x
-s_ k|zf;g -s_ k|zf;g-v_ cfly{s k|zf;g -s_ Nf]vf
lglZrt p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu 5'} ah]6 tyf b/aGbL eO{ -v_ sfg"g -v_ /fhZj
cfly{s tyf k|zf;sLo clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] b]xfosf k|d'vx? M -u_ tYof+s
-3_ k':tsfno

-_ Jofkf/ k|zf;g
!= cfof]hgf k|d'vx? @= k|fljlws ;]jf
@= lhNnf l:yt gful/s p8\8og sfof{nosf k|d'vx? ;d"x
#= ;ldltNf] ;do ;dodf tf]s]sf cGo clws[t tyf -s_ l;len O{lGhlgol/
kbflwsf/Lx? -v_ O{NlS6sn O{lGhlgol/
-u_ d]sflgsn O{lGhlgol/
-3_ P/f]gf]l6sn O{lGhlgol/

-_ l;len PlePzg ck/]zg-s_ Po/ 6flkms ;le{;]h
-v_ PlePzg kmfo/ ;le{;]h
-u_ nfO6 ck/]zg ;le{;]h
-r_ O{Nf]S6f]lgs P08 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg O{lGhlgol/
-5_ ljljw -k|fljlws_ M o; ;d"x cGt{ut /xg] kbx?
sDKo"6/ k|f]u|fd/, sDKo"6/ ck/]6/,
6]lnkmf]g ck/]6/, Sofd/fd]g,
PgfpG;/, ln6 ck/]6/, Aofu]h, 6nL ck/]6/,
kmf]6f]slk ck/]6/, xfn jxfn /x]sf t/ dfly s'g} klg ;]jf ;d"x / pk
;d"xdf gk/]sf kbx?

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .

klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]wlt . bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
109 110
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

cg';"rL$ cg';"rL %
-lgod @=% sf] pklgod -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ -lgod @=^ ;+u ;DalGwt_

clws[t / ;xfos :t/sf tx / kbx sfo{ ljj/0f kmf/fd

clws[t :t/ kb / tx M
l/kf]{6 ug]{ clwsf/L
tx kbgfd :jLs[lt ug]{ :jLs[lt ldlt kbsf] gDa/

jfx|f} pkdxflgb]{zs, dxfk|jGws, k|lti7fg k|d'v

P3f/f}+ lgb]{zs, ljdfg:yn k|d'v
bzf}+ pklgb]{zs, ljdfg:yn k|d'v
gjf}+ k|jGws, ljdfg:yn k|d'v != kbsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f / p2]Zo
cf7f}+ pk k|jGws, ljdfg:yn k|d'v @= sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L
;ftf}+ jl/i7 clws[t, ljdfg:yn k|d'v #= clwsf/
5}7f}+ clws[t, ljdfg:yn k|d'v $= ;dfg tx / cGo lgsfox?;+usf] ;DaGw
%= sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x?
;xfos :t/ ^= cfjZos cg'ej
&= cfjZos Pj+ jfG5gLo of]Uotf
kfrf}+ jl/i7 ;xfos, jl/i7 ;jf/L rfns *= k|ToIf dftxtsf kbflwsf/Lx?
rf}yf] ;xfos, ;jf/L rfns, x]Nk/
t]>f] ;jf/L rfns, ;xfos x]Nk/, sfo{ ;xfos sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvt M
bf]>f] jl/i7 sfof{no ;xof]uL ;'kl/j]Ifssf] b:tvt M
klxnf] sfof{no ;xof]uL :jLs[t ug]{sf] b:tvt M

bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

111 112
 cg';"rL ^
-lgod #=% / lgod ^=# ;+u ;DjlGwt_
s_ k|zf;g ;]jf
kbk"lt{sf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
cfGtl/s sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
tx ;]jf ;d"x pk;d"x v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu
k|ltof]lutfsf nflu a9'jfsf] nflu
klxnf] k|zf;g k|zf;g g]kfnL n]vk9 ug{ hfGg]

bf]>f] k|zf;g k|zf;g

t]>f] k|zf;g k|zf;g bz sIff pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 P;=
rf}yf] k|zf;g k|zf;g k|zf;g bzd sIff pQL0f{
Pn= ;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
cfly{s dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 P;=
rf}yf] k|zf;g n]vf//fhZj bzd sIff pQL0f{
k|zf;g Pn= ;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
kf+rf} k|zf;g k|zf;g k|zf;g P;Pn;L pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 sfg'g

kf+rf}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g sfg'g ljifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq jf ;f] ;/x P;Pn;L ptL0f{
pQL0f{

t];|f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgf/f lemlsPsf]

kfrf} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

113

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s

zf:q jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt s'g}
kf+rf}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g tYof+s P;Pn;L pQL0f{{
ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
k':tsfno ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq

kf+rf}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g k':tsfno tx pQL0f{ jf s'g} laifodf k|jL0ftf P;Pn;L pQL0f{{
k|df0fkq pQL0f{ / k':tsfno ;DaGwL
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 afl0fHo
cfly{s zf:q, cy{zf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;gdf
kf+rf}+ k|zf;g n]vf//fhZj P;Pn;L pQL0f{
k|zf;g k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 s'g} ;+:Yffaf6 s'g} ;+:Yffaf6 s'g} ljifodf
5}7f}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g k|zf;g
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ljifodf :gfts tx k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 sfg'g ;+:Yffaf6 sfg"g ;+:Yffaf6 sfg"g ljifodf
5}7f}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g sfg'g
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ljifodf :gfts tx k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{

kfrf} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

114
 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
5}7f}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g tYof+s zf:q jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt s'g}
ljifodf :gfts tx k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
k':tsfno ljifodf :gfts tx pQL0f{ ;+:yfaf6 s'g}
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
5}7f}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g k':tsfno jf s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ljifodf :gfts tx
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
;/x pQL0f{ / k':tsfno ;DjGwL jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 afl0fHo
cfly{s ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ;+:yfaf6 s'g} laifodf
5}7f}+ k|zf;g n]vf//fhZj zf:q, cy{zf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;gdf
k|zf;g laifodf :gfts tx k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg
;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg
;ftf}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g k|zf;g klg ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ljifodf k|lj0ftf
ljifodf :gfts tx
;/x pQL0f{ k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 sfg'g
;+:yfaf6 sfg'g ;+:yfaf6 sfg'g ljifodf
;ftf}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g sfg"g ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x
ljifodf :gfts tx k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
zf:q jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt s'g} ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
;ftf}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g tYof+s
ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x ljifodf :gfts tx k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
pQL0f{ jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{

115

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
k':tsfno ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
;ftf}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g k':tsfno pQL0f{ jf s'g} ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx ljifodf :gfts tx k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ / k':tsfno jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
;DjGwL tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 afl0fHo
cfly{s ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ;+:yfaf6 s'g} laifodf
;ftf}+ k|zf;g n]vf//fhZj zf:q, cy{zf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;gdf
k|zf;g laifodf :gfts tx k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
:gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
cf7f}+, dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 s'g}
;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg ;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg
gjf}+ / k|zf;g k|zf;g k|zf;g klg ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f]
ljifodf :gfts tx ljifodf :gfts tx jf
bzf}+ ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
cf7f}+, dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 sfg'g
;+:yfaf6 sfg'g ;+:yfaf6 sfg'g ljifodf
gjf}+ / k|zf;g k|zf;g sfg"g ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x
ljifodf :gfts tx :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
bzf}+ pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s
cf7f}+, ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s zf:q
zf:q jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt s'g} zf:q jf ul0ft
gjf}+ / k|zf;g k|zf;g tYof+s jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt
ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x ljifo ;lxt s'g}
bzf}+ s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx
pQL0f{ ljifodf :gfts tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
cf7f}+ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 afl0fHo
cfly{s ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ;+:yfaf6 s'g} laifodf
gjf}+ / k|zf;g n]vf//fhZj zf:q, cy{zf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;gdf
k|zf;g laifodf :gfts tx :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
bzf}+ :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ pQL0f{

116
 cfly{s n]vf//fhZj dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 rf6{8{
bzf}+ k|zf;g -rf6{8{ Psf06]06
k|zf;g Psfp06]06 jf ;f] ;/xsf] l8u|L k|fKt
kbsf] nflu_
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
P3f/f}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g k|zf;g
ljifodf :gfts tx :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 afl0fHo dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
cfly{s zf:q, cy{zf:q jf ;+:yfaf6 s'g} laifodf
P3f/f}+ k|zf;g
k|zf;g Jofkf/ k|zf;gdf :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
:gfts tx jf ;f] pQL0f{
;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
afx|f}+ k|zf;g/ ;+:yfaf6 s'g} laifodf
k|fljlws :gfts tx pQL0f{ .

117

v_ k|fljlws ;]jf
kbk"lt{sf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
sfo{ Ifdtfsf]
tx ;]jf ;d"x pk;d"x v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf nflu
cfwf/df a9'jfsf] nflu
On]lS6|sn/
bf]>f] k|fljlws d]sflgsn
OlGhgLol/+u
g]kfnL n]vk9 ug{ hfGg] /
d]sflgsn
8fOle nfO;]G; k|fKt u/L
t]>f] k|fljlws OlGhgLol/+u
slDtdf # jif{sf] 8fOle
-;jf/L rfns_
cg'ej ePsf] .
On]lS6|sn/ bzd sIff pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt
d]sflgsn/ laifosf] ^ dlxgfsf] tfnLd
t]>f] k|fljlws jf Ps aif{sf] sfof{g'ej
l;len
OlGhlgol/+u
On]lS6|sn/ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
bzd sIff pQL0f{ /
d]sflgsn/ P;= Pn= ;L= jf ;f] ;/x
rf}yf] k|fljlws ;DalGwt laifosf]
l;len pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifosf] ^
tfnLd jf sfof{g'ej
OlGhlgol/+u dlxgfsf] tfnLd k|fKt .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
l;len PlePzg
P;= Pn= ;L= jf ;f] ;/x
rf}yf] k|fljlws PlePzg kmfo/
pQL0f{ / gful/s p8\8og;Fu
ck/]zg ;le{;
;DjlGwt ;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/

kfFrf} ;+zf]wg 4f/f lemlsPsf]

118
 tyf ljdfg:yn cUgL lgjf/0f
;DjGwL cfwf/e"t tflnd
k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
;+:yfaf6 P;= Pn= ;L=
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
;/x pQL0f{ / gful/s
l;len PlePzg gful/s p8\8og;Fu
p8\8og;Fu ;DjlGwt
kf+rf}+ k|fljlws PlePzg kmfo/ ;DjlGwt ;+:yfaf6
;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/ tyf
ck/]zg ;le{; lhjgf]4f/ tyf
ljdfg:yn cUgL lgjf/0f
ljdfg:yn cUgL
;DjGwL cfwf/e"t tflnd
lgjf/0f ;DaGwL
k|fKt
cfwf/e"t tflnd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
s'g} ljifodf k|lj0ftf
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
l;len Po/
pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
kf+rf}+ k|fljlws PlePzg 6flkms
k|fKt tfnLd ;+:yfaf6 Po/
ck/]zg ;le{;];
6flkms ;le{;]; ;DaGwL
slDtdf # dlxgf cjlwsf]
tflnd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;|:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ /
On]lS6sn On]lS6sn O{lGhlgol/ On]lS6sn ;DaGwL
kf+rf}+ k|fljlws
OlGhgLol/+u ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tfnLd k|fKt jf
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ sfof{g'ej

119

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ /

d]sflgsn d]sflgsn O{lGhlgol/ d]sflgsn ;DaGwL
kf+rf}+ k|fljlws
OlGhgLol/+u ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tflnd k|fKt jf
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ sfof{g'ej
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ /
On]S6f]lgS; O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS; P08 On]S6f]lgS; P08
kf+rf}+ k|fljlws P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg O{lGhlgol/+u 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ;DaGwL
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx tflnd k|fKt jf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ sfof{g'ej
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ /
l;len l;len O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf ;DalGwt laifosf]
kf+rf}+ k|fljlws
OlGhgLol/+u k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] tflnd k|fKt jf
;/x pQL0f{ sfof{g'ej
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
cfls{6]S6 cfls{6]S6 OlGhgLol/+u
kf+rf}+ k|fljlws
OlGhgLol/+u

laifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx

jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 P;\=Pn\=;L= jf
;+:yfaf6 k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq
;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
l;len PlePzg gful/s p8\8og ;Fu
gful/s p8\8og ;Fu
5}7f}+ k|fljlws PlePzg kmfo/ ;DjlGwt ;+:yfaf6
;DjlGwt ;+:yfaf6
ck/]zg ;le{; lhjgf]4f/ tyf
lhjgf]4f/ tyf ljdfg:yn
ljdfg:yn cUgLlgjf/0f
cUgLlgjf/0f ;DaGwL
;DaGwL cfwf/e"t
cfwf/e"t tflnd k|fKt
tflnd k|fKt

120
 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx
k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
l;len Po/
;/x pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6 k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
5}7f}+ k|fljlws PlePzg 6flkms
dfGotf k|fKt tfnLd k|fKt tfnLd ;+:yfaf6
ck/]zg ;le{;];
;+:yfaf6 Po/ 6flkms Po/ 6flkms ;le{;];
;le{;]; ;DaGwL slDtdf # ;DaGwL slDtdf #
dlxgf cjlwsf] tflnd k|fKt dlxgf cjlwsf] tflnd
k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;|:yfaf6 On]lS6sn dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
O{lGhlgol/ ljifodf ;+:yfaf6 P;\=Pn=;L= jf
O{n]lS6sn
5}7f}+ k|fljlws k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
OlGhgLol/+u
;/x pQL0f{ jf k|df0fkq tx On]lS6|sn laifosf]
pQL0f{ / On]lS6|sn laifosf] tfnLd k|fKt
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 d]sflgsn dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
O{lGhlgol/ ljifodf ;+:yfaf6 P;\=Pn=;L= jf
d]sflgsn
5}7f}+ k|fljlws k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
OlGhgLol/+u
;/x pQL0f{ jf k|df0fkq tx d]sflgsn laifosf]
pQL0f{ / d]sflgsn laifosf] tfnLd k|fKt
tfnLd k|fKt

121

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6 ;+:yfaf6
O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS; P;=Pn=;L=pQL0f{ /
P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg On]S6|f]lgS;/ On]= P08
On]S6f]lgs P08 O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|lj0ftf
5}7f}+ k|fljlws 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg 6]lnsd laifosf] tfnLd
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x k|fKt .
OlGhgLol/+u pQL0f{ jf k|df0fkq tx
pQL0f{ /
On]S6|f]lgS;/On]=P08 6]lnsd
laifosf] tfnLd k|fKt .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= jf
l;len ;+:yfaf6 l;len O{lGhlgol/+u
5}7f}+ k|fljlws ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
OlGhgLol/+u ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq
;DalGwt laifosf]
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 cfls{6]S6 ;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= jf
cfls{6]S6
5}7f}+ k|fljlws OlGhgLol/+u laifodf k|jL0ftf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
OlGhgLol/+u
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x ;DalGwt laifosf]
pQL0f{ . tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;+:yfaf6 k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq ;+:yfaf6 k|lj0ftf
l;len PlePzg ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ / gful/s tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;ftf}+ k|fljlws PlePzg kmfo/ p8\8og;Fu ;DjlGwt / gful/s p8\8og ;Fu ;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] /
ck/]zg ;le{;]; ;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/ tyf ;DjlGwt ;+:yfaf6 gful/s p8\8og ;Fu
ljdfg:yn cUgLlgjf/0f lhjgf]4f/ tyf cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjlGwt ;+:yfaf6
;DjGwL cfwf/e"t tflnd ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tflnd lhjgf]4f/ tyf cUgL

122
 k|fKt / slDtdf ! dlxgfsf] k|fKt lgjf/0f ;DaGwL
;DalGwt laifosf] yk tfnLd cfwf/e"t tflnd k|fKt
k|fKt .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
;+:yfaf6 lj1fg jf ;"rgf ;+:yfaf6 s'g} laifodf slDtdf k|jL0ftf
l;len Po/ k|ljlw (IT) jf Joj:yfkg slDtdf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ /
;ftf}+ k|fljlws PlePzg 6flkms ljifodf :gfts tx pQL0f{ / tx pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6 k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
ck/]zg ;le{;]; k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf k|fKt dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf
;+:yfaf6 slDtdf ^ dlxgf slDtdf Ps jif{{ cjlwsf] Ps jif{{ cjlwsf]
cjlwsf] cfwf/e"t Po/ cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms
6flkms ;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt ;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt
;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 lj1fg ljifodf
Physics / Mathematics
;lxt k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx
l;len jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ eO{ s'g}
NkmfO6
;ftf}+ k|fljlws PlePzg klg ljifodf :gfts tx
ck/];g
ck/];g pQL0f{ u/]sf] / cGt/f{li6o
gful/s pog ;+u7gsf s'g}
klg ;b:o /fi6af6
Commercial Pilot
License jf Airlines

g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^(@#! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;+zf]lwt .

g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ;+rfns ;ldltsf] @)^&##@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;+zf]lwt .
123

Transport Pilot License

k|fKt u/]sf] .

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
;+:yfaf6 On]lS6sn ;+:yfaf6 On]lS6sn
On]lS6sn On]lS6sn O{lGhlgol/+u
;ftf}+ k|fljlws O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|jL0ftf O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
OlGhgLol/+u ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f]
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx
;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{ jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
;+:yfaf6 d]sflgsn ;+:yfaf6 d]sflgsn
d]sflgsn d]sflgsn O{lGhlgol/+u
;ftf}+ k|fljlws O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|jL0ftf O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
OlGhgLol/+u ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f]
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx
;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{ jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 ;+:yfaf6 ;+:yfaf6
On]S6f]lgS; O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS; P08 O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS; O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS;
;ftf}+ k|fljlws P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg O{lGhlgol/+u P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|jL0ftf O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
;/x pQL0f{ k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx
pQL0f{ jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 ;+:yfaf6 l;len/
l;len ;+:yfaf6 l;len/Po/kf]6{
;ftf}+ k|fljlws l;len/Po/kf]6{ O{lGhlgol/+u Po/kf]6{ O{lGhlgol/+u
OlGhgLol/+u O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|jL0ftf
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ljifodf k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
;/x pQL0f{ k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
pQL0f{
;/x pQL0f{

124
 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
;+:yfaf6 P/f]gl6sn ;+:yfaf6 P/f]gl6sn
P/f]gl6sn P/f]gl6sn O{lGhlgol/+u
;ftf}+ k|fljlws O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|jL0ftf O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
OlGhgLol/+u ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f]
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx
;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{ jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
;+:yfaf6 cfls{6]S6 ;+:yfaf6 cfls{6]S6
cfls{6]S6 cfls{6]S6 OlGhgLol/+u
;ftf}+ k|fljlws OlGhgLol/+u laifodf k|jL0ftf OlGhgLol/+u laifodf
OlGhgLol/+u laifodf :gfts tx jf ;f]
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx
;/x pQL0f{ .
pQL0f{ . jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
O{n]S6f]lgS; O{n]S6f]lgS; dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ;+ : yfaf6 O{ n S
] 6 f l
] gS;
On]lS6f]lgS; O{n]S6f]lgS; P08
cf7f}+ k|fljlws P08 O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf O{n]S6f]lgS; P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
:gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x 6] l nsDo" l gs] z g O{ l Ghlgol/+ u
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
pQL0f{ ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f]
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
O{n]S6f]lgS; O{n]S6f]lgS; ;+:yfaf6 O{n]S6f]lgS; ;+:yfaf6 O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg O{n]S6f]lgS; P08 O{n]S6f]lgS; P08
O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg O{lGhlgol/+u 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
gjf}+ On]S6f]lgS;
:gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
/ k|fljlws P08
pQL0f{ ;/x pQL0f{ :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
bzf}+ 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
jf jf pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f jf
s'g} ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf :gfts tx pQL0f{ / ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf

125

k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf Ps k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf k|fKt :gfts tx pQL0f{ /

aif{sf] P/f]gl6sn /]l8of] ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf Ps aif{sf] k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
d]lG6g]G; tfnLd k|fKt P/f]gl6sn /]l8of] d]lG6g]G; k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf
tfnLd k|fKt Ps aif{sf] P/f]gl6sn
/]l8of] d]lG6g]G; tflnd
k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
s'g} ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ / gful/s :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
cf7f}+, :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
l;len PlePzg p8\8og;Fu ;DjlGwt pQL0f{ / gful/s
gjf}+ pQL0f{ / gful/s p8\8og;Fu
k|fljlws PlePzg kmfo/ ;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/ tyf p8\8og;Fu ;DjlGwt
/ ;DjlGwt ;+:yfaf6
ck/]zg ;le{;]h ljdfg:yn cUgLlgjf/0f ;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/
bzf}+ lhjgp4f/ tyf ljdfg:yn
;DjGwL cfwf/e"t tfnLd tyf ljdfg:yn
cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjGwL tflnd
k|fKt / slDtdf ! dlxgfsf] cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjGwL
k|fKt
P8efG; tflnd k|fKt tflnd k|fKt

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf ;+:yfaf6
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
cf7f}+, :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx
l;len Po/ :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x
gjf}+ pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6 jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
k|fljlws PlePzg 6flkms pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
/ dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 Ps} k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
ck/]zg ;le{;]h k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 Ps} r/0f jf
bzf}+ r/0f jf b'O{ r/0fdf u/L k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 Ps}
b'O{ r/0fdf u/L slDtdf Ps
slDtdf Ps jif{{ cjlwsf] r/0f jf b'O{ r/0fdf
jif{{ cjlwsf] cfwf/e"t Po/
cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms u/L slDtdf Ps jif{{
6flkms ;le{;]h tfnLd k|fKt
;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt cjlwsf] cfwf/e"t Po/

g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^(@#! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;+zf]lwt .
126
 6flkms ;le{;]h tflnd
k|fKt

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
la1fg ljifodf k|jL0ftf ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
cf7f}+, :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
l;len k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ u/L s'g} :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
gjf}+ NkmfO6 pQL0f{ u/]sf] /
k|fljlws PlePzg laifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] pQL0f{ u/]sf] /
/ ck/];g k|flws/0faf6 sdl;{on
ck/]zg ;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] / k|flws/0f k|flws/0faf6 sdl;{on
bzf}+ kfOn6 nfO;]G; k|fKt u/]sf]
af6 sdl;{on kfOn6 kfOn6 nfO;]G; k|fKt
nfO;]G; k|fKt u/]sf]
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
cf7f}+, dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 On]lS6sn
gjf}+ On]lS6sn On]lS6sn O{lGhlgol/+u ;+:yfaf6 On]lS6sn
k|fljlws O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
/ OlGhgLol/+u ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf :gfts
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
bzf}+ ;/x pQL0f{ tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
cf7f}+, dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 d]sflgsn
gjf}+ d]sflgsn d]sflgsn O{lGhlgol/+u ;+:yfaf6 d]sflgsn
k|fljlws O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
/ OlGhgLol/+u ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf :gfts
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
bzf}+ ;/x pQL0f{ tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
cf7f}+, dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 l;len
gjf}+ l;len l;len O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf ;+:yfaf6 l;len O{lGhlgol/+u
k|fljlws O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
/ OlGhgLol/+u :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f]
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
bzf}+ pQL0f{ ;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{

127

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

cf7f}+, dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 P/f]gl6sn
gjf}+ P/f]gl6sn P/f]gl6sn O{lGhlgol/+u ;+:yfaf6 P/f]gl6sn
k|fljlws O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
/ OlGhgLol/+u ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf :gfts
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
bzf}+ ;/x pQL0f{ tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 O{n]S6f]lgS;
;+:yfaf6 O{n]S6f]lgS; O{n]S6f]lgS; P08
O{n]S6f]lgS; P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg O{lGhlgol/+u O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
;/x pQL0f{ pQL0f{
On]S6f]lgS; jf jf
P3f/f}+ k|fljlws
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
:gfts tx pQL0f{ / :gfts tx pQL0f{ /
k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf k|fKt k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
;+:yfaf6 slDtdf Ps aif{sf] k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf
P/f]gl6sn /]l8of] d]lG6g]G; Ps aif{sf] P/f]gl6sn
tflnd k|fKt /]l8of] d]lG6g]G; tflnd
k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
l;len PlePzg
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
P3f/f}+ k|fljlws PlePzg kmfo/
pQL0f{ / gful/s p8\8og;Fu pQL0f{ / gful/s
ck/]zg ;le{;]h
;DjlGwt ;+:yfaf6 p8\8og;Fu ;DjlGwt
lhjgf]4f/ tyf ljdfg:yn ;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/

128
 cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjGwL tflnd tyf ljdfg:yn
k|fKt . cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjGwL
tflnd k|fKt .

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
l;len Po/ pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6
pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6
P3f/f}+ k|fljlws PlePzg 6flkms dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6
dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 Ps}
ck/]zg ;le{;]h Ps} r/0f jf b'O{
r/0f jf b'O{ r/0fdf u/L
r/0fdf u/L slDtdf
slDtdf Ps jif{{ cjlwsf]
Ps jif{{ cjlwsf]
cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms
cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms
;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt .
;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf ;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
l;len
NkmfO6 :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
P3f/f}+ k|fljlws PlePzg
ck/];g pQL0f{ u/]sf] / pQL0f{ u/]sf] /
ck/]zg
k|flws/0faf6 sdl;{on k|flws/0faf6 sdl;{on
kfOn6 nfO;]G; k|fKt . kfOn6 nfO;]G; k|fKt .
On]lS6sn dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
P3f/f}+ k|fljlws
OlGhgLol/+u ;+:yfaf6 On]lS6sn ;+:yfaf6 On]lS6sn

g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^(@#! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;+zf]lwt .
129

O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf :gfts O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf

tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ . :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 d]sflgsn
d]sflgsn ;+:yfaf6 d]sflgsn
P3f/f}+ k|fljlws O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
OlGhgLol/+u O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf :gfts
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ .
pQL0f{ .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 l;len O{lGhlgol/+u ;+:yfaf6 l;len
l;len ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] O{lGhlgol/+u
P3f/f}+ k|fljlws ljifodf
OlGhgLol/+u ;/x pQL0f{ . :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 P/f]gl6sn dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
P/f]gl6sn Po/jlb{g]; O{lGhlgol/+u ;+:yfaf6 P/f]gl6sn
P3f/f}+ k|fljlws ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] Po/jlb{g]; O{lGhlgol/+u
OlGhgLol/+u
;/x pQL0f{ . ljifodf :gfts tx jf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{ .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
k|zf;g
afx|f}+ ;+:yfaf6 s'g} laifodf
k|fljlws
:gfts tx pQL0f{ .

130
u_ k|fljlws ;]jf cGtu{t ljljw ;d"xsf kbx?
kbk"lt{sf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
tx ;]jf ;d"x pk;d"x v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu
nflu a9'jfsf] nflu
ljljw bzd sIff pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt
t]>f] k|fljlws laifosf] ^ dlxgfsf] tfnLd jf
Ps aif{sf] sfof{g'ej .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
ljljw P; Pn ;L pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt ;+:yfaf6 bzd sIff pQL0f{
rf}yf] k|fljlws
laifosf] ^ dlxgfsf] tfnLd / ;DalGwt laifosf] tfnLd
jf sfof{g'ej
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
ljljw k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
kf+rf}+ k|fljlws sDKo"6/ ;/x pQL0f{ / dfGotf k|fKt
ck/]6/ ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf]
sDKo'6/ ;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt .
ljljw dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
sDKo"6/ ;DalGwt laifodf k|jL0ftf dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
ck/]6/ afx]s k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ jf s'g} ;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{
kf+rf}+ k|fljlws
ljljw laifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx / ;DalGwt laifosf] tfnLd
;d"xleq kg]{ pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifodf ^ jf sfof{g'ej
kbx? dlxgfsf] tflnd k|fKt .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
ljljw
;+:yfaf6 k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq ;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{
5}7f}+ k|fljlws sDKo"6/
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ / / slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf]
ck/]6/
slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf] sDKo'6/ ;DaGwL tflnd
131

sDKo'6/ ;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt .

k|fKt .
ljljw
;DalGwt laifodf k|jL0ftf
sDKo"6/
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ jf P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ /
ck/]6/ afx]s
5}7f}+} k|fljlws k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx ;DalGwt laifosf] tfnLd
ljljw
pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifosf] k|fKt
;d"xleq kg]{
tfnLd k|fKt
kbx?
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yf
af6 sDKo"6/ OlGhgLol/+u
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f laifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq
;+:yfaf6 sDKo"6/ tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
ljljw dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 OlGhgLol/+u laifodf jf
;ftf}+ k|fljlws sDKo"6/ sDKo'6/ O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf s'g} laifodf k|jL0ftf
k|f]u|fd/ :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ / dfGotf k|fKt
;+:yfaf6 sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fld+u
;DaGwL slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf]
tflnd k|fKt .
ljljw
sDKo"6/ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
;DalGwt laifodf k|jL0ftf ;DalGwt laifodf k|jL0ftf
k|f]u|fd/ ;DalGwt ljifodf :gfts tx
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ jf k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ jf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ jf s'g}
;ftf}+} k|fljlws afx]s ljljw k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx
;d"xleq kg]{ laifodf :gfts tx ptL0f{ /
pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifosf] pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifosf]
kbx? ;DalGwt laifosf] ^ dlxgfsf]
tfnLd k|fKt tfnLd k|fKt
tfnLd k|fKt

132
b|i6Jo M
!= of] lgodfjnL nfu' x''geGbf cufl8 k|fljlws ;]jf l;len PlePzg ck/]zg ;d"x, Po/ 6flkms ;le{;]h
pk;d"xsf] kbdf ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf sd{rf/L jf Po/ 6flkms ;le{;]h sf] cfwf/e"t tflnddf 5gf}6
eO{;s]sf hgzlQmsf] xsdf ;]jf k|j]z / j9'jf k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} klg ljifodf :gfts Go"gtd\
z}lIfs of]Uotf / s'g} klg ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ Ps tx dflysf] ;DjlGwt ljifosf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]
?kdf dfGo x'g]5 .
@= tflnd eGgfn] kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"xnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;DjlGwt ljifodf k|fKt
u/]sf] tflndnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
#= oL lgodx? k|f/De x'Fbfsf] avt tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;]jf, ;d"x pk;d"xdf jxfn /x]sf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghx?nfO{ To:tf] ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xdf k|j]z ug{ tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf g}
o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf dflgg]5 .
$= k|zf;g ;]jftk{m bf]>f] / t]>f] tx tyf k|fljlws ;]jftk{m bf]>f], t]>f] -;jf/L rfns afx]s_ / rf}yf] -
P=kmf=;= ;d"x afx]s_ txsf kbx?sf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf kbk"tL{ ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/;df ;ldltn] tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
%= ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf eGbf Ps tx dflysf] ;DalGwt laifosf] s'g} Ps
cltl/Qm z}lIfs pkflwnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgf/f a9'jf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu Ps tx dflysf]
of]Uotfsf] c+s u0fgf ul/g]5 .

133
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu

k/LIffsf] ;+s]t g+=
/f]n g+=lj1fkg
g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f
b:tvt kmf/fd
xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kf;kf]6{
;fO{hsf] k"/} d'vfs[lt b]lvg]
kmf]6f] 6fF;L kmf]6f]df ;d]t kg]{
k|wfg sfof{no, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ g+=;'rgf g+=
==============================
-v'nfcfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf nflu_ u/L pDd]bjf/n] b:tvt ug]{ .

k|fljlwsck|fljlws kbsf]
v'nfcfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf -s_ pDd]bjf/n] b/vf:t kmf/fd e/]sf] kb ;DaGwL ljj/0f
cg';"rL&
-lgod #=( ;Fu ;DalGwt_ != lj1fkg g+= @= v'nfcf=k|=M #= kbM $= ;]jfM
%= ;d"xM ^= pk ;d"xM &= txM *= k/LIff s]Gb|M
pDd]bjf/sf] b/vf:t kmf/fd (= v'nf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbx? dWo] lgodfg';f/ s_ dlxnf v_ cflbjf;LhghftL
tf]lsPsf] ;d"xsf pDd]bjf/x? aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ u_ dw];L 3_ blnt
u/fpg egL 5'6\ofO{Psf kbx?sf] kbk"lt{sf nflu ePsf] _ ckf r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q
-cf=a= _ lj1fkgdf b/vf:t lbg'ePsf] eP ;d"x lrGx -)_
nufpg'xf];\ .

-v_ pDd]bjf/sf] j}olQms ljj/0fM

lj1fkg g+= /f]n g+=
b]jgful/df
gfd, y/
pDd]bjf/sf] c+u|]hL 7"nf] cIf/df lnM
gfd, y/M k/LIff s]Gb|M gful/stf g+= hf/L ug]{ lhNnfM ldltM
:yfoL 7]ufgf s_ lhNnfM v_ g=kf=uf=lj=;= u_ j8f g+=
kbM 3_ 6f]nM _ dfu{3/ g+= r_ kmf]g g+=
kqfrf/ ug]{ 7]ufgfM O{d]nM
txM afa'sf] gfd, y/M cfdfsf] gfd, y/M
afh]sf] gfd, y/M kltkTgLsf] gfd, y/M
;]jf ;d"x pk;d"x hGd ldlt -lj=;+=df_ -O{:jL ;Djtdf+_ xfn pd]/M jif{ dlxgf

gf]6M v'nf k|ltuf]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbx? dWo]

s_ dlxnf -u_ z}lIfs of]Uotftflnd -b/vf:t kmf/d e/]sf] kbsf] nflu rflxg]
lgodfg';f/ tf]lsPsf ;d"xsf pDd]baf/x? aLr dfq
v_ cflbjf;LhghftL cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotftflnd dfq pNn]v ug]{_
u_ dw];L
k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg elg 5'6\ofOPsf] kbx?sf] kbk"lt{sf
3_ blnt cfjZos Go"gtd ljZjljBfnoaf]8{ z}lIfs d"n
nflu ePsf] lj1fkgdf b/vf:t lbg' ePsf] ;d"x lrGx ;+sfo >]0fLk|ltzt
_ ckf of]Uotf tflnd lbg] ;+:yf pkflwtflnd ljifo
-)_ nufpg'xf];\ .
r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q z}lIfs of]Uotf
d"No = !)). tflnd

134 135
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-3_ cg'ej ;DaGwL ljj/0f -b/vf:t kmf/d e/]sf] kbsf] nflu rflxg] g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu
kl/IffyL{sf] ;+s]t g+=
/f]n g+=lj1fkg g+=;'rgf g+=
cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotftflnd dfq pNn]v ug]{_ ==============================

cjlw pDd]bjf/x?n] clgjfo{ ?kdf cfkm}n] lgDg ljj/0fx? :ki6 a'lemg]u/L pNn]v ug{'xf]nf .
sfof{no kb ;]jf;d"xpk;d"x tx :yfoLc:yfoLs/f/
b]lv ;Dd ;DalGwt ljsNksf] qmd;+Vofdf uf]nL -)_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ .

!= pDd]bjf/n] b/vf:t kmf/fd e/]sf] kb ;DaGwL ljj/0fM

s kbM lj1fkg g+= lsl;d;d"x

c;fwf/0f labf lnPsf] eP cjlwM =================== b]lv =================== ;Dd
v kbk"lt{sf] tl/sfM != cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf @= v'nf k|ltof]lutf

d}n] o; b/vf:tdf v'nfPsf ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx? ;To 5g\ . b/vf:t a'emfPsf] kbsf] u kbsf] lsl;dM != k|fljlws @= ck|fljlws
lj1fkgsf] nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L s'g} ;hfo kfPsf] 5}g . s'g} s'/f 9fF6] jf n'sfPsf] 3 ;]jf != k|zf;g
7xl/Pdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;xg]5'a'emfpg]5' . pDd]bjf/n] kfng ug]{ egL k|rlnt
sfg"g tyf o; b/vf:t kmf/fddf k[i7x?df pNn]lvt ;a} zt{ tyf lgodx? kfng ug{
d~h'/ ub{5' .
pDd]bjf/sf] NofKr] ;lx5fk pDd]bjf/n] dfly pNn]v u/]sf] cg'ejsf] ljj/0f l7s 5
bfofF afofF egL k|dfl0ft ug]{ clws[tsf] b:tvt @= k|fljlws
gfd, y/M
pDd]bjf/sf] b:tvt kbbhf{M
ldltM ldltM sfof{nosf] 5fk
k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/Ln] eg]{ ;d'x -n]Vg'xf];\_+ _ tx txM != k|yd, @= bf]>f], #= t]>f], $= rf}yf], %=
/l;bef}r/ g+= /f]n g+= kfFrf}, ^= 5}6f}+, &= ;ftf}+, *= cf7f}+, ( gjf}+,
pk;d"x -n]Vg'xf];\_ !) bzf}+, !! P3f/f}+
b/vf:t c:jLs[t eP ;f]sf] sf/0fM

b/vf:t ?h' ug]{sf] b:tvtM

b/vf:t :jLs[tc:jLs[t ug]{sf] b:tvtM @= pDd]bjf/sf] JolQmut ljj/0fM
ldlt
ldltM
s= pDd]bjf/sf] gful/stf g+=M
gfd, y/M ======================== ======================= ========================
b|i6JoM b/vf:t;fy lj1fkgdf pNn]lvt nufot lgDg lnlvt sfuhftx? clgjfo{ ?kdf -klxnf] gfd_ -larsf]_ -clGtd cyf{t y/_
pDd]bjf/ cfkm}n] k|dfl0ft u/L k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
v= hft -n]Vg'xf];\_
!_ g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk,
@_ ;dsIftf / ;Da4tf cfjZos kg]{df ;f]sf] k|ltlnlk, u= hGd :yfg / :yfoL 7]ufgfM hGd :yfgM lhNnfM ==================== != uf=lj=; jf @= g=kf=
#_ lj1fkg ePsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq / rfl/lqs :yfoL 7]ufgfM lhNnf ================= != uf=lj=; jf @= g=kf=
k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk -tflnd / cg'ej cfjZos kg]{df ;f] ;d]tsf] k|ltlnlk_, 3= b/vf:t lbg] clGtd ldltdf k'Ug] pd]/ ==================== jif{ =================== dlxgf
$_ g]=gf=p= k|flws/0f sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]
lgod #=@ sf] pklgod -@_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw];L = ln != k'?if @= dlxnf
/ blnt pDd]bjf/n] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] eGg] k|df0fsf] k|ltlnlk r= wd{ != lxGb' @= af}4 #= O{:nfd $= O{;fO{ %= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ========
k]z ug'{kg]{5 . 5= j}jflxs l:ylt != ljjflxt @= cljjflxt #= ljwjfljw'/ $= cnu eO{ a;]sf]
%_ ;]jf ;DaGwL P]glgodfjnLdf tf]lsPsf] eP ;DalGwt Joj;flos kl/ifb\df gfd
btf{ ePsf] k|df0fsf] k|ltlnlk . h= tkfO{ cfkm"nfO{ s] eGg' ?rfpg' x'G5 <

136 137
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

!= lxdfnL @= kxf8L #= t/fO{ $= lk5l8Psf] If]q %= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ========

pDd]bjf/n] kfng ug'{kg]{ lgodx?
em= tkfO{ cfkm"nfO{ s'g ;d"xju{df /fVg' x'G5 < != k/LIff lbg cfpFbf clgjfo{ ?kdf k|j]z kq Nofpg' kg]{5 .
!= cflbjf;Lhghflt @= blnt #= j}Zo $= If]qL %= a|fDx0f ^= dw];L
&= d';ndfg *= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ========
k|j]zkq lagf k/LIffdf a:g kfOg] 5}g .
` pDd]bjf/sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf != a]/f]huf/ @= ;/sf/L ;]jf #= cGo k]zf -pNn]v ug]{_ =======
@= k/LIff xn leq df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 .
6= dft[efiff -n]Vg'xf];\_
#= lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sflzt ePkl5 cGtjf{tf{ x'g] lbgdf
7= zf/Ll/s ?kdf czQm x'g'x'G5 < != 5' @= 5}g
klg k|j]zkq Nofpg' clgjfo{ 5 .
olb x'g'x'G5 eg] s:tf] k\sf/sf] zf/Ll/s czQmtf xf] v'nfpg' xf]nf ====== $= k/LIff z'? x'g' eGbf !% ldg]6 cufl8 306Lf/f ;"rgf u/]kl5
k/LIff xndf k|j]z ug{ lbOg]5, j:t'ut k/LIff xndf k|j]z
8= z}lIfs ;+sfo != dfgljls @= sfg"g #= Joj:yfkg $= lzIff %= lj1fg ug{ lbOg]5, j:t'ut k/LIff z'? ePsf] !% ldg]6 kl5 /
-s'g} Psdf dfq lrGx nufpg'xf]nf_ ^= OlGhlgol/ &= lrlsT;f *= s[lif (= jg ljifout k/LIff z'? ePsf] !% ldg]6 kl5 / ljifout k/LIff
!)= ;+:s[t !!= cGo s'g} eP pNn]v ug]{ z'? ePsf] cfwf 306f kl5 cfpg] / j:t'ut tyf ljifout
cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKtf k|ltzt b'j} k/LIff;Fu} x'g]df @) ldg]6kl5 cfpg] pDd]bjf/n] k/LIffdf
cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of}uotf eGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]UotfM != 5, tx pNn]v ug]{ @= 5}g a:g kfpg] 5}g .
9= tkfO{n] cWoog u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yf s:tf] k|sf/sf] xf] < != ;fd'bflos -;/sf/L_ @= ;+:yfut -lghL_ #= ljb]zL %= k/LIff xndf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] ;do cjlw -a'Fbf g+= $ df
SLC, O-Lvel, A-Leveljf +2 k9]sf] ljBfnoM != ;fd'bflos -;/sf/L_ @= ;+:yfut -lghL_
ljZjljBfnoM #= ljb]zL ===============
pNn]v ul/Psf]_ lat]sf] !) ldg]6 k5fl8 dfq pDd]bjf/nfO{
ljZjfljBfnosf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\M k/LIff xn aflx/ hfg] cg'dlt lbOg]5 .
^= kl/Iff xndf k|j]z u/]kl5 lstfa, sfkL, sfuh, lr6 cflb
0f= z}lIfs cj:yfM cfdf != lg/If/ @= ;fIf/ #= P;=Pn=;L= ;Dd $= pRr lzIff cfkm" ;fy /fVg' x'Fb}g . pDd]bjf/n] cfk;df s'/fsfgL / ;+s]t
afa' != lg/If/ @= ;fIf/ #= P;=Pn=;L= ;Dd $= pRr lzIff ;d]t ug'{ x'Fb}g .
cfdfafa'sf] d'Vo k]zf -s'g} Ps_ != s[lif @= Jofkf/Joj;fo #= lzIf0f -lghL;/sf/L_ $= u}/;/sf/L &= k/LIff xndf pDd]bjf/n] k/LIffsf] dof{bf ljk/Lt s'g} sfd
%= ;/sf/L ;]jf ^= cGo eP -pNn]v ug]{_ ============ u/]df s]Gb|fWoIfn] k/LIff xnaf6 lgisfzg u/L t'?Gt sfg"g
adf]lhdsf] sf/jfxL ug]{5 / To;/L lgisfzg ul/Psf]
dfly pNn]lvt ljj/0fx? 7Ls 5g\
pDd]jf/sf] ;f] lj1fkgsf] k/LIff :jtM /2 ePsf] dflgg]5 .
=================================
pDd]bjf/sf] b:tvt
*= lj/fdL ePsf] pDd]bjf/n] k/LIff xndf k|j]z u/L k/LIff lbg]
qmddf lghnfO{ s]xL ePdf k|flws/0f hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}g .
(= pDd]bjf/n] k/LIff lbPsf] lbgdf xflh/ clgjfo{ ?kn] ug'{
kg]{5 .
!)= k|flws/0fn] ;"rgff/f lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{qmd cg';f/ kl/Iff
;+rfng x'g]5 .

138 139
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

!!= pDd]bjf/n] j:t'ut k/LIffdf cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt k|Zg kqsf] sL g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f
pQ/k'l:tsfdf clgjfo{ ?kn] n]Vg' kg]{5 . gn]v]df sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd
pQ/k'l:tsf :jtM /2 x'g]5 .
!@= s'g} pDd]bjf/n] k|Zg kqdf /x]sf] c:ki6tfsf] ;DaGwdf ;f]Wg' g]kfn gful/s pog a9'jf x'g] kb ;+VofM
kbf{ klg k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt cGo pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ afwf gkg]{ k|flws/0fsf] ;"rgf g+=M
txM ;]jfM
u/L lg/LIfsnfO{ ;f}Wg'kg]{5 . ;d"xM pk;d"xM
xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kf;kf]6{
g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ;fO{hsf] k"/} d'vfs[lt b]lvg] pDd]bjf/sf] k"/f gfd, y/M axfn u/]sf] sfof{noM
k|j]zkq kmf]6f] 6fF;L kmf]6f]df ;d]t kg]{
u/L pDd]bjf/n] b:tvt ug]{ . 7]ufgfM ;]jfM
afa'sf] gfdM ;d"xM
k/LIffyL{n] eg]{M afh]sf] gfdM pk;d"xM

s_ ;]jfM lj1fkg g+= lsl;d ;d"x != gf]s/L ljj/0f -z'? b]lv xfnsf] kb;Dd_
v_ ;d"xM
kbsf] gfd, c;fwf/0f labf
u_ pk;d"xM tx, ;]jf, sfof{nosf]
lgo'QmL jf jxfn u/]sf] ldlt
a;]sf] eP cjlw s;/L
a9'jfsf] s}lkmot
3_ txM ;d"x, gfd
lg0f{o ldlt b]lv ;Dd b]lv ;Dd
cfPsf]
pk;d"x
_ kbM
r_ k/LIff s]Gb|

3_ pDd]bjf/sf]M gfd, y/M

b:tvtM
b|i6AoM
k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/Ln] eg]{M != :yfoL, ljsf;, c:yfoL, ;]jf kl/jt{g s] xf] :ki6 pNn]v ug]{ .
o; k|flws/0faf6 lnOg] pQm kbsf] k/LIffdf tkfO{nfO{ lgDg s]Gb|af6 ;lDdlnt x'g
cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 . lj1fkgdf tf]lsPsf] zt{ gk'u]sf] 7x/ ePdf h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg @= lgodfjLsf] lgod ^=# cg';f/ a9'jfsf] pDd]bjf/ x'g c;/ kg]{ s]xL 5}g
of] cg'dlt /2 x'g]5M egL s}lkmot dxndf pNn]v ug]{
#= :yfoL, ljsf;, c:yfoL, ;]jf kl/jt{g, ;d"x, pk;d"x kl/jt{g s;/L
k/LIff s]Gb|M cfPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f dxn g+= ^ df :ki6 v'nfpg] .
/f]n g+=M

=============================
-clws[tsf] b:tvt_

b|i6AoM s[kof pDd]bjf/n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgodx? x]g'{xf]nf .

140 141
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

@= ljleGg jlu{st If]qdf uO{ sfd u/]sf] cg'ej -xfnsf] txsf] dfq_M $= ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfsflng tflnd -xfnsf] txsf] dfq_
tflndsf] tflnd lbg] ;+:yfsf] cjlw
jxfn /x]sf] ldlt s'g ju{sf] tx s}lkmot
jxfn /x]sf] ?h' xflh/ ljifo gfd / 7]ufgf b]lv ;Dd
lhNnf xf] s}lkmot
b]lv ;Dd lhNnf eP lbg
vf]Ng]
b|i6JoM
!= tflndsf] k|df0fkqdf cjlw v'n]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
@= ;]jfsflng tflnd jfkt s'g} Pp6f tflndnfO{ dfq c+s lbOg]5 .
b|i6AoM dfly plNnlvt ljj/0fdf s'g} s'/f em'f n]lvPsf] jf hfgfhfgL ;fFrf] s'/f bafpg]
!= dxn g+= # df lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^=% sf] pklgod -!)_ cg';f/ ju{ p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] 7x/] sfg'g adf]lhd ;hfo :jLsf/ ug]{5' egL 5fk ug]{M
v'nfpg kg]{5 .
@= jlu{s[t If]q ;DaGwdf ?h' xflh/sf] cfwf/df dfq ;f] jfktsf] c+s kfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM ;xLM
x'Fbf ?h' xflh/ slt -jif{, dlxgf, lbg_ ePsf] xf] g+= % sf] dxndf :ki6
v'nfpg' kg]{5 . kbM ldltM
#= z}lIfs of]Uotf -lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^=% sf] pklgod -$_ cg';f/ kfpg]
c+sM bfofF cf}+7fsf] NofKr] ;lx5fkM
z}lIfs cWoog cjlw lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] gfd, pk/f]Qm Aoxf]/f sfof{nodf /x]sf] lghsf] /]s8{ cg';f/sf] xf] / o;df lghn] d]/f]
>]0fL s}lkmot
of]Uotf b]lv ;Dd 7]ufgf /f]xj/df ;lx5fk u/]sf] l7s xf] egL

k|dfl0ft ug]{M
ljefluosfof{no k|d'vsf] gfdM ;lxM
b|i6JoM bhf{M ldltM
!= kmf/fddf plNnlvt ;a} pkflwx?sf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
k|ltlnlk k]z gu/]df ;f] jfktsf] c+s kfOg] 5}g .

142 143
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

cg';"rL * cg';"rL (
-lgod $=^ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ -lgod $=& sf] pklgod -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ kf;kf]6{
sd{rf/Lsf] j}olQms ljj/0f kmf/fd ;fO{hsf]
zky u|x0f kmf/fdsf] gd"gf kmf]6f]
sd{rf/Lsf] k"/f gfd y/M sfof{noM
d ====================================================================================== :yfoL 7]ufgfM xfnsf] sfof{noM
================================= O{Zj/sf] gfddf ;ky lnG5' ls g]kfn 3/ ePsf] lhNnfM kmf]g g+=M
gful/s pog k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otn] dnfO{ tf]lsPsf] gful/stf M
sfd d]/f] 1fg, zLk / ljj]sn] hfg] a'em];Dd O{dfg, wd{ tyf st{Jo hGd ldltM ;fn dlxgf ut]
;DemL b]z / g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0fk|lt jkmfbf/ /xL eo, wd{M lnM :qLk'?if
kIfkft jf ]if g/fvL nf]e nfnr df]nflxhf gu/L cg'zf;gdf /xL x'lnofM j}jfxLs l:yltM
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL ljjflxt eP kltkTgLsf] gfdM
lgodfjnL, @)%^ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ df ePsf] Joj:yfsf] clwgdf /xL k]zfM
cfkm\gf] st{Josf] kfngf ug]{5' . dnfO{ 1ft x'g cfPsf] gLltut lktfsf] gfdM
;/sf/L / k|flws/0fsf] uf]Ko sfd sf/jfxL clws[t JolQmnfO{ afx]s afh]sf] gfdM k"j{ k]zfM
cGo cglws[t JolQm jf ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ d ;]jfdf /x] jf g/x]sf] O{R5fPsf] JolQmsf] gfdM ;+/Ifssf] gfdM
h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kn] eGg] jf ;+s]t ug]{ 5}g . cfsl:ds cj:yfdf va/ ug'{ kg]{
JolQmsf]M
zky u|x0f ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] zky u|x0f u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] 7]ufgfM
cfkm\gf] lgh;Fusf] ;DaGwM gfd, 7]ufgfM
s_ gfdM s_ gfdM z}lIfs of]UotfM kmf]gM
v_ b:tvtM v_ b:tvtM 7]ufgfM
u_ ldltM u_ ldltM
cWoog kl/Iffkmn
lzIf0f
3_ ;]jfM 3_ kbM qm=;= ;+:yfsf]
z}lIfs
>]0fL
d"n u/]sf] ;fn k|sflzt
s}lkmot
of]Uotf ljifo ==== b]lv ePsf]
_ ;d"xpk;d"xM _ sfof{noM gfd
===== ;Dd jif{
r_ txM r_ sfof{nosf] 5fkM

144 145
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

k|lzIf0f tflnd cflb -6fO{lk, z6{Xof08, sDKo'6/ cflb ;d]t k|lzIf0f kfPsf] eP ;f] cg';"rL !)
v'nfpg]_M -lgod ^=% sf] pklgod -!)_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
ef}uf]lns If]qsf] jlu{s/0f
tflnd lbg] tflndsf] cjlw
qm=;+=
;+:yf ljifo b]lv ;Dd
>]0fL s}lkmot s ju{
1. tfKn]h' gful/s pog sfof{no
2. n'Snf gful/s pog sfof{no
3. kmfKn' gful/s pog sfof{no
4. dgf gful/s pog sfof{no
dft[efiffM Hofb} /fd|f]/fd|f];fdfGos] xf] v'nfpg] 5. hf]d;f]d gful/s pog sfof{no
n]vk9 ug{ / af]Ng hfg]sf c? efiffx?M 6. 8f]Nkf gful/s pog sfof{no
?lr tyf cltlQm s[ofsnfkM 7. afh'/f gful/s pog sfof{no
jlu{s[t If]qdf sfo{ u/]sf] ljj/0fM 8. l;ldsf]6 gful/s pog sfof{no
9. aemf gful/s pog sfof{no
sfd u/]sf] ;do 10. ?s'd gful/s pog sfof{no
If]q s}lkmot
b]lv ;Dd 11. rf}/emf/L -?s'd_ gful/s pog sfof{no
12. :ofFaf]r] gful/s pog sfof{no
13. /f]Nkf gful/s pog sfof{no
14. nfd6f gful/s pog sfof{no
15. bfr'{nf gful/s pog sfof{no
k|f]T;fxL k'/:sf/ kfPsf] ldlt tyf ljj/0fM 16. h'Dnf gful/s pog sfof{no
qm=;+= k|z+;fkq tna j[l4 gub k'/:sf/ cGo s}lkmot
! v ju{
@ 1.
#
ef]hk'/ gful/s pog sfof{no
$ 2. t'lDn6f/ gful/s pog sfof{no
% 3. nfld8fF8f gful/s pog sfof{no
4. /fd]5fk gful/s pog sfof{no
sd{rf/L k|zf;g zfvfsf] clen]vsf] k|of]hgsf] lglDtM 5. ?Dhf6f/ gful/s pog sfof{no
!= sd{rf/L ;+s]t g+= 6. 8f]6L gful/s pog sfof{no
@= sd{rf/L %* jif{ k'Ug] ldltM 7. a}t8L gful/s pog sfof{no
#= cGo 8. ;fFkm]ju/ gful/s pog sfof{no
-s}lkmot dxndf ljj/0f eg]{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] ldlt ;lxt b:tvt ug'{kg]{5_ 9. kfn'6f/ gful/s pog sfof{no
10. lh/L gful/s pog sfof{no
11. 9f]/kf6g gful/s pog sfof{no

146 147
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

u ju{ cg';"lr!!
1.
-lgod ^=^= pklgod -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
wgu9L gful/s pog sfof{no
2. dx]Gb|gu/ gful/s pog sfof{no sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd
3. l6sfk'/ gful/s pog sfof{no
4. bf gful/s pog sfof{no sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd eg]{ lgb]{lzsf
5. ;'v]{t gful/s pog sfof{no
6. jfUn' gful/s pog sfof{no != of] kmf/fd k|To]s cfly{s jif{ ->fj0f ! b]lv c;f/ d;fGt;Dd
sfd u/]sf] cfwf/df_ eg'{ kg]{5 .
3 ju{
@= sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdnfO{ kfFr v08df lgDg cg';f/
1. e/tk'/ gful/s pog sfof{no ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
2. l;d/f gful/s pog sfof{no
3. hgsk'/ gful/s pog sfof{no v08 s ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ljj/0f / pknAwL
4. uf}tda'4 gful/s pog sfof{no v08 v sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ d"Nof+sg
5. /fhlj/fh gful/s pog sfof{no
6. d]3f}nL gful/s pog sfof{no v08 u k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"Nof+sg
7. rGb|u9L gful/s pog sfof{no v08 3 a9'jf ;ldltn] eg]{
8. kf]v/f gful/s pog sfof{no v08 clen]v Joj:yf
9. lj/f6gu/ gful/s pog sfof{no
10. g]kfnu~h gful/s pog sfof{no #= v08 -s_ df plNnlvt sfdsf] ljj/0f cGtu{t /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{
11.
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf l:yt k|flws/0f cGtu{tsf sfof{nox? ljifo, nIo / sd{rf/Ln] eg]{ egL tf]lsPsf] dxndf pknAwL

;d]t ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] eg'{ kg]{5 . tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf
ju{ cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfdx?nfO{ ;s];Dd ;d]l6g] u/L a9Ldf cfkm"n]
===========================
u/]sf ;a} sfdx?nfO{ ;s];Dd ;d]l6g] u/L a9Ldf kfFrj6f
gf]6M of] lgodfjnL nfu' x'g'eGbf cuf8Lsf] ef}uf]lns If]q jfktsf] c+s u0fgf lghfdtL sfdx? 5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 . o;/L el/Psf] kmf/fd
;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL cg';f/ ul/g]5 . b:tvt / ldlt;lxt tf]lsPsf] ;'kl/j]Ifs ;dIf k]z
ug'{kg]{5 .
$= ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;DalGwt sd{rf/Laf6 el/Psf] kmf/fd k|fKt
ePkl5 v08 -s_ df plNnlvt ;'kl/j]Ifsn] eg]{ / l6Kk0fL
eg]{ egL tf]lsPsf] dxndf sd{rf/Laf6 el/Psf] pknAwL
;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L pknAwL eg'{ kg]{5 . pknAwL /

l6Kk0fLsf] cfwf/df ;'kl/j]Ifsn] v08 -v_ sf] ;'kl/j]Ifsf]

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .

d"Nof+sg sf] c+s eg'{ kg]{5 . o;/L d"Nof+sg ul/;s]kl5
148 149
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
cfkm\gf] b:tvt / ldlt;lxt of] kmf/d k'g/fjf]nf]sgstf{
;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
%= k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] ;'kl/j]Ifsaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] kmf/fdsf]
v08 -s_ sf] cfwf/df v08 -v_ k'g/fjnf]sgstf{sf]
d"Nof+sgsf] c+s eg'{kg]{ 5 . o;/L el/Psf] kmf/fd
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{sf] b:tvt / ldlt ;lxt k'g/fjnf]sg
;ldltdf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
^= k'g/fjfn]sg ;ldltn] v08 -u_ cg';f/sf] kmf/fd e/L
b:tvt / ldlt ;lxt of] kmf/fd a9'jf ;ldltsf]
;lrjfnodf k]z ug'{kg]{5 . k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] k]z x'g
cfPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdx?df cfjZos b]lvPdf
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ jf ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu k'i6\ofO{sf] dfu ug]{ jf
k'glj{rf/sf] nflu lghsxfF k7fpg ;Sg]5 . k'gM k]z x'g
cfPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd cf}lrTok"0f{ jf c+s
;+zf]wg geO{ cfPdf k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] o; ljifodf
l6Kk0fL u/L To:tf] ;'kl/j]Ifs jf k'g/fjnf]sgstf{sf] clen]v
/fVg ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
&= Pp6f cjlwleq PseGbf a9L ;'kl/j]Ifssf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf /xL
sfd u/]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf of] kmf/fd eg'{ kbf{ ;f] cjlwsf]
cGtdf hf] ;'kl/j]Ifs x'G5 p;}n] k'/f cjlwsf] kmf/fd eg'{
kg]{5 .
*= k|To]s sd{rf/Lx?n] of] kmf/fd >fj0f !% ut] leq cfkm'n] eg'{
kg]{ ljj/0fx? e/L ;'kl/j]Ifs ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;f] kmf/fd k|fKt ePsf] !% lbg leq cfkm"n] eg'{
kg]{ d"Nof+sgsf] Joxf]/f e/L k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ ;dIf kmf/fdf
k]z ug'{kg]{5 . k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] ;f] kmf/fd cfkm' ;dIf k|fKt
ePsf] !% lbg leq cfkm\gf] d"Nof+sg ;lxt pQm kmf/fd
150
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
k'g/jfn]sg ;ldltdf k7fpg' kg]{5 . k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn]
!% lbg leq pQm kmf/fd a9'jf ;ldltdf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
t/ of] lgodfjnL nfu' ePkl5 sd{rf/Ln] klxnf] k6s sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd e/L k]z ug'{ kg]{ cjlw >fj0f !%
ut] ;Ddsf] ;f cflZjg d;fGt;Dd sfod x'g]5 .
(= tf]lsPsf] ;doleqdf of] kmf/fd e/L ;'kl/j]Ifs sxfF btf{
u/L a'emfpg' k5{ jf x'nfsaf6 k7fpg' kg]{ eP tf]lsPsf]
;do leqdf x'nfsdf /lhi6/ btf{ u/L ;'kl/j]Ifs sxfF
k7fpg' k5{ . dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f j]u/ tf]lsPsf] ;do
leq k]z gu/L To;kl5 k]z u/]df sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]jfkt
k|fKt u/]sf] s"n k|fKtfaf6 kfFr c+s 36fO{g]5 .
==============
!)= sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ug]{ ;'kl/j]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg stf{n]
d"Nof+sg u/]sf kmf/ddf clgjfo{ ?kdf cfkm\gf] gfd, kb, tx
/ ldlt :ki6 ?kdf n]lv b:tvt ;d]t ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!= sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd eg]{ sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sgsf] ;DalGwt kfgfx?df gfd pNn]v u/L b:tvt
;d]t ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
t]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f x6fOPsf] .
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
151
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdsf] 9fFrf nIo

gtf]lsPsf]
sd{rf/Ln]
eg]{ pknAwL

;'kl/j]Ifsn] eg]{

sfdx? ljj/0f clt pQd pQd ;fdfGo Go"g

ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] sfof{noM -s_
-v_
btf{ g+=M -u_
-3_
ldltM -_

sd{rf/Lsf]gfdM cjlwM b]lv ;Dd sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM

!= kbM @= tx #= ;]jf M
$= ;d"xM %= pk;d"xM s'g} sfd ;Dkfbg x'g g;s]sf] eP To;sf sf/0fx? ;'kl/j]If0fsf] l6Kk0fL

^= sfof{nosf] gfdM sf/0fx? sf/0f ;dfwfg ug{ ul/Psf -s_ sf/0fx? cf}lrToM
k|of;x? 7Ls
&= o; d"Nof+sgsf] cjlwdf ;?jf ePsf sfof{nox? -s_ -s_ -s_ a]l7s
-v_ -v_ -v_
qmdzM -u_ -u_ -u_ -v_ sf/0fx? ;dfwfg ug{
-3_ -3_ -3_ ul/Psf k|of;x?
7Ls
a]l7s
v08 -s_ ;'kl/j]Ifssf] b:tvtM
;Dkflbt sfdsf] ljj/0f sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvtM ldlt

sfdsf]
nIo pknAwL b|i6JoM
ljj//0f
sd{rf/Ln] eg]{
;'kl/j]Ifsn] nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ lgwf{l/t cfwf/x? -kl/df0f, nfut, ;do / u'0f:t/_ ;Dej
eg]{
eP;D dug]{ k|of; x'g'kg]{ . nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdx?sf] xsdf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] d"Nof+sg ubf{
;Dej eP;Dd dfq kl/df0f,nfut / ;dosf] cfwf/df ug'{kg]{5 . sd{rf/LN]f nIo
kl/df0fnIosf]

nfutnIosf]

kl/df0f;+Vof

;dfGo / Go"g
;donIosf]

u'0f:t/clt
;dodlxgf

pQd, pQd,
nfut/sd

gtf]lsPsf] sfdx?sf] pknAwL ljj/0f eg'{ kbf{ ;Dej eP;Dd kl/df0f, nfut /
kl/df0f

k|ltzt

k|ltzt

k|ltzt
nfut

;do

;donfO{ cf}Nofpg' kg]{5 .

nIo tf]lsPsf]
sfdx?
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-_

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

152 153
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

v08 v v08 v
sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"Nof+sg
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
clt
:t/ pQd ;fdfGo Go"g
JolQmut u'0f Pj+ cfr/0f pQd
;'kl/j]Ifssf] d"Nof+sg kg'/fjnf]sgstf{sf] d"Nof+sg c ! )=&% )=% )=@%
-s_ tx !@ sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu
sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/ :t/ clt pQd pQd ;fdfGo Go"g clt pQd pQd ;fdfGo Go"g
-!_ gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf
c ^=@% % $ #=) @=% @ !=% ! -@_ 5nkmn tyf jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf
-#_ ljj]ssf] k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / d"Nof+sg
!= ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| -$_ g]t[Tj / ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf
kl/df0f -%_ k]zfut ;+j]bglzntf, O{dfGbfl/tf, uf]klgotf cflb_
k"0ff{ % k|fKtf+s
@= ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| nfut

#= ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| ;do k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf]

$= ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| u'0f
b:tvtM ldltM
hDdf
sd{rf/Lsf gfdM
k|fKtf k|fKtf clt
:t/ pQd ;fdfGo Go"g
JolQmut u'0f Pj+ cfr/0f pQd
k"0f{f M @% k"0f{f M !) c )=%) )=#&% )=@% )=!@%
-v_ tx !) / !! sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu
;'kl/j]Ifsf] k'g/fjnf]sgstf{sf] -!_ ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk
-@_ gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf
b:tvtM b:tvtM
-#_ ;[hgzLntf / cu|;/tf
ldltM ldltM -$_ g]t[Tj / ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf
-%_ ljj]ssf] k|of]u ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf
-^_ k]zfut ;+j]bglzntf, O{dfGbfl/tf, uf]klgotf cflb_
nfutnfO{ d"Nof+sg ug{ ;Dej gb]lvPdf o; jfkt 5'6\ofOPsf] c+s afFsL tLgj6f -&_ >f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u
-*_ sfo{ rfk jxg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf
cfwf/x?df ;dfg'kflts lx;fadf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg]5 . -(_ cGt/j}olQms :jefj / ;~rf/ zLk
-!)_ ;xof]uLnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ Ifdtf
k"0ff{ % k|fKtf+s

k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf]

b:tvtM ldltM

154 155
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

sd{rf/Lsf gfdM sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM

clt clt
:t/ pQd ;fdfGo Go"g :t/ pQd ;fdfGo Go"g
JolQmut u'0f Pj+ cfr/0f pQd JolQmut u'0f Pj+ cfr/0f pQd
c )=%) )=#&% )=@% )=!@% c ! )=&% )=% )=@%
-u_ tx * / ( sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu -_ tx $ / % sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu
-!_ ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk -!_ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk
-@_ cGt/j}olQms :jefj / ;~rf/ zLk -@_ lgb]{zfg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ifdtf
-#_ ljj]ssf] k|of]u ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf -#_ sfddf ?rL / pT;fx
-$_ sfo{ rfk jxg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf -$_ cf1fkfng / cg'zf;g
-%_ ;do 7ls lsl;daf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd -%_ ;hutf / lz3|tf
eg]{ / d"Nof+sg ug]{ . k"0ff{ % k|fKtf+s
-^_ g]t[Tj / ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf
-&_ ;[hgzLntf / cu|;/tf
-*_ k]zfut ;+j]bglzntf, O{dfGbfl/tf, uf]klgotf cflb_ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf]
-(_ ;xof]uLnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ Ifdtf b:tvtM ldltM
-!)_ >f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u
k"0ff{ % k|fKtf+s
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
clt
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] JolQmut u'0f Pj+ cfr/0f
:t/
pQd
pQd ;fdfGo Go"g
b:tvtM ldltM c )=%) )=&% )=% )=@%
-r_ tx !, @, # sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu
-!_ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM -@_ lgb]{zfg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ifdtf
clt -#_ sfddf ?rL / pT;fx
:t/ pQd ;fdfGo Go"g
JolQmut u'0f Pj+ cfr/0f pQd -$_ cf1fkfng / cg'zf;g
c )=%) )=&% )=% )=@% -%_ ;hutf / lz3|tf
-3_ tx ^ / & sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu k"0ff{ % k|fKtf+s
-!_ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk
-@_ sfo{of]hgf kl/df0f / :t/
-#_ ljj]ssf] k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / d"Nof+sg k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf]
-$_ sfo{ rfk jxg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf b:tvtM ldltM
-%_ ;[hgzLntf / cu|;/tf
k"0ff{ % k|fKtf+s

k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf]

b:tvtM ldltM

156 157
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

cg';"rL!@ cg';"rL!# -c_

-lgod *=!% ;Fu ;DalGwt_ -lgod (=@, (=%, (=!@ / (=!# ;Fu ;DalGwt_

ljbfsf] cfj]bg @)^*.$.! b]lv nfu' ePsf] tnadfg

sfof{no ;xof]uL
>L =========================== tx z'? tna u||]8 ;+Vof u|]8 b/ u|]8 /sd clGtd tna
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f 1 10,000 11 120 1320 11,320
===================== sfof{no . 2 12,560 11 150 1650 14,210
3 13,640 11 160 1760 15,400

dnfO{ ldlt ============== ut] b]lv ============== ;Dd ======== lbg

============= labf kfpg cg'/f]w ub{5' . ;jf/L rfns
@)%&.$.! eGbf cufl8sf
k|fljlwsnfO{ ul/Psf] ljz]if
afFsL ljbfsf] ljj/0f Joj:yf
-sd{rf/L k|zf;g zfvfn] eg]{_ z'? u||]8 u|]8 u|]8 clGtd u|]8 u|]8 clGtd
ut ;fnsf] ========== afFsL ========== labf lbg ;xLM tx
tna ;+Vof b/ /sd tna ;+Vof /sd tna
of] jif{sf] ==========lbg gfdM 3 11,300 11 140 1540 12,840 2 280 13,120
hDdf afFsL ========== lbg labfdf /xFbf ;Dks{ ug{ 4 16,150 11 200 2200 18,350 2 400 18,750
cfj]bg u/]sf] ========== lbg ;lsg] k'/f 7]ufgfM 5 16,750 11 210 2310 19,060 2 420 19,480
ca afFsL x'g] ========== lbg l;kmfl/; ug]{M
ptf/ ug]{sf] ;xL :jLs[tL lbg] M ;xfos :t/
@)%&.$.! eGbf cufl8sf
sd{rf/Lsf] hfgsf/Lsf] lgldQ k|fljlwsnfO{ ul/Psf] ljz]if
Joj:yf
>L ==================== tkfO{n] dfu ug'{ ePsf] ==================== labf ========== ldlt z'? u||]8 u|]8 u|]8 clGtd u|]8 u|]8 clGtd
==========b]lv ============================== ;Dd ==================== lbg :jLs[tcl:js[t tx
tna ;+Vof b/ /sd tna ;+Vof /sd tna
ul/Psf] 5 . 2 10,620 11 130 1430 12,050 2 260 12,310
3 11,300 11 140 1540 12,840 2 280 13,120
ljbf :jLs[t lbg] clws[tsf] ;xLM 4 13,650 11 170 1870 15,520 2 340 15,860
sfof{no M 5 14,480 11 190 2090 16,570 2 380 16,950

gf]6M cy{ dGqfnosf] r=g+= ^$ ldlt @)^*%& sf] kl/kq cg';f/ .
158 159
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

clws[t:t/ cg';"rL !# -cf_ df ;+zf]wg
@)%&.$.! eGbf cg';"rL !# -cf_ df ePsf] eQfb/nfO{ x6fO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] eQf b/ sfod ul/Psf] M
tx 3 ju{ 3 ju{ jflif{s
cufl8sf k|fljlwsnfO{ s ju{ v ju{ u ju{ -sf7df08f}+ -sf7df08f}+ kf]zfs
pkTosf aflx/_ pkTosf_ vfhf :6f]/ eQf
ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yf eQf tyf -udL{ /
k|lt n]vf hf8f]
z'? u||]8 u|]8 u|]8 clGtd u|]8 u|]8 clGtd cfjf; :6]zg cfjf; :6]zg cfjf; :6]zg cfjf; :6]zg cfjf; :6]zg lbg eQf ofdsf]
tx eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf nflu
tna ;+Vof b/ /sd tna ;+Vof /sd tna 5'f 5'}_
afx|f]}+ 4600 6000 50 7000
6 18,800 11 230 2530 21,330 2 460 21,790 P3f/f} 4300 5900 4500 5500 50 7000
bzf} 4100 5360 4400 5000 50 7000
7 19,940 11 250 2750 22,690 2 500 23,190 gjf}+ 3500 14000 3500 11200 3500 8100 3800 4800 4300 4500 50 300 7000

8 21,090 11 260 2860 23,950 2 520 24,470 cf7f}+ 3200 12980 3200 10380 3200 7500 3500 4200 4200 4000 50 300 7000
;ftf}+ 3000 12200 3000 9700 3000 7000 3300 3750 4100 3500 50 300 7000
9 22,920 11 290 3190 26,110 2 580 26,690 5}7f} 2800 11250 2800 9000 2800 6700 3100 3150 4000 3000 50 300 7000
kfFrf} 2100 7350 2100 5880 2100 4200 2350 2570 3100 2450 50 250
7000
10 24,740 10 310 3100 27,840 rf}yf}+ 2000 6150 2000 4920 2000 3500 2200 2210 3000 2050 50 250 7000
Tf];|f] 1600 5400 1600 4320 1600 3240 1800 2000 2500 1820 50 7000
11 28,250 5 360 1800 30,050 bf];|f] 1500 4950 1500 3960 1500 2970 1650 1680 2300 1600 50 7000

12 29,750 4 380 1520 31,270 klxnf] 1400 4500 1400 3600 1400 2700 1550 1790 2100 1400 50 7000

dxf 31,760 31,760 ;jf/L rfns -t]>f] tx_

lgb]{zs vfhf
eQf
:6f]/
eQf jflif{s kf]zfs
s ju{ v ju{ u ju{ 3 ju{ ju{
k|lt n]vf eQf -udL{ /
tx lbg eQf hf8f] ofdsf]
b|i6Jo cfjf;
eQf
:6]zg
eQf
cfjf;
eQf
:6]zg
eQf
cfjf;
eQf
:6]zg
eQf
cfjf;
eQf
:6]zg
eQf
cfjf;
eQf
:6]zg
eQf
nflu 5'f 5'}_

!= k|To]s aif{ Ps tna a[l4 yk ub}{ hfg] . o;/L j[l4 ubf{ @)%& cfiff9 k|yd
:t/
^@% !^&) ^@% !$$% ^@% !@@) ^@% !!!) !))) &*% %) &)))
d;fGtdf u|]8 jfkt vfO{ cfPsf /sddf h'g dlxgfdf sd{rf/Lsf] u|]8 ltLo
:t/
^@% !*#% ^@% !%() ^@% !#$% ^@% !@@) !!@% *^) %) &)))
j[l4 x'g] xf] ;f]xL dlxgfdf tnadfgdf pNn]lvt b/Nf] u|]8 j[l4 /sd t[tLo
:t/
^@% @)(% ^@% !*!% ^@% !%$) ^@% !#(% !@%) (&% %) &)))
lbg] . o:tf] u|]8 j[l4 u|]8 /sdsf] ;Ldf ggf3];Dd lb+b} hfg] . rt'y{
:t/
^@% @$@% ^@% @!!) ^@% !&*% ^@% !^@) !%)) !!@% %) &)))

!s= yk u|]8 lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt kfFrf}+
:t/
^@% @*@% ^@% @$%) ^@% @)*) ^@% !**) !^%) !#!) %) &)))
@)^*.)*.@) sf] kl/kq cg';f/ x'g]5 .
kl/r/ -klxnf] tx_
@= ============ tx s ju{ v ju{ u ju{ 3 ju{ ju{ jflif{s kf]zfs
vfhf :6f]/
eQf eQf eQf
cfjf; :6]zg cfjf; :6]zg cfjf; :6]zg cfjf; :6]zg cfjf; :6]zg k|lt n]vf -udL{ / hf8f]
eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf eQf lbg eQf ofdsf] nflu
5'f 5'}_
k|yd &)))
%)) !$!) %)) !@@) %)) !)#% %)) ($) *!% ^^) %)
:t/
ltLo &)))
%)) !$(% %)) !#)) %)) !!)) %)) !))) *!% &)) %)
:t/
t[tLo &)))
%)) !%(% %)) !#*% %)) !!&% %)) !)^% *!% &%) %)
:t/
rt'y{ &)))
%)) !&@) %)) !$&% %)) !@^) %)) !!#% *!% *!) %)
:t/
b|i6JoM

gf]6M pQm eQf b/ @)^^!@! b]lv / :6]zg eQf @)^^)$)! b]lv nfu" x'g]5 .

afx|f+} ;+zf]wgf/f yk afx|f+} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
160 161
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

!= vfhf vr{ k|To]s txsf sd{rf/Ln] k|lt lbg = %). sf b/n] xflh/ -3_ ju{ -3_ ju{
ePsf] lbgsf] dfq kfpg]5 . -s_ ju{ -v_ ju{ -u_ ju{
-pkTosf aflx/_ -sf7df8f}+ pkTosf_
@= eQfdf pNn]v ePsf] :6]zg eQf k|flws/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lxn] dgf t]lGhlxnf/L kmfKn' kfn'6f/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf
kfpg] 5g\ . l;ldsf]6,
#= sd{rf/L cfjf;df a:g] sd{rf/Ln] cfjf; eQf kfpg] 5}g . h'Dnf tfKn]h' afUn'
x'Dnf
$ cfkm" sfo{/t lhNnfdf cfkm\gf] 3/ ePsfnfO{ klg cg';"rLdf tf]lsPsf] /f/f, d'u' hf]d;f]d t'lDn6f/ ;"v]{t
cfjf; eQfsf] /sd lbOg]5 . 8f]Nkf aemf ef]hk'/ bf

%= cWoog ljbf a;]sf] cjlwsf] eQf lbO{g] 5}g . dl;g]rf}/,

^= kf]zfs eQf kfPsf] sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsPsf] kf]zfs sfof{no ;dodf afh'/f nfld8f8f l6sfk'/
8f]Nkf
clgjfo{ kdf nufpg' kg]{5 . kf]zfs l;nfO{ gnufPdf kf]zfs eQfsf] :ofjf]r] sf+u]n8f8f wgu9L
/sd tnaaf6 sL ul/g]5 / To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] kf]zfs eQf k'gM bfjL 9f]/kf6g yfdvs{ d]3f}nL
ug{ kfpg] 5}g . nf6f vfgL8f8f kf]v/f
&= :6f]/ tyf n]vf eQfsf] dxndf pNn]v ePsf] /sd n]vf tyf :6f]/df sflnsf]6 ?Dhf6f/ la/f6gu/
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxn] dfq kfpg] 5g\ . ?s'd, uf}tdj'4,
*= o; cg';"rLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|flws/0f cGtu{t /x]sf gful/s pog bfr'{nf
rf}/hxf/L e}/xjf
sfof{noxnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ju{xdf juL{s[t ul/Psf] 5 . ?s'd, ;Nn] l;d/f
a}t8L hgsk'/
/f]Nkf e/tk'/
;fkm]ju/ rGb|u9L
8f]6L /fhlj/fh
sdnjhf/,
dx]Gb|gu/
c5fd
g]kfnu~h
/fd]5fk
lh/L
lztn]Zjf/f,
ndh''
l;ldrf}/, u'NdL

gf]6 M pQm ju{x?nfO{ g]=gf=p=k|f=;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.!^ df j;]sf]

@@@ cf}+ j}7ssf] lg0f{ofg';f/ sfod ul/Psf] .

kfFrf+} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt

162 163
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

b|i6Jo u_ lbpF;f]sf] l;km\6df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LxnfO{ vfhf eQf =

-!_ k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ :6]zg eQf jfkt tf]lsPsf] /sd g]kfn %).)) dfq lbOg]5 / To:tf] = %).)) vffhf eQf ljxfg
;/sf/n] :yfgLo eQfsf] ?kdf tf]s]sf] /sdeGbf 36L ePdf g]kfn / /fqL l;km\6df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] 5}g .pk/f]Qm
;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] :yfgLo eQf /sd pknJw u/fpg] . eQfx xflh/ ePsf] lbgsf] dfq lbO{g]5 .

-@_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna j[l4 ePdf dfly @= /f8f/ k|0ffnLdf /]l6+u k|fKt k|fljlws clws[t -6]=c=/]=O{_ xsf] nflu
plNnlvt cfjf; tyf :6]zg eQfdf klg ;f]xL cg'kftdf :jtM a[l4 lgDgfg';f/sf] dfl;s nfO{;]lG;+u tyf /]l6+u eQf -s'g} Ps dfqsf]_
ul/g]5 . lbOg]5 .
cg';"rL !# -cf!_ != nfO{;]lG;u+ eQf dfl;s = @)).))

kl/jxg -6fG;kf]6]{zg_ eQf @= /f8f/ ASR/SSR
tx kl/jxg -6fG;kf]6]{zg_ /]l6u+ eQf dfl;s = @))).))
eQf dfl;s #= /f8f/ 8f6f k|f];]l; RDPS/SIM /]l6+u eQf dfl;s
!) %,%)) =@))).))
( $,%)) $= /f8f/ RDPS Training Office /]l6+u eQf dfl;s
* $,))) = @))).))
%= /f8f/ STO /]l6+u eQf dfl;s = @))).))
& #,%)) #= ljleGg lkmN8df /]l6+u k|fKt k|fljlws clws[t -6]=c=/]=O{=_xsf] nflu
^ #,%)) dfl;s nfO;]lG;+u tyf /]l6+u eQf -s'g} Pssf] dfq_ lgDgfg';f/ lbOg]5
% #,@)) .
$ #,@)) != nfO{;]lG;+u eQf jfkt dfl;s =%)).))
# #,))) @= sDo"lg]zg /]l6+u eQf dfl;s =!))).))
@ #,))) #= ;]So"l/l6 /]l6+u eQf dfl;s = !))).))
! #,))) $= Po/ g]leu]zg VOR / DIMEILS /]l6u+ eQf dfl;s =
!%)).))
cg';"rL !# -O_ %= Po/ g]leu]zg TO /]l6+u eQf dfl;s = !%)).))

cGo ;'ljwf $= /f]i6/df /xL PlS6e kf]lh;gdf sfo{/t /]6]8 Po/ 6flkms

!= l;km\6 8\o'6L sG6f]n/xnfO{ dfq b]xfo adf]lhd /]l6 tyf nfO;]lG; eQf ;'ljwf
s_ t];|f] l;km\6df sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lt lbg = !@%.)) k|bfg ul/g]5 .
sf b/n] /fqL eQf lbOg]5 . s= nfO{;]lG; tyf /]l6 eQfsf] Joj:yf
v_ klxnf] l;km\6 ljxfgb]lv sfd ug]{ sd{rf/lxnfO{ k|lt lbg

= &%.)) eQf lbOg]5 . Pk|f]r
nfO;]lG; P/f]8f]d Pk|f]r Pl/of /f8f/
s}lkmot
eQf /]l6 eQf /]l6 eQf /]l6 eQf /]l6
eQf

afx|f+} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt . s_ lqe"jg cGt/fli6o ljdfg:ynsf] nflu

gf]6M ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*@@ a}7ssf] lg0f{ofg';f/ yk .

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt . kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt . bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
164 165
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

/]]l6 k|fKTf !_ lq=c=lj=, P/f]8d sG6f]n, Pk|f]r sG6f]n -gg /f8f/_, Pk|f]r
kf]lh;g sG6f]n -/f8f/_ / Pl/of sG6f]nsf kf]lh;gdf /]l6 eQfsf]
cg';f/
hf]l8b}
!=% k|lt 3G6fsf b/n] .
hfg] . @_ b}lgs &% eGbf a9L Trafficx'g] cGo sG6f]n hf]gP/f]8d
Pk|f]r / 6flkms hf]g :yflkt ljdfg:ynx?df P/f]8d sG6f]n, Pk|f]r
=
= ^)). = #))). = $))). = $))).
%))).
/f8f/ sG6f]n -gg /f8f/_, Pk|f]r sG6f]n -/f8f/_, / Pl/of sG6f]nsf
sG6f]n kf]lh;gdf /]l6 eQfsf] !=% k|lt 3G6fsf b/n] .
dWo] s'g}
Ps
#_ b}lgs %) eGbf a9L Trafficx'g] P=Pkm=cfO{=P;=
kf]lh;gsf] ljdfg:ynx?df P=Pkm=cfO{=P;= eQfsf] !=% k|lt 3G6fsf
dfq b/n] .
kfpg] .
v_ sG6f]n hf]gP/f]8f]d 6flkms hf]g :yflkt ljdfg:ynx?sf] nflu gf]6M cg';"rL !#-O_, $-s_ / -v_ df Joj:yf ePsf] nfO{;]lG; tyf /]l6 eQf
/]]l6 k|fKTf /Stress Allowance sf] b/ cy{ dGqfnosf] r=g+= #@(, ldlt @)^^.!@.@^sf]
kf]lh;g kqfg';f/ ;+zf]wg eO{ ldlt @)^^ r}q ! ut] b]lv nfu' ePsf] .
cg';f/
hf]l8b}
hfg] . %= p8fgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ p8fg eQf k|lt
Pk|f]r / 306fsf] b/n] lbOg]5 .
= ^)). = @))). = @))). /f8f/ -s_ Captain-SofK6]g_ k|lt306f =@%%.))
sG6f]n -v_ First Officerk|lt306f =!(%.))
dWo] s'g} -u_ Flying Engineerk|lt306f =!%).))
Ps
kf]lh;gsf] -3_ Cabin Attendence/Air Hostess k|lt306f =%%.))
dfq ^= p8fg k|lzIfs eQf dfl;s=()).))
kfpg] . &= cGo eQfx?
u_ P=Pkm cfO{ P;= k|bfg ug]{ ljdfg:ynx?df P=Pkm cfO{ P;= eQf Meal Allowance
Night
Licence/Rating
C D E-G Allowance
Allowances C of A Others Stop
nfO{;]lG; categoryljdfg:ynsf] categoryljdfg:ynsf] categoryljdfg:ynsf]
Breakfast Lanch Dinner
Allowance
For Licence/
eQf nfuL nfuL nfuL
Rating
Rs.
Captain P1 500 50 100 200 100 400
= ^)). = !%)). = !@)). = !))). 1200
Rs.
3_ STO / TO eQf Captain P2
800
400 50 100 200 100 400

Senior Training Officer

= Others Rs.600 300 50 100 200 100 400
@))).
=
Training Officer
!*)).

*= gful/s pog k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t :yfoL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ z'?
tnjdfgsf] @% k|ltzt k|lzIfs eQf lbOg]5 . gful/s p8\8og
v= Stress Allowanceb]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 . k|flws/0f aflx/af6 cfPsf k|lzIfsx?nfO{ k|lt306f -k|lt sIff_ =

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

afx|f+} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
166 167
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

%)).)) kfl/>lds / x]08\; cfp6 jfkt ? @)).)) lbOg]5 . cg';"rL !$

k|flws/0fsf cGo k|lzIfsx?nfO{ k|ltsIff ? #)).)) / k|lt x]08\; -lgod !!=!* ;Fu ;DalGwt_
cfp6 ? @)).)) kfl/>lds lbOg]5 . k|lti7fgaf6 tfnLd ;~rfngfy{ ;DklQ ljj/0f kmf/fd
k|bfg ul/g] cGo ;'ljwfx? lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ x'g]5 .
(= 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwfM b]xfosf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ lghx? sfo{/t /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
cjlwe/sf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n jfkt lgDg cg';f/ ;'ljwf lbOg]5 .
-s_ dxflgb]{zs :yfgLo, cGt/b]zLo, cGt/f{li6o (STD + ISTD) ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] M
k|ltdlxgf = !%)).)) tx / kb M
-v_ pkdxflgb]{zs ljlzi6 >]0fL :yfgLo, cGt/b]zLo, cGt/f{li6o
(STD + ISTD) k|ltdlxgf = %)).)) gfd M
-u_ tx !! k|yd >]0fL :yfgLo, cGt/b]zLo, cGt/f{li6o (STD + k|flws/0f M
ISTD) k|ltdlxgf = %)).))
-3_ tx !) k|yd >]0fL :yfgLo, cGt/b]zLo, cGt/f{li6o (STD + 7]ufgf M
ISTD) k|ltdlxgf = %)).))
cg';"rL !# -O{_ -s_ crn ;DklQ -3/ hUuf_
k|flws/0fsf dxflgb]{zssf] cGo ;'ljwf s:sf] gfddf s}lkmot -3/ eP
!= ljbf, bz} vr{ / cGo ;'ljwf -6]lnkmf]g, oftfoft, e|d0f eQf, b}lgs 3/ hUuf
3/ hUuf / cGo /x]sf] / lghsf] s;/L tnf;d]t pNn]v
gfk / cGo /x]s]f 7fpF
eQf, cf}ifwL pkrf/, aLdf / ;+ro sf]if cflb_ o;} lgodfjnLdf pNn]v crn ;DklQsf] / c?sf] eP k|fKt ug]{_ -hUuf eP
ljj/0f ufp, gu/
5f]6s/L ljj/0f lgh;+usf] ePsf] /f]kgL jf rNtLsf]
eP cg';f/ x'g]5 . lhNnf
;DaGw gfd /fVg]_
@= cfjf; eQf dfl;s tnasf] %) k|ltzt / :6]zg eQf dfl;s tnasf]
$) k|ltzt x'g]5 .
#= jflif{s kf]zfs eQf = !),))). lbOg]5 .
$= dxflgb]{zsnfO{ s8f/f]u nflu d]l8sn af]8{sf] l;kmfl/z cg';f/ -v_ gub, hjfx/ft, ;'g, rfFbL cflb
ljb]zdf uO{ cf}iflwkrf/ u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] ;DklQsf] 5f]6s/L
gfk / tf}n kl/df0f s;/L k|fKt ePsf] s}lkmot
cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ lbOg]5 . ljj/0f

-u_ C0f lnPsf]lwtf] lbPsf] eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f

C0f jf lnPlbPsf] gfd sf/0f hDdf d'No lkmtf{ ug]{ s}lkmot
lwtf]sf] ljj/0f / 7]ufgf cjlw

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

168 169
 g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^
-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_ -afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_

-3_ z]o/ / a}+s Aofn]G;sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL !%

s:sf] gfddf -lgod !#=!# sf] pklgod -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
sDkgL jf /x]sf] lghsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]zsf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf
;DklQsf] hDdf s;/L k|fKt
a}+ssf] gfd gfd / c?sf] eP s}lkmot
5f]6s/L ljj/0f d'No ePsf]
/ 7]ufgf lgh;Fusf]
;DaGw >L g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0fsf >L ============================= n] u/]sf]

;hfosf] cfb]zsf] lg0f{o kmf/fd

>L ===================================================================== g]kfn gful/s pog
-_ C0f lbPsf] jf c?af6 lwtf] lnPsf] eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f k|flws/0fsf ============================n] =========================== hfFra'em ubf{u/fpFbf
C0f jf
lnPlbPsf]
lkmtf{ ug]{
b]lvg cfPsf]n] lgh >L =================================== ;Fu lgod !#=!) sf] pklgod
lwtf]sf] ljj/0f
gfd / sf/0f hDdf d'No
cjlw
s}lkmot -!_ adf]lhd ========================= lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ ;kmfO{ dfu ul/Psf]df lghn]
7]ufgf k]z u/]sf] ;kmfO{sf] Joxf]/f, ;a'b ======================== sf/0faf6 ;Gtf]ifhgs
b]lvPg . t;y{ =================== s;'/df lgod !#=! sf] v08 ===================
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo lghnfO{ lsg gug]{ < ;f] ug'{ gkg]{ s'g} ;a'b k|df0f jf sf/0f
s]xL eP ============== leq :kli6s/0f k]z ug'{ egL lgod !#=!! adf]lhdsf]
d}n] hfg] a'em];Dd dfly n]lvP adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f 7Ls 5 km/s kg]{ 5}g egL :kli6s/0f dfu ul/Psf]df lghn] ========================= egL :kli6s/0f k]z u/]sf]
b:tvt ug]{ . b]lvof] . o; ;DaGwdf ;+sng ePsf sfuhft a'lemPsf ;a'b k|df0f / k]z ePsf]
:kli6s/0f pk/ ;d]t ljrf/ ubf{ =============================== ;a'b k|df0faf6 lgh
gfd y/ M >L ========================================= n] lgod ========================== adf]lhdsf] s;'/
kb M u/]sf b]lvPsf]n] lgh >L ==========================================================================
=========================== pk/ lgod !#=! sf] v08 ================== adf]lhd ;hfo
b:tvtM lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 . o;df lrQ ga'em]df lgod !#=!% sf] v08 -3_ sf] Dofb
ldltM leq ;ldlt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .\

b:tvt M
b|i6JoM
!= of] ljj/0f k]z ul/;s]kl5 ;DklQdf s'g} yk36 ePdf k|flws/0fdf ;f] ldltM
ljj/0f v'nfO{ l;naGbL yk ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
@= sd{rf/L pk/ ul/g] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] sf/jfxLb]lv afx]s c? s'/fdf ;f]
ljj/0f k|of]u ul/g] 5}g . of] ljj/0f ;DalGwt clws[tn] afx]s c?n]
x]g{ kfOg] 5}g . of] ljj/0f uf]Ko ?kdf /flvg]5 .

170 171
 g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf ;t{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]
cg';"rL ^ df ;+zf]wg
tx ;]jf ;d"x pk;d"x v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
j9'jfsf]] nflu
5}7f}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g Jofkf/ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
k|zf;g Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q jf
cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gfts - -
tx pQL0f{
;ftf}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g Jofkf/ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
k|zf;g Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q
cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gftsf]Q/ cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gfts jf cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{
tx pQL0f{ tx pQL0f{ k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ .
cf7f}+, k|zf;g k|zf;g Jofkf/ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
gjf}+ / k|zf;g Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q jf
bzf}+ cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gftsf]Q/ cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gfts cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gfts
tx pQL0f{ tx pQL0f{ tx pQL0f{
P3f/f}+ k|zf;g k|zf;g Jofkf/ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
k|zf;g - Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q jf
cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gfts cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gfts
tx pQL0f{ tx pQL0f{

!#@ -v_

cf7f}+, k|zf;g k|zf;g k':tsf dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
gjf}+ / no k':tsfno lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ tx k':tsfno lj1fgdf :gfts jf s'g} k':tsfno lj1fgdf :gfts jf s'g}
bzf}+ jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ / k':tsfno klg laifodf :gfts jf ;f] ;/x klg laifodf :gfts jf ;f] ;/x
;DjGwL slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf] tfnLd pQL0f{ eO{ k':tsfno ;DjGwL pQL0f{ eO{ k':tsfno ;DjGwL
k|fKt sDtLdf # dlxgfsf] tfnLd k|fKt dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 sDtLdf #
dlxgfsf] tfnLd k|fKt

;ftf}+ k|fljlws ljljw dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
sf6f]{u|fkmL e"uf]n jf ;e]{ jf lhof]d]l6S; e"uf]n jf ;e]{ jf lhof]d]l6S; e"uf]n jf ;e]{ jf lhof]d]l6S;
OlGhgLol/+udf :gfts jf ;f] ;/x OlGhgLol/+udf :gfts jf ;f] ;/x OlGhgLol/+udf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
tx pQL0f{ . pQL0f jf s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx ;/x pQL0f{ jf s'g} laifodf
pQL0f{ / sf6f]{u|fkmL ;DjGwL] tfnLd k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{o / sf6f]{u|fkmL
k|fKt ;DjGwL tfnLd k|fKt
cf7f}+, k|fljlws ljljw dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
gjf}+ / sf6f]{u|fkmL e"uf]n jf ;e]{ jf lhof]d]l6S; e"uf]n jf ;e]{ jf lhof]d]l6S; e"uf]n jf ;e]{ jf lhof]d]l6S;
bzf}+ OlGhgLol/+udf :gftsf]Q/ jf ;f] OlGhgLol/+udf :gfts jf ;f] ;/x OlGhgLol/+udf :gfts jf ;f] ;/x
;/x pQL0f{ . pQL0f{ . pQL0f{ .

!#@ -v_