FLUID POWER SYSTEMS FORMULAS

S. No FORMULA DESCRIPTION

1 F-Force in N; Mass (m)-kg;

F = mg
g-Acceleration in m/s2
2 Work = Force X Distance moved F - Force in N;
W= F.s S - Distance in m.
3 Torque = Force x Moment arm F- Force in N;
=FxR R - Radius in m
4 Power transmitted by a shaft , Power in Watt
P = 2NT / 60 N - Speed in rpm ;
Power = force x velocity T - Torque in Nm;
= pressure x flow rate F- Force in N; velocity in m/s;
= work done / time taken pressure in N/ m2
5 Mass (m) - kg;
Mass (m)
Mass density ( )= Volume(v) - m3
volume (v)
6 weight Weight - N
Specific weight ( ) =
volume Volume - m3
= .g
7 Specific Weight -
Specific gravity = = water - 9810 N/m3
water water
8 Force (F)
Pressure =
Area (A) F- Force in N
1 Pa = 1 N/ m 2 Area in m2
1 bar = 105 N/ m2
9 Absolute pressure = gage pressure+ atmospheric pressure
10 T (oF) = 1.8 T(oc) + 32
11 Pascal law
F1 - Force by large side in N
P1=P2
F2 - Force by small side in N
F1 = F2 A1 - Area by large side in m2
A1 A2 A2 - Area by small side in m2
12 Vp Vp -change in pressure in N/m2
Bulk moduls ( ) = Vv - change in volume in m3
Vv / v
13 - Shear stress in N/m2
Absolute viscosity ( ) =
v/ y v Velocity in m/s
Unit : poise 1 poise = 0.1Ns/m2 y Oil film thickness in m
14
Kinematic Viscosity ( ) = 1 Stroke = cm2/s
1 cS = 10-4m2/s
Unit : stroke
15 output power
Efficiency , = x 100 No unit
input power
16 Reynolds Number :Re = VD /
= VD / v - Absolute viscosity in poise
If Re 2000, then the flow is laminar - Mass density in kg/m3
If Re 4000, then the flow is turbulent v - Kinematic viscosity in cS
If 2000 Re 4000, then the flow is unpredictable
17 Continuity equation: Q = A1V1 = A2V2 = Q2
18 Potential energy due to elevation = wz Z Head in m
19 p - Mass density in kg/m3
Potential energy due to pressure = w.
g p Pressure in N/m2
20 v2
Kinetic energy = w. Velocity in m/s
2g
21 Total energy (or head) of a liquid in motion,
V2 p
E z
2g g
22 V12 p1 V22 p
Bernoullis equation z1 z2 2
2g g 2g g
23 Energy equation (Modified Bernoullis equation)
V2 p V2 p
z1 1 1 H p H m H L z2 2 2
2g g 2g g
24 Darcys equation is used to calculate the head loss L Length of pipe in m
L V
2
D Inside dia of pipe in m
due to friction in the pipes. H L f
D 2 g f Friction factor
25 pump hydraulic power Specific Weight -
Hp =
xQ Q - Discharge in m3/s
26 Laminar friction factor :f = 64 / Re
27 0.3164
For turbulent flow: f =
Re0.25
28 64 L V 2
Hagen Poiseuille equation: H L
Re D 2 g
29 - Surface roughness
Relative roughness = / D
D Dia. of pipe
30 V 2
Head loss in vales and fittings : H L K
2 g
31 KD K loss co-efficient
Equivalent length of valve and fitting Le =
f f friction co-efficient
32 VD- Displacement volume
3
Theoretical discharge :QT (m / min) = VD x N in m3 / rev
N - Speed in rpm
33 Discharge (Q) = Area ( A) x Velocity (V)
34 QA QA- Actual discharge
Volumetric efficiency of pump :vol = x 100
QT QT Theoretical discharge
35 b Width of gear in m
Gear pump volumetric displacement : m Module of gear

VD D02 Di2 b
z No. of teeth in driver
4 - Pressure angle
N Speed in rpm
2 cos
VD 2 bm 2 z 1 Do Outer dia. of gear tooth in m
12 Di Inner dia. of gear tooth in m
QT = VD x N Di = Do-2(Addendum +
Dedendum)
36 Unbalanced vane pump
emax = (DC-DR)/2 Dc Dia. of cam ring in m
DR Dia. of the rotor in m
VD = ( DC DR )2emax L
4 emax Eccentricity in m
QT = VD x N
37 Bent axis Piston pump volumetric displacement : S Piston stroke in m
VD = Y AD sin S= D sin D Piston circle dia in m
QT = VD x N Y No.of pistons
38 Swash plate Piston pump theoretical flow rate: A Area of piston in m2
QT = Y A N D tan S= D tan N rpm
39 Radial piston pump theoretical flow rate : - Offset angle
QT = 0.5e Y D2 N e Eccentricity in m
40 Pump mechanical efficiency :

P Pa x QT m3 / s
mech X 100
TA Nm x rad / s

TT
mech X 100
TA
41 VD m3 xP Pa
Theoretical torque of a pump : TT
2
42 Pump overall efficiency
Actual power delivered by pump
0 X 100 or
actual power delivered to pump
P Pa x QA m3 / s
0 X 100 or
TA Nm x rad / s
 0 vol X mech
43 For double acting cylinders:
Cylinder extension force : Fext = P x Ap P Pressure in N/m2
Piston extension velocity: Vext =Qin / Ap Q in - Discharge
Cylinder power for extension stroke: Fext - Extension Stroke in N
kW power = Vext x F ext Vext Extension velocity
= Qin x P Fret Retraction stroke in N
Cylinder retraction force: Fret = P x (Ap Ar) Vret Retraction Velocity
Piston retraction velocity: Vret = Q in / (Ap Ar) Ap Piston side area in m2
Cylinder power for retraction stroke: Ar Rod side area in m2
kW power = Vret x F ret
44 PS Outlet pressure (small side)
in N/m2
Ps Al Pl Inlet pressure ( large side)
Intensifier Ratio:
Pl As in N/m2
Al - Area of large side in m2
AS Area of small side in m2
45 Regenerative Circuit:
Extension stroke : Qin = Vext x AR
F = P x AR
Retraction stroke : Qin = Vret x (AP-AR)
F = P x (AP-AR)
46 For Hydraulic motors:
Dm XN
Theoretical flow rate , QT
60
P .D
Theoretical torque, TT m m
2 Dm- Motor Displacement in m3/min
Theoretical power = TT X N rpm
QT Pm Pressure
Volumetric efficiency, vol X 100
TT- Theoretical torque
QA
TA Actual torque
TA
Mechanical efficiency, mech X 100 QT- Theoretical discharge
TT QA Actual discharge
= Q = 0.0698 C v ( P1 P2 ) P2 / t
Overall efficiency,
T ( N .m) x (rad / s )
0 vol x mech A X 100
P ( N / m 2 ) x QA ( m 3 / s )
47 Sizing of accumulators:
For weight-loaded type accumulators :
Capacity = P x A x L
48 For Gas loaded accumulators :
i. P1V1 = P2V2 = P3V3
ii. (Size or the total volume of the accumulator ) =
 (Volume of the compressed gas supplied) +
(Volume of the liquid required by the system)
P ( N / m 2 ) XQ (m3 / s )
(iii) kW pump
1000
49 The pneumatics may be defined as that branch of engineering science which deals with
the study of the behavior and application of compressed air.
50 Pneumatic systems use pressurized gases as their medium to transmit and control power
51 Air is popularly used as the fluid medium in almost all pneumatic systems, because air is
safe , low-cost, and readily available fluid.
52 The advantages, disadvantages, applications, and selection of pneumatic systems
have been described in this chapter
53 Air is a mixture of gases containing about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other
gases such as orgon and carbon dioxide.
54 Standard air is sea-level air having a temperature of 20C, pressure of 1.013 bar,
and a relative humidity of 36%
55 Perfect Gas laws:
1.Boyles Law : PV = Constant or P1V1 = P2V2
2. Charles law : V/T = Constant or V1/T1 = V2 /T2
3.Gay-Lussacs law : P/T = Constant or P1/T1 = P2 /T2
4.General gas law : PV / T = constant or P1 V1/T1 = P2 V2/T2
56 Vr Reservoir size
Formulae summary:
Pmax Max pressure
P2 T1
Air capacity ratings of compressors : Q1 Q2 Pmin Min pressure
P1 T2 Qr Consumption rate of
101 t x (Qr Qc ) pneumatic system
Air receiver size : Vr (m )
3

( Pmax Pmin ) Qc O/P Discharge of compressor

t - Time
57 Air required to drive a compressor:
Pin Q Pout
0.286

Theoretical power (kW) = 1

17.1 Pin

Actual power
And o = x 100
Theoretical power
58 P1 Upstream pressure
Flow rate of air through an orifice P2 - Downstream pressure
Q = 0.0698 C v ( P1 P2 ) P2 / t Cv Flow capacity constant
T Upstream temperature
59 Time to achieve vacuum pressure V- Volume in m3
V Patm Q- Discharge
t ln Patm- Atmospheric Pressure in N/m2
Q Pvacuum
Pvacuum- Vacuum Pressure in N/m2