Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OBJECTIVES
General Objectives :
After the completion of the case study ,the student-nurse will be able to
gain adequate knowledge, skills ,and attitude in the care TRAUMATIC BRAIN
INJURY WITH COMPLETE AND DISPLACED FRACTURE ON THE LEFT
TIBIA for us to be able to come up with the best nursing care plan in the care
and for all the aspects that contribute to and affect the condition of patients
with the said abortion.
2.2.9 X-ray
2.2.12 trauma
2.2.13 brain
2.2.14 injury
-a harm or damage
2.2.16 contusion
2.2.19 tibia
2.3 Review the profile as well as the nursing and health history of the
client.
2.4 Identify significant changes of clients Functional Health Patterns
and abnormal findings during physical examination.
2.5 Review the development tasks, milestone and changes (physical,
psychosocial, spiritual , moral , and cognitive )of a MIDDLE ADULT.
2.6 Compare the expected ill behaviour of a MIDDLE ADULT with that
of the actual clients reaction to her/his present condition.
2.7 Interpret the results of the diagnostic tests conducted and its
significance to the clients condition.
2.8 Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the Central Nervous
System and Skeletal System
2.9 Conceptualize the psychopathology and psychodynamics of
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY WITH COMPLETE AND DISPLACED
FRACTURE ON THE LEFT TIBIA through a schematic diagram.
2.10 Explain the diseases process of TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
WITH COMPLETE AND DISPLACED FRACTURE ON THE LEFT TIBIA.
2.11 Compare the classical symptoms and actual clinical manifestation.
2.12 Site the guidelines and general considerations of caring a client
with TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY WITH COMPLETE AND DISPLACED
FRACTURE ON THE LEFT TIBIA.
2.13 Formulate and implement a comprehensive NURSING CARE
PLAN.
2.14 Discuss the pharmacodynamics and nursing considerations of the
prescribed medications.
2.15 Craft a Health Teaching Plan on the nature of TRAUMATIC BRAIN
INJURY WITH COMPLETE AND DISPLACED FRACTURE ON THE
LEFT TIBIA, its promotion and preventive measures and general care
considerations.
2.16 Evaluate the effectiveness of nursing and medical management
based on manifested changes of clients condition.
2.17 Give recommendations of possible evidence-based practices to
improve the patients conditions and to prevent complication and disability.
2.18 Give the implication of the study to:
2.18.1 Nursing Research
2.18.2 Nursing Education
2.18.3 Nursing Practice
He stated that due to his condition, it would be hard for him to take care of himself and
children as well. Patient added that he had complains of vision deficit but not able to
seek proper eye care but instead he just bought an eyeglasses, gilid-gilid ko man la
gipalit dong as verbalized.
NUTRITIONAL-METABOLIC PATTERN
Before admission, patient GG eats three times a day and snacks twice a day. Patient
consumed 1-2 liter of water per day. He stated that his appetite was good and he has no
food restrictions and any allergy.
Patient claimed that he does not take any supplemental vitamins prior to admission.
Currently, Patient was prescribed to Diet as Tolerated but he claimed that his appetite
has changed.
ELIMINATION PATTERN
Before admission, patient GG claimed that he defecates once a day without
experiencing discomforts usually in the morning with a brown colored stool and is well-
formed. He also stated that he voids three times a day with yellow colored urine. No
pain when voiding as he claimed.
During admission, patient claimed that he defecates once every two to three days with a
hard stool. He also added that he voids via catheter and does not feel any urge to
urinate.
SLEEP-REST PATTERN
Before admission, patient claimed that he sometimes worked 7 days per week. Patient
verbalizes okay man la dong, makapahuway man gihap ak. He rated his tiredness as
5 out of 10. Patient also added that he usually sleeps at 9 to 10 PM and wakes up 4:30
in the morning. He does not use any sleeping aids and does not have any difficulties
when sleeping.
Currently, patient experiences disturbed sleeping pattern because of some interruptions
such as giving medications and noise in the surroundings. He claimed that he almost
sleeps 8-10 hours a day.
ACTIVITY-EXERCISE PATTERN
Before admission, patient works as a carpenter. ang mga baskog man ang
patrabahuon sa mga lisud2x dong as verbalized by the patient so he rated his
tiredness as 5 out of 10 with 10 the most tiring. He stated that he can do his activities of
daily living.
During admission, he claimed that his activities of daily living is already limited due to
his condition and relies on his wife in his self-care. Patient verbalizes that di man
kaayo ko makalihok2x dong. Makuri gihap ngan maol-ol kung maglihok akon tuda.
COGNITIVE-EXERCISE PATTERN
He claimed that he has some complaints of difficulty concentrating and reading on
small letters. He added that he does not seek proper eye medical care yet bought an
eyeglasses, gilid-gilid ko man la gipalit dong as patient verbalizes.
Patient claimed that when using the eyeglasses, he experienced headache. Patient can
speak and understand Waray-waray, Cebuano, Tagalog and a little bit English. Patients
SO claimed that the patient claims he sees flashing lights and he had 4 legs.
SELF PERCEPTION PATTERN
Patient claimed that he is concerned about the financial sources for his hospital bills.
ako la an may trabaho ha amon dong, mayda ako anak na pulis pero bago paman la
hiya naka sulod as stated by the patient. He claimed that
ROLE RELATIONSHIP PATTERN
Patient claimed that he is living with his wife and four children. He also added that he
usually decides for his family until the accident happened.
During confinement, he is accompanied by his wife and stays with him most of the time.
SEXUALITY-RELATIONSHIP PATTERN
Patient GG claimed that he was married at the age of 23. They were married for 15
years and got separated. Patient now has a common-law-wife and they have 4 children.
They are now living for almost 21 years. Patient SO claimed that they had difficulty
understanding the patients change of behaviour.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Inspection Abrasion lesion Motor Vehicular
Color: Tan observed in both accident
Uniform color with slightly darker exposed areas. wrist, left patients suffer
No lesions scapular area, lesion and or
No central cyanosis No peripheral cyanosis and left lumbar fractures in
Palpation area different parts
Temperature: Warm Cold *open wound left of the body
Texture: Soft/fine Coarse/thick
leg noted which caused
Skin Moisture: Dry Moist
by sudden
Turgor: Body Part: _chest_____ Seconds: ___2 sec___
Notes: abrasion lesion observed in both wrist, left scapular area, external force
and left lumbar area, open wound left leg noted that collides
with the body.
Inspection Evidences of Normal balding
Color: black with white hairs alopecia noted. pattern of aged
Distribution patient (61 y/o)
No evidences of Alopecia
Evenly distributed covers the whole scalp
Quantity: Thick Thin
Body Hair
Hair Fine body hair noted over most of the body
Increased hair growth on legs, axillae and pubic area.
Quantity: Thick Thin
Palpation:
Texture: Coarse Smooth
Moisture: Dry Moist/Oily
Notes: evidences of alopecia noted.
Inspection Skin lesion Motor Vehicular
Lighter in color than the complexion. wound observed accident
Free from lice, nits and dandruff. in the occipital patients suffer
Palpation
area and lesion/s and or
Texture: Dry Moist/Oily
tenderness noted fracture/s in
Scalp No tenderness No masses No lesions
No scars noted Freely movable different parts
Notes: Skin lesion wound observed in the occipital area, of the body
tenderness noted which caused
by sudden
external force
that collides
with the body.
Inspection
Color: Pink Light brown others: ____pale pink____
Condition,shape, and angle
Well grommed Convex Cuticle pink and intact
Nails Angle of attachement 1600
Palpation
Texture: Smooth and firm No ridges
Capillary Refill Test: _3__ second/s
Notes: fingernails are ungroomed
HEAD
Inspection
Head Size: _____ cm
Head Position: Erect and Midline position
Head Shape: Normocephalic Symmetrical
Contour Rounded
Head Palpation
Head Contour/Facial Structures
Symmetrical No masses Non tender No lesions
No unexpected contours or bulges
FACE
Inspection
Facial Appearance
Appropriate facial expresion
Symmetrical features and movement
Hair distribution appropriate for age, sex, and ethnicity
No Lesions No Abnormal movements
Face Nasolabial folds symmetrical Palpebral fissures symmetrical
Palpation
Temporo- Palpation
Mandibular
Smooth Symmetrical motion
Joints No pain No crepitus/Clicking
Inspection Deviated nasal Indicates no
septum injury to the
External Nose noted_but nose.
Midline Position Symmetrical No Drainage reports that it
No Deviation No Flaring Intact Septum was due from
Internal Nasal Mucosa
previous
Pink Moist No Lesions No Edema
Basketball
No Discharges Septum located midline
Palpation contact.
Nose Non Tender No Deformities Patent Nares
Slightly mobile
Notes: Deviated nasal septum noted_but reports that it was due
from previous Basketball contact.
Inspection Normal
Pink in color Others: dark color
Moist Intact No Lesions No Halitosis
Lips Midline No Pursed lip breathing
Palpation
Soft Nontender
Inspection Normal
Oral Mucosa
and Gums Pink Moist Intact Mucosa No Bleeding
Hard and Soft Inspection Normal
Palate Pink Intact Smooth
Inspection Normal
Pink in color with white taste buds at the center
Midline position No Lesions
Full Mobility No Involuntary Movements
Tongue Intact Mucosa
Palpation
Texture: Rough Moist
Teeth
Notes: tooth # 7 has a dental paste, tooth # 11, 18,20, 30, 31, are
extracted_from previous circumstances
Inspection
Frontal
Clear Positive Transillumination Non Tender
No periorbital Edema No Discoloration
Maxillary
Clear Positive Transillumination Non Tender
Sinuses No periorbital Edema No Discoloration
Palpation/Percusion
Maxillary: No Tenderness Resonant Tone
Frontal: No Tenderness Resonant Tone
External Ear:
Helix is soft and pliable Nontender No nodules or lesions
NECK
Inspection
Auscultation
No bruits
Palpation Normal
Trachea Midline No deviation
Palpation
Carotid:
Jugular:
Auscultation
THORAX
Chest
Inspecton
Respiratory rate:_21cpm
Palpation
Non tender No masses No crepitus
Percussion
Auscultation
Breath Sounds
All lung fields clear Bronchial breath sounds heard over trachea
Normal
Indicates no infection process unto the respiratory system
Breast
Inspection
Palpation
No masses No lesions
Notes: raised lesion observed on left breast but claims that it was congenital, occasional tenderness claimed
Nipple and Areola
Inspection
Areola
Nipples
Palpation
Axilla
Inspection
Normal
HEART
Pulse
Pulses:
Pulse bpm Grade
Temporal
Grade Amplitude: Carotid
Brachial
0 = absent Radial 85 2
Apical 84 2
1 = weak Femoral 85 2
2 = normal Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis
3 = full Posterior Tibialis
4 = bounding
Auscultation
ABDOMEN
Abdomen
Inspection
No lesions No striae
No rashes No discoloration
Symmetrical No bulges
Umbilicus
Auscultation
quadrants
Percussion
Palpation
Soft Nontender
Normal
Indicates no trauma into the internal organs of the abdomen
GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
Male Genitourinary
Inspection
Color: _____________________
Scrotum
Inguinal Area
Rectal Area
No bleeding
Palpation
Inguinal Area
Ausculation
No bowel sounds
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Gait
Gait smooth, fluid, and rhythmic Arms swings in opposition
No toeing in or out
Normal
Muscle Strength
Foot push and leg raise against resistance strong and equal
Grade: Grade:
Grade:
Grade:
SENSORY-NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM
Cranial Nerves
CN I Olfactory:
Normal
Indicates no damage to the Cranial Nerve I
CN II Optic:
CN V Trigeminal:
Assessment: able to locate hand stimuli when to touched to specific area of the face
CN VII Facial:
Assessment: able to identify the taste of the viand being place into the anterior tongue
Normal
Indicates no damage to the Cranial Nerve VII
CN VIII Acoustic:
Normal
Indicates no damage to the Cranial Nerve VIII
CN IX Glossopharyngeal and X Vagus:
Assessment: the patient was able to taste the viand being placed into the posterior tongue
Normal
Indicates no damage to the Cranial Nerve IX
CN XI - Spinal
CN XII - Hypoglossal:
No atrophy
Cerebral Functions
Behavior
Level of consciousness
Memory
Mathematical/Calculative ability
General knowledge
Thought process
Abstract thinking
Judgement intact
Communication
Dysphonia noted
Indicates a damage to the frontal lobe
Sensory Function
Light touch, pain, and temperature
Intact
Discriminatory Sensation:
Stereognosis: Intact
Grapesthesia: Intact
Extinction: Intact
INJURIES
Changing physiological factors, as well as concern over personal and work-related
responsibilities, may contribute to the injury rate of middle- aged people. Motor vehicle
crashes are the most common cause of unintentional death in this age group.
Decreased reaction times and visual acuity may make the middle-aged adult prone to
injury.
Other unintentional causes of death for middle-aged adults include falls, fires, burns,
poisonings, and drownings. Work-related injuries continue to be a significant safety
hazard during the middle years.
CANCER
Cancer is the leading cause of death in middle adulthood (Edelman & Mandle, 2010, p.
596). The patterns of cancer types and incidences for men and women have changed
during the past several decades. The ACS (2014) states that men have a high incidence
of cancer of the lung, prostate, and colon. In women, lung cancer is highest in
incidence, followed by breast cancer and colon cancer. Screening guidelines for early
detection.
OBESITY
Middle-aged adults who gain weight may not be aware of some common facts about
this age period. Decreased metabolic activity and decreased physical activity mean a
decrease in caloric need. The nurses role in nutritional health promotion is to counsel
clients to prevent obesity by reducing caloric intake and participating in regular exercise.
Clients should also be educated that being overweight is a risk factor for many chronic
diseases such as diabetes and hypertension and for problems of mobility such as
arthritis. Recent changes in the Food Guide Pyramid propagated by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture now encourage nutrient intake based on physical activity,
age, and gender. Clients may be directed to the new MyPlate website to design a
customized, healthy diet plan for themselves. Clients should seek medical advice before
considering any major changes in their diets.
ALCOHOLISM
The excessive use of alcohol can result in unemployment, disrupted homes, injuries,
and diseases. It is estimated that 4 million people in the United States are dependent on
alcohol and can be considered alcoholics. Alcohol use may exacerbate other health
problems. Nurses can help clients by providing information about the dangers of
excessive alcohol use, by helping the individual clarify values about health, and by
referring the client who abuses alcohol to special groups such as Alcoholics
Anonymous.
Cerebrum
The cerebrum consists of two hemispheres that are incompletely separated by the great
longitudinal fissure. This sulcus separates the cerebrum into the right and left
hemispheres. The two hemispheres are joined at the lower portion of the fissure by the
corpus callosum. The outside surface of the hemispheres has a wrinkled appearance
that is the result of many folded layers or convolutions called gyri, which increase the
surface area of the brain, accounting for the high level of activity carried out by such a
small-appearing organ. The external or outer portion of the cerebrum (the cerebral
cortex) is made up of gray matter approximately 2 to 5 mm in depth; it contains billions
of neurons/cell bodies, giving it a gray appearance. White matter makes up the
innermost layer and is composed of nerve fibers and neuroglia (support tissue) that
form tracts or pathways connecting various parts of the brain with one another
(transverse and association pathways) and the cortex to lower portions of the brain and
spinal cord (projection fibers). The cerebral hemispheres are divided into pairs of frontal,
parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The four lobes are as follows:
a. Frontalthe largest lobe. The major functions of this lobe are concentration,
abstract thought, information storage or memory, and motor function. It also
contains Brocas area, critical for motor control of speech. The frontal lobe is also
responsible in large part for an individuals affect, judgment, personality, and
inhibitions.
b. Parietala predominantly sensory lobe. The primary sensory cortex, which
analyzes sensory information and relays the interpretation of this information to
the thalamus and other cortical areas, is located in the parietal lobe. It is also
essential to an individuals awareness of the body in space, as well as orientation
in space and spatial relations.
c. Temporalcontains the auditory receptive areas. Contains a vital area called
the interpretive area that provides integration of somatization, visual, and
auditory areas and plays the most dominant role of any area of the cortex in
cerebration.
d. Occipitalthe posterior lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is responsible for visual
interpretation.
Corpus Callosum
The corpus callosum is a thick collection of nerve fibers that connects the two
hemispheres of the brain and is responsible for the transmission of information from one
side of the brain to the other. Information transferred includes sensation, memory, and
learned discrimination. Right-handed people and some left-handed people have
cerebral dominance on the left side of the brain for verbal, linguistic, arithmetical,
calculating, and analytic functions. The nondominant hemisphere is responsible for
geometric, spatial, visual, pattern, and musical functions.
Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia are masses of nuclei located deep in the cerebral hemispheres that
are responsible for control of fine motor movements, including those of the hands and
lower extremities.
Thalamus
The thalamus lies on either side of the third ventricle and acts primarily as a relay
station for all sensation except smell. All memory, sensation, and pain impulses also
pass through this section of the brain.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located anterior and inferior to the thalamus. The hypothalamus
lies immediately beneath and lateral to the lower portion of the wall of the third ventricle.
It includes the optic chiasm (the point at which the two optic tracts cross) and the
mammillary bodies (involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional response to odors). The
infundibulum of the hypothalamus connects it to the posterior pituitary gland. The
hypothalamus plays an important role in the endocrine system because it regulates the
pituitary secretion of hormones that influence metabolism, reproduction, stress
response, and urine production. It works with the pituitary to maintain fluid balance and
maintains temperature regulation by promoting vasoconstriction or vasodilatation. The
hypothalamus is the site of the hunger center and is involved in appetite control. It
contains centers that regulate the sleepwake cycle, blood pressure, aggressive and
sexual behavior, and emotional responses (blushing, rage, depression, panic, and fear).
The hypothalamus also controls and regulates the autonomic nervous system.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica at the base of the brain and is
connected to the hypothalamus. The pituitary is a common site for brain tumors in
adults; frequently they are detected by physical signs and symptoms that can be traced
to the pituitary, such as hormonal imbalance or visual disturbances secondary to
pressure on the optic chiasm Nerve fibers from all portions of the cortex converge in
each hemisphere and exit in the form of a tight bundle of nerve fibers known as the
internal capsule. Having entered the pons and the medulla, each bundle crosses to the
corresponding bundle from the opposite side. Some of these axons make connections
with axons from the cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus; some
connect with the cranial nerve cells. Other fibers from the cortex and the subcortical
centers are channeled through the pons and the medulla into the spinal cord. Although
the various cells in the cerebral cortex are quite similar in appearance, their functions
vary widely, depending on location. The topography of the cortex in relation to certain of
its functions. The posterior portion of each hemisphere (the occipital lobe) is devoted to
all aspects of visual perception. The lateral region, or temporal lobe, incorporates the
auditory center. The mid-central zone, or parietal zone, posterior to the fissure of
Rolando, is concerned with sensation; the anterior portion is concerned with voluntary
muscle movements. The large area behind the forehead (ie, the frontal lobes) contains
the association pathways that determine emotional attitudes and responses and
contribute to the formation of thought processes. Damage to the frontal lobes as a result
of trauma or disease is by no means incapacitating from the standpoint of muscular
control or coordination, but it affects a persons personality, as reflected by basic
attitudes, sense of humor and propriety, self-restraint, and motivations.
Brain Stem
The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata The midbrain
connects the pons and the cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres; it contains
sensory and motor pathways and serves as the center for auditory and visual reflexes.
Cranial nerves III and IV originate in the midbrain. The pons is situated in front of the
cerebellum between the midbrain and the medulla and is a bridge between the two
halves of the cerebellum, and between the medulla and the cerebrum. Cranial nerves V
through VIII connect to the brain in the pons. The pons contains motor and sensory
pathways. Portions of the pons also control the heart, respiration, and blood pressure.
The medulla oblongata contains motor fibers from the brain to the spinal cord and
sensory fibers from the spinal cord to the brain. Most of these fibers cross, or
decussate, at this level. Cranial nerves IX through XII connect to the brain in the
medulla
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is separated from the cerebral hemispheres by a fold of dura mater, the
tentorium cerebelli. The cerebellum has both excitatory and inhibitory actions and is
largely responsible for coordination of movement. It also controls fine movement,
balance, position sense (awareness of where each part of the body is), and integration
of sensory input.
STRUCTURES PROTECTING THE BRAIN
The brain is contained in the rigid skull, which protects it from injury. The major bones of
the skull are the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital bones. These bones join at the
suture lines
The meninges (fibrous connective tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord) provide
protection, support, and nourishment to the brain and spinal cord. The layers of the
meninges are the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater.
Dura mater
The outermost layer; covers the brain and the spinal cord. It is tough, thick,
inelastic, fibrous, and gray. There are four extensions of the dura: the falx cerebri, which
separates the two hemispheres in a longitudinal plane; the tentorium, which is an
infolding of the dura that forms a tough membranous shelf; the falx cerebelli, which is
between the two lateral lobes of the cerebellum; and the diaphragm sellae, which
provides a roof for the sella turcica. The tentorium supports the hemispheres and
separates them from the lower part of the brain. When excess pressure occurs in the
cranial cavity, brain tissue may be compressed against the tentorium or displaced
downward, a process called herniation. Between the dura mater and the skull in the
cranium, and between the periosteum and the dura in the vertebral column, is the
epidural space, a potential space.
Arachnoid
The middle membrane; an extremely thin, delicate membrane that closely
resembles a spider web (hence the name arachnoid). It appears white because it has
no blood supply. The arachnoid layer contains the choroid plexus, which is responsible
for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This membrane also has unique
fingerlike projections, arachnoid villi, that absorb CSF. In the normal adult,
approximately 500 mL of CSF is produced each day; all but 125 to 150 mL is absorbed
by the villi(Hickey, 2003). When blood enters the system (from trauma or hemorrhagic
stroke), the villi become obstructed and hydrocephalus (increased size of ventricles)
may result. The subdural space is between the dura and the arachnoid layer, and the
subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid and pia layers and contains the
CSF.
Pia mater
The innermost membrane; a thin, transparent layer that hugs the brain closely
and extends into every fold of the brains surface.
Figure 1.4 Bones of the leg and anterior view of left leg.
Source: Martini, Ober, Bartholomew Visual Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology
SKELETALSYSTEM
The skeletal system consists of bones and other structures that make up the joints of
the skeleton. The types of tissue present are bone tissue, cartilage, and fibrous
connective tissue, which forms the ligaments that connect bone to bone.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
1. Provides a framework that supports the body; the muscles that are attached to bones
move the skeleton.
2. Protects some internal organs from mechanical injury; the rib cage protects the heart
and lungs.
3. Contains and protects the red bone marrow, the primary hemopoietin (blood-forming)
tissue.
4. Provides a storage site for excess calcium. Calcium may be removed from bone to
maintain a normal blood calcium level, which is essential for blood clotting and proper
functioning of muscles and nerves.
Femur
The femur is the long bone of the thigh. As mentioned, the femur forms a very movable
ball-andsocket joint with the hip bone. At the proximal end of the femur are the greater
and lesser trochanters, large projections that are anchors for muscles. At its distal end,
the femur forms a hinge joint, the knee, with the tibia of the lower leg.
Patella
The patella, or kneecap, is anterior to the knee joint, enclosed in the tendon of the
quadriceps femoris, a large muscle group of the thigh.
Tibia
The tibia is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. You can feel the tibial tuberosity (a
bump) and anterior crest (a ridge) on the front of your own leg. The medial malleolus,
what we may call the inner ankle bone, is at the distal end.
Fibula
The fibula is not part of the knee joint and does not bear much weight. The lateral
malleolus of the fibula is the outer ankle bone you can find just above your foot.
Though not a weight-bearing bone, the fibula is important in that leg muscles are
attached and anchored to it, and it helps stabilize the ankle. Two bones on one is a
much more stable arrangement than one bone on one, and you can see that the
malleoli of the tibia and fibula overlap the sides of the talus. The tibia and fibula do not
form a pivot joint as do the radius and ulna in the forearm; this also contributes to the
stability of the lower leg and foot and the support of the entire body.
Tarsals
The tarsals are the seven bones in the ankle. As you would expect, they are larger and
stronger than the carpals of the wrist, and their gliding joints do not provide nearly as
much movement. The largest is the calcaneus, or heel bone; the talus transmits weight
between the calcaneus and the tibia.
Metatarsals and Phalanges
The metatarsals are the five long bones of each foot, and phalanges are the bones of
the toes. There are two phalanges in the big toe and three in each of the other toes. The
phalanges of the toes form hinge joints with each other. Because there is no saddle joint
in the foot, the big toe is not as movable as the thumb. The foot has two major arches,
longitudinal and transverse, that are supported by ligaments. These are adaptations for
walking completely upright, in that arches provide for spring or bounce in our steps.
4.2 Pathophysiology
4.2.1 Schematic Diagram showing the pathophysiology of the disease
Secondary Brain
Fractured Tibia
Hematoma occurs as a
compensatory mechanism
(For healing)
Inflammation Occurs
An external force collides with the head, causing skull fracture and brain suffers from
traumatic injury. The fracture causes the leakage of CSF from nose and ear, potential
entry and invasion of pathogen in the delicate structures of the brain, then possible
infection. Brain trauma leads to primary brain injury. Crashing of the brain back and forth
of the skull and eventually cerebral tearing. Intracranial hemorrhage happens and as a
compensatory mechanism brain swelling occurs. There is a decreased ability to
perform the function of the affected part. The affected part are the frontal lobe and left
occipital area. Signs and symptoms of contusion at the frontal lobe that the patient
manifested were impulsiveness, expressive aphasia and short term memory loss. Signs
and symptoms of contusion at the occipital area that the patient manifested were visual
illusions hallucinations and visual disturbances.
Due to increased brain size into a fixed and rigid cranium, there is an increase of
intracranial pressure. As manifested by the patient signs and symptoms of increases
intracranial pressure; decrease level of consciousness, headache, & visual
disturbances. As a compensatory mechanism to accommodate the increased ICP;
compression of intracranial veins, decrease CSF, & decreased cerebral blood flow.
Cerebral hypoxia happens which then may lead to ischemia and failure of the brain to
go further compensatory mechanism. If the brain fails to go further compensatory
mechanism, cessation of the blood flow may occur which eventually leads to brain
death. Brain death may occur and causes irreversible loss of all functions of the brain
and cessation of detectable electrical activity.
Tibia fracture is a break or crack in one of the bones in your leg. The tibia or shinbone,
the major weight bearing in your lower leg. Common cause includes motor vehicular
accident, and sports injuries.
An external force or any high impact trauma causes the break, leading to the disruption
of the organs on the said injury. Break into skin then results to bleeding putting the
patient at risk for invasion of pathogen and eventually infection.
As a compensatory mechanism of the body goes into inflammatory response. Blood
vessel in the affected area vasodilates. Leading to hyperemia, the increase oxygenation
of the injury then causes redness and feels warmer than other parts of your body.
Swelling also happens which then increases the pressure in nerve endings resulting to
pain. Loss of function is associated with pain.
4.2.3 Comparative chart showing the classical and clinical signs and symptoms
of the disease and rationale
V. Nursing Intervention
5.1 Care guide of patient with Traumatic Brain Injury with complete and displaced
fracture of the left tibia
Primary concerns when treating TBI are ensuring proper oxygen supply to the
brain and body. As well as maintaining an adequate blood flow and managing blood
pressure. There are medications and surgeries to treat the symptoms of TBI. But the
most important treatment in many cases is rehabilitation. Patients may require services
from a Psychiatrist, Occupational and Physical Therapist as well as speech pathologist.
Psychiatrists and social workers may help individuals and families to manage behavior
changes and learn coping strategies. Maintaining skin integrity (avoiding skin ulcers)
and appropriate nutrition may also be challenges.
External fixators are used to manage open fractures with soft tissue damage.
They provide stable support for severe comminuted (crushed or splintered) fractures
while permitting active of damaged soft tissues. Complicated fractures of the humerus,
forearm, femur, tibia, and pelvis are managed with external skeletal fixators. The
fracture is reduced, aligned, and immobilized by a series of pins inserted in the bone.
Pin position is maintained through attachment to a portable frame. The fixator facilitates
patient comfort, early mobility, and active exercise of adjacent uninvolved joints.
Complications related to disuse and immobility are minimized. It is important to prepare
the patient psychologically for application of the external fixator. The apparatus looks
clumsy and foreign. Reassurance that the discomfort associated with the device It is
important to prepare the patient psychologically for application of the external fixator.
The apparatus looks clumsy and foreign. Reassurance that the discomfort associated
with the device is minimal and that early mobility is anticipated promotes acceptance of
the device. After the external fixator is applied, the extremity is elevated to reduce
swelling. If there are sharp points on the fixator or pins, they are covered to prevent
device-induced injuries. The nurse monitors the neurovascular status of the extremity
every 2 to 4 hours and assesses each pin site for redness, drainage, tenderness, pain,
and loosening of the pin. Some serous drainage from the pin sites is to be expected.
The nurse must be alert for potential caused by pressure from the device on the skin,
nerves, or blood vessels and for the development of compartment syndrome. The nurse
carries out pin care as prescribed to prevent pin tract infection. This typically includes
cleaning each pin site separately three times a day with cotton-tipped applicators
soaked in sterile saline solution. Crusts should not form at the pin site. If signs of
infection are present or if the pins or clamps seem loose, the nurse notifies the
physician.
REFERENCE: Fundamental
in Nursing, Medical and
Surgical in Nursing
NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE EVALUATION
REFERENCE:
Nurses Pocket Guide, 13th Edition,
Doenges, Moorhouse, Murr
CUES NURSING DIAGNOSIS SCIENTIFIC BASIS OBJECTIVES
Subjective : Acute pain related to Unpleasant sensory and Specific:
Maol-ol tak bali ha tiil Left Leg Fracture emotional experiencing from After 8 hours of student nurse-
actual tissue damage; sudden
Dong, as verbalized by the patient interaction, the patient
or slow onset with pain intensity
patient from mild to severe with an
will be able to verbalize a
anticipated or predictable end decreased pain intensity to
and a duration of less than 6 3-4
Objective: months. Fractures occur when
-Guarding behavior noted the bone is subjected to stress
-Pain scale of 5/10 greater that it can absorb. When
the bone is broken, adjacent
C- sharp stabbing pain
structures are also affected,
O-upon exertion of force on
resulting in soft tissue edema,
affected leg hemorrhage into the muscles
L-fractured site at Left lower and joints, joints dislocations,
leg ruptured ten-dons, severed
D-2-3 min nerves, and damaged blood
E- more movement of leg vessels. Body organs may be
injured by the force that caused
D-deep breathing
the fracture fragments. After a
R-not
fracture, the extremities cannot
A-none because normal functions
of muscle depend on the
integrity of the bones which they
are attached.
REFERENCE: Fundamental
in Nursing, Medical and
Surgical in Nursing
REFERENCE:
Nurses Pocket Guide, 13th Edition,
Doenges, Moorhouse, Murr
REFERENCE: Fundamental
in Nursing, Medical and
Surgical in Nursing
REFERENCE: Fundamental
in Nursing, Medical and
Surgical in Nursing
REFERENCE:
Nurses Pocket Guide, 13th Edition,
Doenges, Moorhouse, Murr
CUES NURSING DIAGNOSIS SCIENTIFIC BASIS OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE: Fundamental
in Nursing, Medical and
Surgical in Nursing
NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE EVALUATION
REFERENCE:
Nurses Pocket Guide, 13th Edition,
Doenges, Moorhouse, Murr
5.2 Drug Therapeutic Record
NURSING
DRUG CLASSIFICATION INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS RESPONSIBILITES
NURSING
DRUG CLASSIFICATION INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS RESPONSIBILITES
February 20, 2017 Disturbed sleeping Received patient on -Vital Signs taken and Kept watched
12:00 pm pattern bed sleeping with recorded
Intravenous Fluid of -Intake and Output
Plain Non-Saline Monitored
Solution 1 liter 980 -Positioned patient
mL level at 30drops/ comfortably
minute infusing well at -supported affected
right arm, with Long leg with soft linen
Leg Posterior Mold -encouraged
Left, with Foley Bag adequate intake of
Catheter attached to fluids and nutritious
Urobag infusing well; foods
Diri ako nahingaturog -encouraged to do
hin tuhay as deep breathing
verbalized by the exercises
patient; lethargic -adequate rest
noted; disoriented to provided
time and lace noted -balanced activity with
rest periods
-bed side care done
-Instructed client or
SO to avoid
caffeinated drinks like
cola and coffee.
Date and Time Focus Problem Data Action Response
February 22, 2017 Impaired Physical Received patient on -Vital Signs taken and Kept watched
1:00 pm Mobility bed sleeping with recorded
Intravenous Fluid of -Intake and Output
Plain Non-Saline Monitored
Solution 1 liter kept -Positioned patient
set sterile, with Long comfortably
Leg Posterior Mold -supported affected
Left, with Foley Bag leg with soft linen
Catheter attached to -encouraged
Urobag infusing well; adequate intake of
masakit akun tiil kun fluids and nutritious
gikikiwa as foods
verbalized by the -encouraged to do
patient. deep breathing
exercises
-adequate rest
provided
-balanced activity with
rest periods
-bed side care done
Date and Time Focus Problem Data Action Response
February 23, 2017 Self-Care Deficit Received patient on -Vital Signs taken and Kept watched
1:00 pm bed sleeping with recorded
Intravenous Fluid of -Intake and Output
Plain Non-Saline monitored
Solution 1 liter kept -positioned patient
set sterile, with Long comfortably
Leg Posterior Mold -assisted on wound
Left, with Foley Bag dressing
Catheter attached to -supported affected
Urobag infusing well; leg with soft linen
Inability to bath self -encourage to do
noted; Deep Breathing
guarding behaviour Exercise
noted upon moving -adequate rest
left leg. provided
-performed bed bath
-emphasized the
importance of bed
bath
-safety provided
5.4 Health Teaching
OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODOLOGY
General:
After 4 days of holistic student nurse-
patient interaction, the patient will be
able to gain knowledge, skills and
attitude in dealing with the condition
traumatic brain injury.
Specific:
After 4 hours of holistic student nurse-
patient interaction, the patient will be
able to;
Discussion
1. define Traumatic Brain Injury -Also, known as intracranial injury
and/or TBI.
-Is a substantial head injury that
results in damage to the brain. This
damage can cause a wide spectrum of
possible health outcomes
-The brain is launched into a collision
course with the inside of the skull,
resulting in possible bruising of the
brain, tearing of the nerve fibers and
bleeding.
- Is a complex injury with a broad
spectrum of symptoms and disabilities
OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODOLOGY
1. Bleeding that's heavy enough that you need to change pads every hour
Restrictions: NONE
IX. Bibliography
Books:
Potter & Perry Fundamentals of Nursing 8th Edition
Kozier and Erbs Fundamentals of Nursing 10th edition
Martini, Ober, Bartholomew Visual Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology
Marrilyn E. Doenges Nurses Pocket Guide Diagnoses, Prioritized Interventions
and Rationales 12th Edition
Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Handbook 3 rd Edition
Lippincott William and Wilkins Nursing 2013 Drug Handbook
Brunner and Suddarths Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing 10 th Edition
Pillitteri Maternal and Child Health Nursing- Care of the Childbearing and
Childrearing Family 6th Edition
Lippincott William and Wilkins Medical-Surgical Nursing Made Incredibly Easy 3 rd
Edition
Kemp, Burns, and Browns The Big Picture Pathology
Internet sources:
Merckmanuals.com
Currentnursing.com
WebMED.com
Emedicine.medscape.com
Nurseslabs.com
MayoClinic.com