The document summarizes the internal troubles and external threats faced by China and the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century as well as the rise of Japan as a new East Asian power. It describes how China struggled with overpopulation, poverty, and peasant rebellions while facing exploitation and military defeats at the hands of Western imperial powers. The Ottoman Empire also declined and lost territory while European powers intervened. In contrast, Japan purposefully modernized by adopting Western techniques but maintaining a distinct national identity, transforming from an isolated to industrialized nation.
The document summarizes the internal troubles and external threats faced by China and the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century as well as the rise of Japan as a new East Asian power. It describes how China struggled with overpopulation, poverty, and peasant rebellions while facing exploitation and military defeats at the hands of Western imperial powers. The Ottoman Empire also declined and lost territory while European powers intervened. In contrast, Japan purposefully modernized by adopting Western techniques but maintaining a distinct national identity, transforming from an isolated to industrialized nation.
The document summarizes the internal troubles and external threats faced by China and the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century as well as the rise of Japan as a new East Asian power. It describes how China struggled with overpopulation, poverty, and peasant rebellions while facing exploitation and military defeats at the hands of Western imperial powers. The Ottoman Empire also declined and lost territory while European powers intervened. In contrast, Japan purposefully modernized by adopting Western techniques but maintaining a distinct national identity, transforming from an isolated to industrialized nation.
By 1912 Chinas long established imperial state had collapsed and transformed to a weak and dependent participant in a European-dominated world system but in the Chineses eyes they were still the Middle Kingdom The Crisis Within Robus economy+ American food crops=population growth but no Industrial Rev like in Europe so the agricultural production was unable to keep up growing pressure on land, huge peasant population, unemployment, poverty, misery, starvation Their famed centralized and bureaucratic state didnt enlarge itself to keep up the pace with the growing population ^^ lead to peasant rebellion: Taiping Uprising Ideology=unique form of Christianity instead of Confucianism, Buddhism, or Daoism Hong Xiuquan=leader and proclaimed himself as the younger brother of jesus who was sent to cleanse the world and establish a heavenly kingdom of great peace. Did not intend to restore the ideal Chinese society but insisted on revolutionary change (abolition of private property, equality for men and women especially in military camps, end to prostitution and opium smoking) Established capital in Nanjing but the divisions and indecisiveness within the Taiping leadership and inability to link with other rebel groups provided an opportunity for Qing dynasty loyalists to crush the rebellions (Qing also had western support and did not have imperial military forces but the landowners feared the radicalism of the Taiping program and so they mobilized their own armies) Outcome: Qing dynasty weakened as the provincial gentry consolidated power at the expense of the central state, the intense conservatism of both imperial authorities did not solve the peasant problem, the civil war destroyed the economy, 20-30 mil lives lost, couldn't keep up with Europes Industrial Rev Western Pressures British used opium grown and processed in India to cover their persistent trade imbalance with China-profitable market Opium had to be smuggled into China and everyone got addicted bc they needed to overcome the pain of their work so there was a debate to legalize it but the emperor decided on suppression Campaign led by Lin Zexu who said it was a drug czar The British were offended by this violation of property rights so sent their big military on a naval expedition to China intending to end the restrictive conditions under which they had long traded with them. They also intended to teach china the proper way to have relations with other countries= OPIUM WAR Britain had an industrialized army! Treaty of Nanjing ended the war largely on British terms and put restrictions on the Chinese sovereignty and opened 5 ports to European traders. Reflected the changed balance of global power from Britains IR and Britain's first unequal treaty that eroded Chinas independence Second Opium War: Britain ruined emperors Summer Palace, more ports opened so foreigners allowed to buy land and travel in China, to preach Christianity, and to patrol some of their rivers China had lost against France and Japan and lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan China was no longer the center of civilization to which barbarians paid homage and tribute, but just a weak dependent nation Restrictions imposed by Europeans inhibited Chinas industrialization The Failure of Conservative Modernization Chinese authorities sought to self-strengthen and reinvigorate a traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the West Examination system seeking good men Dikes and irrigation, a few industrial textile and steel factories, coal mines expanded, telegraph system But inhibited by the fears of conservative leaders that urbanization would erode the power and privileged of the landlord class Boxer Uprising led by militia organizations calling themselves the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists killed Europeans and Chinese Christians and seized foreign embassies in Beijing but Western powers and Japan crushed the rebellion and imposed a large payment on China as a punishment so China remained a dependent country substantially under foreign control Chinese nationalism: directed against both foreign imperialists and foreign Qing dynasty, ppl like National Rejuvenation Study Society and Society to Protect the Nation and Understand the National Shame Society admired Western ideas and believed that only a truly unified nation in which rulers and ruled were closely related could save china from the foreign imperialists
The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century
The Sick Man of Europe Once viewed as the strong sword of Islam within the Muslim world, they were unable to prevent regions like Indonesia, India, West Africa, and Central Asia from falling under the control of Christian powers Napoleon conquered egypt and it thrived and came close to topping the Ottoman Empire itself Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania achieved independence through their own nationalism and support from the British or Russians The earlier centrality of the Ottoman and Arab lands in Afro Eurasian commerce diminished as Europeans achieved direct oceanic access to the treasures of Asia Reform and its opponents
The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power
US commodore Matthew Perrys black ships forcefully demanded that Japan open up to more normal relations with the world but it actually worked and they industrialized and came up with a society distinctive to Japan The Tokugawa Background Ruled by Tokugawa family with a shogun who aimed to keep away to feudal lords known as daimyo and Japan was pacified...but not really unified. Tokugawa family had strict rules governing every aspect of Japanese life. 2 centuries of peace= burst of economic growth, commercialization, and urban development, Edo=worlds largest city, by 1750 world's most urbanized country, Confucianism=literate population No national army so samurais turned into a bureaucratic /administrative class Provided a solid background for their industrial growth Merchants had money but low status, samurais had high status but no money and they both resented this position Peasants moved to the country and acted weirdly (used umbrellas instead of straw hats) so ppl in the city said that the peasants should just devote themselves to farming Corruption (failure to deal with severe famine, peasant uprisings) and there was a growing feeling that the shogunate was losing control American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration Japan had deliberately limited contact w the West to a single port only for the Dutch US sent Commodore Perry to demand access to their ports and was authorized to use force if necessary Meiji Restoration: Japan learned from what happened w China so they let the US in and agreed to a series of unequal treaties but this was humiliating for the Japanese and they were once again annoyed w the shogunate and it triggered a brief civil war which resulted in the political takeover of a group of young samurai from S Japan Meiji (15 year old Enlightened Ruler) was regarded as the most recent link in a chain of descent that traced the origins of the imperial family back to the sun goddess Amaterasu Goal to save Japan from foreign domination through transformation of Japanese society drawing from the West. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule Modernizing Japanese Style National Unity: got rid of privileges of the daimyo and the samurai, central state now collected nations taxes and raised a national army from all classes Confucian-based social order w special privileges was dismantled and almost all Japanese became legally equal as commoners and subjects of the emperor Widespread and eager fascination for all things Western and then sought to combine W ideas w Japanese ideas: Shinto (ancestor spirits) made its way Gvt established a number of enterprises and later sold the to private investors Modern infrastructure: railroads, postal system, national currency, banking system Became major export of textiles and produced own munitions and industrial goods Peasant families slipped into poverty bc taxes made them pay for all these reforms^ and it led to protests Urban workers treated poorly (low pay, bad conditions)---> anarchist and socialist ideas (unions) Japan and the World Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 now acknowledged Japan as an equal player among the Great Powers of the world Formidable military competitor: successful wars against China and Russia, first ASian state to defeat a major European power, gained colonial control of Taiwan and Korea and a territorial foothold in Manchuria Japans power added yet one more imperialist power to those already burdening a beleaguered China Some Poles, Finns, and Jews viewed the Russian defeat as an opening for their own liberation from the Russian empire and were grateful to Japan for the opportunity All the countries gassed Japan up basically: We are amazed by Japan because it is the first Eastern gvt to utilize the Western civilization to resist the shield of the European imperialism in Asia BUT those who were under Japans rule were less positive bc their Japanese policies exceeded the brutality of European practices
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