Chapter06.1 1DOF-Systems Dynamics

Meccanica delle Macchine M
Dynamics Applications:
Dynamics of 1-DOF Systems
Dynamics Applications: 1-DOF Systems
1. Dynamics of an intermittent-motion drive

Model, indexer, energy flow, electric motor, flywheel, lumped-parameter model,
free-body diagrams, Lagrange equation, Simulink model, numerical example.
2. Dynamics of the four-bar linkage

Model, position analysis, kinematic analysis differential approach,
kinematic analysis algebraic approach, kinetic energy, potential energy,
DAlembert equations, Lagrange equation, numerical example.
3. Dynamics of a ground vehicle in planar motion

Single-track model, vehicle kinematics, DAlembert equations, energy equation,
motor torque, numerical example.
1 Dynamics of an intermittent-motion drive
Model
Consider an intermittent-motion drive composed by:
a gearmotor, which comprises:
an induction motor, with angular position, velocity and acceleration given by:
, = , =
a gear reducer, with gear ratio:
Rotary table
= =
Gearmotor
an indexer, which transforms the
continuous motion of the output
shaft of the reducer into the
intermittent motion of a follower.
a rotary table, subject to external load Indexer
but its own inertia.
Indexer
Motion law
While the driver of the indexer is supposed to move at an almost constant
speed, = , the follower must start, move in one direction and stop at
regular intervals, with a periodic motion law ( ) characterized by:
an advancement (or lift or rise) angle in a time interval ;
a dwell time ;
a period = + .
( )
( )
( )
is the production time, since, as the table dwells, some production operations
are performed over the workstations located around the table.
The number of workstations determines the rise angle :
2 2
= =
and , and thus , are typically assigned by the application at hand.

workstations
rotary table
Since the advancement time is an unproductive time, there is the economical

interest in making it as small as possible, thus decreasing the period and
increasing the production frequency:
1 1
= =
+
However, as decreases, the table velocity and acceleration become larger, thus
increasing the dynamical stress on the transmission, in particular on the indexer.
The indexer motion law ( ) must be chosen so as to both meet the application
specifications and optimize the dynamic performances.
The displacement of the indexer follower is only a function of the driver rotation ,
and it may thus be represented in the plane:
The function , called displacement diagram or function, only depends on the

geometrical design of the indexer, namely on profile of the cam mounted on the
indexer driving link.
The velocity of the follower is given by:

= = =

Hence, the indexer transmission ratio is:
= =

Since only depends on the geometrical design of the indexer, so does
, which is thus also called geometric velocity.
Notice that the time-velocity of the follower depends not only on the
indexer design, through , but also on the speed of the driver link
(and on its possible fluctuations).
The acceleration of the follower is:

= = = + = + = +

Since only depends on the geometrical design of the indexer, so does

, which is thus called geometric acceleration:
Notice that the time-accelerations of the follower depends on both the

indexer design, through , and the speed fluctuations of the driver link,
through and .
If the motor rotates with constant speed, so does the indexer driving link, and
the follower motion is unambiguously determined by the indexer geometry:
= =
= . = = .
= =
Conversely, if the motor speed varies:

the (rigid-body) motion law of the follower is altered:
= , = +
due to the system compliance, the risk of triggering mechanical vibrations boosts,
further decreasing motion accuracy and hindering the overall performances.
Coefficient of cyclic irregularity

In order to limit the problems caused by the motor-speed oscillations, the
coefficient of cyclic irregularity must be kept under a suitable threshold,
depending on the application at hand:
, ,
= =
,
where:
, + ,
,
2
Energy flow
Energy required by the rotary tables intermittent motion
The inertia torque acting on the rotary table is:
where is the mass moment of inertia of all components that are coupled
with the indexer follower, including the shafts and the rotary table.
The corresponding power of inertia forces is:
= =
Assuming, for the time being, that no energy loss occurs within the indexer,
the driving link must supply enough power so as to counteract the inertia torque
acting on the follower:
+ = 0 = =
( )
( )
Since the elementary work performed by the tables inertia forces is the opposite
of the elementary variation of the table kinetic energy, namely:
= =
the energy supplied by the driving link equals the followers kinetic energy:
( ) ( )
1
= = =
2
In fact:
1
= = = = =
2
The maximum energy fed into the indexer matches to highest kinetic energy
attained by the table:
1
, = = = ,
2
= = , = = ,
1
1
2
2
= =
Since the followers kinetic energy at the end of the cycle is zero, the net energy
supplied by the driving link over a cycle is zero too, namely:
= = + =0
=
,
,
If no energy dissipation occurs, the energy that the table receives while it accelerates
from a dwell to its maximum velocity is returned back when the table decelerates
from its maximum kinetic energy to the next dwell.
The system steady-state motion, then, may be sustained by any device that is able to
store energy and exchange it with the indexer, i.e.:
to receive and store energy when the table decelerates;
to give energy back to the table when it accelerates.
The aforementioned device is, typically:
an electric motor;
a flywheel (working as an kinetic spring).
Eectric motor
The electric motor has several roles, namely:
it brings the system to a periodic steady-state;
it compensates energy losses;
it exchanges energy with the rotary table.
If energy losses are disregarded and only the speed oscillation of the rotary table
is considered, the power provided by the motor at the steady state equals the
power received by the indexer:

MOTOR REDUCER DRIVER FOLLOWER/TABLE
The motor torque is, thus:
= = = =
The electric machine operates as an electric spring

When the table accelerates, i.e. > 0, it receives energy by the electric machine,
which operates as a motor, i.e. > 0 and > 0:
,
ACCELERATION: MOTOR FOLLOWER/TABLE = ,
When the table decelerates, i.e. < 0, it provides energy to the electric machine,
which works as a generator, i.e. < 0 and < 0:
,
DECELERATION: GENERATOR FOLLOWER/TABLE = ,

An ideal electric machine has a vertical mechanical characteristic ( ),
thus being able to provide any required positive or negative torque at a
constant speed .
If the speed of the electric machine is constant: (

)
the motion law of the rotary table coincides ,
with the geometric law imposed by the
indexers cam design;

all rotors comprised between the motor and
the indexers driver have uniform motion and
,
constant kinetic energy, thus not affecting the
energy exchange between the electric machine
and the rotary table.
The actual mechanical characteristic of an induction machine, however, though very
steep, is not vertical. The machine cannot vary the provided torque without changing
the rotor velocity around the synchronous speed :
the higher the positive torque, the smaller the angular speed w.r.t. ;
the smaller the negative torque, the higher the angular speed w.r.t. ;
the mechanical characteristic is approximated, around , by a straight line.
,
= ( )

, ,

,
If , and , are, respectively, the maximum and minimum torque

provided by the electric machine, the minimum and maximum angular speeds
that are reached are:
,
, =
= =
,
, =
The coefficient of cyclic irregularity is, thus:
, , , ,
=
,
where:
,
Since the angular velocity of the electric machine is not constant:

the motion law of the rotary table coincides no longer with the geometric law
imposed by the indexer, thus being affected by the motor-speed oscillation;
all rotors comprised between the motor and the indexers driver vary their
kinetic energy, thus affecting the energy exchange between the electric machine
and the rotary table.
Since bigger motors have steeper mechanical characteristics, the cyclic irregularity
may be decreased by choosing more powerful actuators:
, ,

Flywheel
The flywheel stores kinetic energy, thus working as a kinetic spring:
the kinetic energy of the fly-wheel is transferred to the table when the table
accelerates (as the flywheel, thus, decelerates);
when the table decelerates, its kinetic energy is transferred back to the
flywheel, which thus accelerates.
,
ACCELERATION: FLYWHEEL FOLLOWER/TABLE = , <0
DECELERATION: FLYWHEEL FOLLOWER/TABLE = , >0

,
is the variation of the kinetic energy of the flywheel.

If the flywheel is mounted on the motor shaft, with mass moment of inertia , then:
, + ,
= , , = , ,
2 2

If the flywheel is the only responsible of the energy exchange with the table, then:
,
,
The cyclic irregularity may be decreased by choosing a suitable flywheel inertia:

If a flywheel with mass moment of inertia is mounted on the output shaft of the
gear reducer, then:
= = , ,
2 2
Hence:
,
,
The flywheel mounted on the slow shaft of the reducer has the same effects on the
cyclic irregularity than a flywheel mounted on the motor shaft as long as:
A flywheel mounted on the fast shaft is much smaller!

In practice, the motor and the flywheel work together, both exchanging energy
with the indexer.
The cyclic irregularity is mitigated both by the steepness of the motor
characteristic and by the inertia of the flywheel.
When is not constant, all rotating components of the mechanism undergo
periodic variation of their kinetic energy, besides the flywheel and the rotary table,
and the corresponding inertial effects must be taken into account.
There is energy dissipation throughout the cycle: the energy that flows from the
motor to the table in direct motion is higher than the energy that flows back in
inverse motion.
Lumped-parameter model

, ,
Rotary table
Gearmotor
=
Indexer
Types of lumped-parameter blocks
inertia block, where kinetic energy is stored:
transmission block, where speed variations and energy losses are concentrated:
,

, ,
Symbols:
: moment of inertia of all masses rotating with velocity .

If a flywheel is mounted on the motor shaft, must be replaced by + .
: moment of inertia of all masses rotating with angular velocity .
If a flywheel is mounted on the reducer output shaft, must be replaced
by + .
: moment of inertia of all masses rotating with angular velocity .

, ,
Symbols:
: motor torque.
, : input and output torques of the gearbox.
, : input and output torques of the indexer.

, : transmission ratio and efficiency of the gearbox.

, : transmission ratio and efficiency of the indexer.
Free-body diagrams
Moment equilibrium of the motor shaft:
=

= =

Power balance of the gear reducer:

,
Power balance in case of ideal motion:
= =
When dissipations are taken into account:

the power flow from the input to the output shaft is reduced by a factor equal
to the direct-motion efficiency ;
the power flow from the output to the input shaft is reduced by a factor equal
to the inverse-motion efficiency .
Efficiency function:
direct motion: ( )
0 :
=
0 :
inverse motion:
<0
=
<0
0
in general:

=
where:

, if 0
=
1 , if <0
Power balance of the gear reducer when dissipations are taken into account:

= = = =
Moment equilibrium of the input shaft of the indexer:
= = =

Power balance of the indexer:

= = =
where:

, if 0
=
1 , if <0

,
Moment equilibrium of the rotary table:
= = = = +
= = = = +

, ,
Motion equation:
=

=
=

=
= +

+ + =0
The non-linear differential equation of motion may be expressed in state form

and numerically integrated:

= = ( ),
+ +
where:
and are functions of ;
angles and are related so as:
= = = + .
Lagrange equation
The motion equation may be obtained directly by relying on the Lagrange
equation of 1-d.o.f. systems:
1
1

= + = 2
2
where:
= + +

( ) ( )
= = 2 =2

where motion is direct or inverse depending on whether 0 or < 0,
respectively.
By considering that:
= , =

=
the motion equation may be expressed as:

= = ( ), = ( ),
+ +
which may be numerically integrated by imposing an initial condition:
= ( ),

=
Simulink model
Numerical integration of the motion equation:
( ),
= = = = ( ),
( )
+ +
= ( ), = + + ( ),
( ),

Simulink model layout:
Results
[alpha]
Efficiencies
, 1 [w]
s
Integrator tau
[w]
1 0: 2 [alpha]
s
Integrator
Function ( ), = :
[etai]
[etar] Product
alpha beta2
[alpha] beta2
tau^3*J_b
From8
alpha beta1 Product8
Gain6
beta1 Product5
u2
Product10 ,
[b1] Cm
Math
Goto5 Function
[w] km*(w0-u) [Cm]
From7 Cm1 Goto7

Function ( ) = + + :
Jm
J_a*tau^2
Constant5
Constant6
[etar]
From3 Product4
( ) [etai]
From4 Product1
[b1] u2 J_b*tau^2 Product2
From2 Math Gain

Function1
is computed inside function , then passed to .

Function ( ), = :
( ),
( ),
( )
Integrations:
1
omega
s
Integrator To Workspace
[w]
tau
Gain1
Goto
lightBlue
1
alpha alpha2pi alpha
s
Integrator1 [0:2pi] To Workspace3
[alpha]
Goto1
Function 0: 2 bounds such that [0,2 ].
Results:
Cmot To Workspace1
[Cm] Cr1 To Workspace4

From11
[Cr1] Goto6
[etar]
From6
Cr2 To Workspace2
Jm
1/tau
Gain2
Constant7
J_a*tau C_a To Workspace5
Gain3
[etai] [C_a] Goto8
From12
[C_a] C_b To Workspace6
From14 [b1]
From13
Efficiencies:

etar
Constant
[Cr1] [etar]
From9 Memory1 Goto2

1/etar1 etar
Constant1
etai
Constant3
[C_a] [etai]
From1 Memory3 Goto3

etami
1/etai1

Constant4
Block examples:
From and Go to:

[alpha] [alpha]
From8
Goto1
blocks go to and from are used to pass a signal within the model.
To workspace
alpha
To Workspace3
it saves signal to Matlab workspace, in structure form.

Gain:
tau
Gain1
the input is multiplied by a constant value;

constant values can be provided via workspace.
Sum and Product:
Jm + +
J_a*tau^2
Constant5
Constant6

Product4 Sum
Integrator:
= , 1
s
initial conditions must be provided inside the block.
Switch:

etar
it passes the 1st or the 3rd input through the block, depending on the value of
the 2nd input (control input);
the condition under which the first input is passed is defined inside the block
(e.g. control input > threshold).
Subsystem:
it is analogous to a Matlab subfunction, thus combining a set of blocks together;

it computes operations between inputs and returns outputs;
for example, function 0: 2 is defined via a 1 input 1 output subsystem
(floor is a rounding function):
1 1
alpha alpha2pi

= 2
2 2*pi
1/(2*pi) floor
= ( )
Rounding Function
and are defined via 1 input 1 output subsystems:
[alpha]
From8

1 1
alpha beta1
Switch
f(u)
>7/8
f(u) 7/8
>1/8 & <7/8
f(u) 1/8
<1/8
user-defined functions:
km*(w0-u) ( )
it computes a function = ( ), using Matlab syntax.
memory:

etar
[Cr1] [etar]
From9 Memory Goto2

1/etar1

it holds and delays an input by one integration step;

in order to avoid an algebraic loop, efficiency is computed by using values
from the previous integration time step.
Numerical example
Application characteristics
number of workstations: =4
cycle frequency and period: 38.5 cyclesmin , = 1.56 s
workstations production time: 1 s
rotary tables moment of inertia: = 5.89 kg m
Induction motor
moment of inertia: = 6.90 10 kg m
synchronous speed: = 1500 rpm = 157.07 rad/s
torque constant: = 0.191 N m s
Gear reducer
moment of inertia (reduced to the input shaft): = 0.05 10 kg m

efficiency: = = 0.95
transmission ratio: = 139
Indexer:
rise angle: =2 = 90
indexing angle: = 120 = 2 3 rad
notice that:
1
, 38.46 rpm 1.56 s
2
= = = = 1 1.56 s 1.04 s
2 2 3
moment of inertia of the follower: = 0.014 kg m

moment of inertia of the driver: negligible

efficiency = = 0.95
Indexer displacement diagram: piecewise cycloidal motion
[]
2 ( ) ( ) 100
80
1.5 ( )
60
1
40
= 90
0.5 20
0 0
7
-0.5 8 8
-1
-1.5
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 []
Indexer geometric velocity and acceleration:
7
1 cos 4 , 0< < ; < <
4+ 8 8
= 4 7
1 3 cos + , < <
4 + 3 3 8 8
0, >
4 7
sin 4 , 0< < ; < <
4+ 8 8
= 4 4 7
sin + , < <
4+ 3 3 8 8
0, >
Mass moment of inertia of all components rotating at speed :

= + = 5.904 kg m
Mass moment of inertia of all components rotating at speed = :

case 1: no flywheel
= + = 6.95 10 kg m
case 2: flywheel mounted on the motor shaft

= 0.03kg m
= + + = 0.0307 kg m
Mass moment of inertia of all components rotating at speed :

case 1: no flywheel
=0
case 2: flywheel mounted on the motor shaft

=0
case 3: flywheel mounted on the output shaft of the reducer
= = = 45.6 kg m
Results 1700
Cyclic irregularity: 1650
no flywheel
slow-shaft flywheel
no flywheel motor-shaft flywheel
1600
= 0.23
[rpm]
1550
= 1.040 s
1500
motor-shaft flywheel
= 0.10 1450
= 1.035 s 1400
slow-shaft flywheel 1350

= 0.10
1300
= 1.035 s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
[s]
The flywheel reduces the torque requested to the motor:

4
[N ] no flywheel
3 slow-shaft flywheel
2
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 [ ]
A flywheel mounted on the gearbox slow shaft reduces the torque on this shaft
too, but its inertia is bigger (!) than inertia of the rotary table:
150
[N ] no flywheel
100 slow-shaft flywheel
50
-50
-100
-150
-200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 [ ]
The inertia of the flywheel causes the mechanism to reach its steady-state
motion after a longer transient:
1800
[rpm]
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600 no flywheel
slow-shaft flywheel
400 motor-shaft flywheel
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [ ]
2 Dynamics of the four-bar linkage
Model
/////
Configuration variables: External forces and moments:

independent (actuated) variable: motor torque:
dependent variables: , resistant torque:
weights (the -axis points upward
in the vertical direction).
Position analysis
Constraint equations in configuration form (closure equations):
+ = + =

+ = =
Attention must be paid to picking the

right solution: the four-bar linkage
admits two assembly configurations! *3
**
3
Kinematic analysis
Velocity analysis
First-order kinematic coefficients (transmission ratios) of the dependent
configuration variables:

= = =

= = =

Velocities of the dependent configuration variables:
= = , = 2,3
Acceleration analysis
Second-order kinematic coefficients of the dependent configuration variables:
+
= = =

+
= = =

Accelerations of the dependent configuration variables:
= + , = 2,3
Centres of mass
Position, velocity and acceleration of the centre of mass of the th link ( = 1,2,3):
=
= =
= = +
First-order kinematic coefficients of the centres of mass:
=
= = +
=
Second-order kinematic coefficients of the centres of mass:
=
= =
=
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy of the links:
1 1
= + , = + ,
2 2
1
= + ,
2
1 1
= , = ,
2 2
1
= ,
2
Total kinetic energy of the four bar:

1 1
, = = , + + , + , = ( )
2
2

where is the total mass moment of inertia of the linkage:

= , + + , + ,

Derivative of w.r.t. the independent variable:

= =2 +2 , +2 ,
Potential energy
The potential energy associated with gravitational forces is:

= = ,

= = = ,
DAlembert equations
Inertia forces
Link 1: ,
, = ,
Link 2:
=
,
, = ,
,

Link 3:
=
, = ,
Free-body diagrams
3 equilibrium equations may be written for any link, thus obtaining a system of
9 equations in 9 unknowns.
The system comprises:
the external forces applied to the linkage: , and the weights;
the inertia forces;
the 8 components of the reaction forces in the revolute joints:
= , = , = , =
The system is linear in the reaction forces and the external forces.
The 9 unknowns are:
the reaction forces and the driving torque, when solving the inverse problem;
the reaction forces and the input motion, when solving the direct problem.
The system is generally coupled.
Method of the open kinematic chain
It allows equilibrium equations to be more effectively formulated, namely in
(partial) echelon form.
Cut the kinematic chain in and replace the removed joint with the corresponding
reaction force :

,

,

Impose the moment equilibrium of (i) link 2 about , and (ii) the ensemble of links 2
and 3 about :
+ , =
+ , , + =
, ,

This provides two scalar equations that allow the computation of the reaction force
as a function of the external torque , the weight forces and the motion variables
(no other reaction forces nor the driving torque are involved):
= + + ,

= + + + , + ,
, ,

= + + ,
= + + + , + ,
+ = ( + ) + ,
+ = + + + , + ,

=

=

Explicit computation of (not necessary if a numeric solution is attempted):
+ , =
+ , , + =
Subtracting the former equation from the latter yields:
+ , =
+ , + =
= ( + )+ ,
= + + + ,
= ( + ) + ,
+ = + + + ,
Hence:
= ( + ) + ,
+ = + + + ,

+
=
+
=
where:
= , + + ( + )
= , + + + +
Once is known, the moment equilibrium of link 1 about allows the computation
of the driving torque as a function of the external forces and moments acting on
the linkage and the motion variables, i.e. the motion law of the linkage:
+ , =

= + + ,

,
The explicit formulation of as a function of the external torque , the weight

forces and the motion variables is (not necessary if a numeric solution is attempted):
= , + + =
+
= , + +
The force equilibrium of each link allows the computation of the other reaction forces:
link 1: = + +
link 2: = +
link 3: = + +

,

,

Lagrange equation
The Lagrange equation is:
+ =
where:

1
= +
2
= + = +
Thus, immediately:

1
, , = + +
2
The reaction forces can be calculated by free-body diagrams, as shown in
the previous section:
moment equilibrium of links 2 and 3:
= + + ,

= + + , + ,
force equilibrium of link 1:

= + +

= +

= + +
Numerical example
Consider the following crank-rocker four-bar linkage:
= 100 mm, = 48 mm, = 15 mm,
= 1.8 kg, , = 0.018 kg m ;
= 300 mm, = 160 mm, = 60 mm,
= 3.7 kg, , = 0.078 kg m ;
= 220 mm, = 90 mm, = 95 mm,
= 4.2 kg, , = 0.031 kg m ;
= 340 mm;
= 100 Nm
Inverse dynamics

Input motion law: = 40 rads = 382 rpm, = 0 rads .
Compute the driving torque that is necessary to operate the crank with the
assigned motion law:
[Nm]
60
40
20
[rad]
3 2 1
0 1 2 3
20
40
60
80
100
120
1

Direct dynamics
Determine the motion law of the crank if the driving torque is:
= ( ), = 5Nms and = 40 rad/s
Time law of the crank angular velocity:

[rad/s]
50
40
30
20
10
[s]
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time law of the input torque:
[Nm]
200
150
100
50
[s]
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
50
3 Dynamics of a vehicle in planar motion
Single-track model
and can be used interchangeably as

the steering variable:
=
tan
, =
sin
The vehicle velocity field may be described

by and (or and ):
=
tan
= = =

The vehicle acceleration field may be

described by and (or and ):

=
= = +

1
= =

1
= tan +
cos
Vehicle kinematics
Vehicle kinematics in the fixed frame
(see the Chapter: Kinematics of a vehicle in planar motion):
First-order kinematics:
=
sin
= + = cos + sin
Second-order kinematics: cos
= =
= + = cos sin + sin + cos

Vehicle kinematics in the body frame:
First-order kinematics:
= =

= + = + = ( + )

Second-order kinematics:
= =

= + = + = + +

= + =
= + + + =
= ( + ) +( + )

DAlembert equations
Forces acting on the vehicle body in the xy-plane:

tractive force on the rear wheel:
= ,
lateral constraint forces:

=
= = ( sin + cos )
inertia forces:
= = + +
, =
Force equilibrium:
+ + + =
sin + =0

+ cos =0 ,
( + )
=
sin
= cos + +
Moment equilibrium about :
+ + , =
+ sin + cos =
+ cos =
cos + =0
,
Substituting for in the moment equilibrium equation yields:
+ cos + + + =0
cos + + =0
By substituting for in the first term, one obtains:
( + )
cos = = ( + )
tan
and thus:
+ + + + =0
= + +

Finally, the vehicles motion law may be expressed as:
= + +

Since:
= , =
tan sin
tan 1
= , = tan +
cos
one also has
tan tan
= + +
cos
The explicit expressions of the lateral forces are:
( + ) +
= = = +
sin sin cos sin
= cos + + = +
tan
One also has:
1
= sin + + sin
cos cos
1
= sin + + sin
cos cos
Notice that, in case of rectilinear motion, namely = 0, we have:
=
tan
tan
= = 0,
1
= tan + =
cos

Hence, when = 0:
tan tan
= + + =
cos
1
= sin + + sin =
cos cos
1
= sin + + sin =
cos cos
Energy equation
Kinetic energy of the vehicle:
= + , =

1 1 1 1 1
= + = + + = ( + ) =
2 2 2 2 2
where
= +
is the overall mass moment of inertia of the vehicle.

Notice that:
= 2
Energetic formulation of the principle of virtual work:

At the equilibrium, the power performed by the external actions and the internal
dissipative forces must equal the rate of change of the kinetic energy:
The vehicles motion law may be obtained by the energy equation as:
= = =
1 1 = +

= = + = +
2 2
Motor torque
Tricycle model
The tractive force is distributed on the two traction (rear) wheels:
= + = + =
If the mass moment of inertia of the wheel about its axis is disregarded,
the moment equilibrium of the jth traction wheel yields ( = , ):
= 0 =
where:
is the motor torque of the jth wheel;
is the tractive force of the jth wheel.
It may be shown that the equilibrium of the

differential gear train leads to:

= =
The overall motor torque is:
= + = + =
The contribution of the mass moment of inertia of the wheels can be taken into
consideration, in an approximate way, as:
+4 = +4
where is the mass moment of inertia of a single wheel.

Notice that the above formula is exact in the case of rectilinear motion.
Numerical examples
1. A vehicle travels a curve with constant turn radius.
The characteristics of the vehicle are:
= 1300 kg, = 2500 kg m , = 2.5 m, = 1.3 m, = 0.3367 m.
The characteristics of the curve are:
= 20 m, tan = = 0.125, = 7.125.
The vehicle moves along a quarter-circle trajectory, travelling a distance:
= 2 = 31.41 m
Three cases are considered, with the vehicle travelling the curve with:
i. constant velocity = 80 kmh = 22.2 ms, in time = = 1.41 s;
ii. constant velocity = 120 kmh = 33.3 ms, in time = = 0.94 s;
iii. constant acceleration = 9.82 ms , entering the curve at = 80 kmh
and leaving it at = 120 kmh, in time = 1.13 s.
[m]
80 kmh
20 120 kmh
80 120 kmh
= +
cos sin
= 12,8 kN
15
= +
tan
= + +
10

0 20 kN
0 5 10 15 20 [m]
2. The same vehicle of the previous example travels a curve with:
variable steer angle: 0 = = 0, 0 = = 0, = 1.13 s,
= 4.91 sin 4 for 0, 2 , = 4.91 sin 4 for 2 , 0 ;
constant acceleration = 9.82 ms , entering the curve at = 80 kmh and
and exiting it at = 120 kmh, thus travelling a distance = = 31.41 m.
1.0
0.25
0.8
0.20 0.6
[rad/s]
[rad]
0.4
0.15
0.2
0.10 0.0
-0.2
0.05 -0.4
-0.6
0.00
-0.8
[s] -1.0 [s]
-0.05 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
[m]
20
trajectory
= + forces
cos sin constant
15
= +
tan
10
= + +

5
0 20 kN
0 5 10 15 20 [m]
16
[kN] 14
12
10
8
= +
6
=
4 = +
2
-2
[s]
-4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Prof. Marco Carricato
DIN
marco.carricato@unibo.it
http://grab.diem.unibo.it/
www.unibo.it/docenti/marco.carricato

Chapter06.1 1DOF-Systems Dynamics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter06.1 1DOF-Systems Dynamics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Meccanica delle Macchine M

1. Dynamics of an intermittent-motion drive

2. Dynamics of the four-bar linkage

3. Dynamics of a ground vehicle in planar motion

and , and thus , are typically assigned by the application at hand.

Since the advancement time is an unproductive time, there is the economical

The function , called displacement diagram or function, only depends on the

The velocity of the follower is given by:

The acceleration of the follower is:

Since only depends on the geometrical design of the indexer, so does

Notice that the time-accelerations of the follower depends on both the

Conversely, if the motor speed varies:

Coefficient of cyclic irregularity

The motor torque is, thus:

The electric machine operates as an electric spring

If the speed of the electric machine is constant: (

If , and , are, respectively, the maximum and minimum torque

The coefficient of cyclic irregularity is, thus:

Since the angular velocity of the electric machine is not constant:

DECELERATION: FLYWHEEL FOLLOWER/TABLE = , >0

is the variation of the kinetic energy of the flywheel.

The cyclic irregularity may be decreased by choosing a suitable flywheel inertia:

A flywheel mounted on the fast shaft is much smaller!

Types of lumped-parameter blocks

inertia block, where kinetic energy is stored:

: moment of inertia of all masses rotating with velocity .

Power balance in case of ideal motion:

When dissipations are taken into account:

Moment equilibrium of the input shaft of the indexer:

Power balance of the indexer:

Moment equilibrium of the rotary table:

The non-linear differential equation of motion may be expressed in state form

the motion equation may be expressed as:

which may be numerically integrated by imposing an initial condition:

Simulink model layout:

[w] km*(w0-u) [Cm]

From7 Cm1 Goto7

[b1] u2 J_b*tau^2 Product2

From2 Math Gain

is computed inside function , then passed to .

[Cm] Cr1 To Workspace4

From9 Memory1 Goto2

From1 Memory3 Goto3

it saves signal to Matlab workspace, in structure form.

the input is multiplied by a constant value;

Sum and Product:

initial conditions must be provided inside the block.

it is analogous to a Matlab subfunction, thus combining a set of blocks together;

and are defined via 1 input 1 output subsystems:

it computes a function = ( ), using Matlab syntax.

From9 Memory Goto2

it holds and delays an input by one integration step;

moment of inertia of the follower: = 0.014 kg m

Indexer geometric velocity and acceleration:

Mass moment of inertia of all components rotating at speed :

Mass moment of inertia of all components rotating at speed = :

case 2: flywheel mounted on the motor shaft

Mass moment of inertia of all components rotating at speed :

case 2: flywheel mounted on the motor shaft

case 3: flywheel mounted on the output shaft of the reducer

slow-shaft flywheel 1350

The flywheel reduces the torque requested to the motor:

Configuration variables: External forces and moments:

Constraint equations in configuration form (closure equations):