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In 1980, > 100 wells drilled from 4 platforms, est. Oil in place is 534 MBOOIP
In 2002, 24 years of oil production & new wells, est Oil in place is 1095 MBOOIP
1980 Known: Area, Oil column, Porosity, Sw, PVT, Simulation Models
What is Unknown ?
Tapis North South Section
3-D Seismic 2006
South North
Early Growth
Steeper South Gentler North
Structure
Flank Flank
OWC -6652 ft
11
Spill
5 4
3
7
GOC -5088ft
Est OWC -5982 ft
8
2
1 6
1978 map
Early Map shows West Tapis spills over to Irong
Tapis-8 found OWC at -5982ft which fits the map. Also RFT tested water.
A perched OWC was proposed.
BUT Tapis-8 pressures indicate a common pressure system for Tapis field, and
Sand to sand juxtaposition indicate pressure communication across the fault
Later Tapis-11 found OWC at -6652ft
Lesson learned: Conflicting Geologic data needs to be resolved early
Common Oil Gradient
For West/Central/East Tapis
C
B
B
J-20B
A
J-20B > 150 mD
C < 1 mD
Shale
B
B A
C
Shale
J-25B
Lesson Learned: High chance of Success, thick stack of 12 Para sequences, ~150 feet
Complacency sets in.
Detail Geologica Work was NOT carried out early
Distinguish Productive versus Non-Productive areas
Formation of Subtidal Sand bodies
Wave
CREST
Tapis-13
Subtidal Bar
Wet
Wet
Wet
Tapis Upper J : 2 Minor Sands
Two 5 m thin Oil sands
Completed as Oil producers only when necessary
No Attention paid to Upper J Production until after 5 years, the Upper J
produced >100% OOIP
A detail Geology work carried out, based on Cores, electric logs &
Production Data.
Results: The Tidal Flat Model of thinly laminated pay.
Upper J OOIP revised 4 fold, from 30 MBOOIP to 120 MBOOIP
Tapis-F Platform to develop south flank with 5 wells
J-10 Sand
Lateral Aggredational
J-15 Sand Tidal Channels
Summary of OOIP Reserves Adds
B Platform A Platform
D Platform
1978 1977
1981
C Platform
1980
F Platform
E Platform 2004
1998
Latest Update
2008: 3 wells drilled from Tapis F platform to develop the non Associated Gas Group K reservoir.
2009: Plans to carry out EOR for Lower J . Estimated an addition 10% EUR by repeated
Gas injection. 4 D seismic to be carried out.
So Many Pitfalls
But
So Much Oil is Found !
Back Up Slides
Lessons learned?
Future
EOR methods ?
Is 2000 ft well Spacing Correct ?
3 D Seismic again to gain 4 D data
Undrained Oil Pockets
Convert to Multi Laterals wells ?
In 1980, after 10 delineation wells the reserves are 534 MBOOIP, 251 MBOEUR, RF 47%
In 2002, 24 years of oil production the reserves are 1095 MBOOIP, 394MBOEUR, RF 36%
OWC -6652 ft
11
5 4
3
7
GOC -5088ft
Est OWC -5982 ft
8
2
1 6
1978 map
Tapis-1 (1969), first well drilled in the Malay Basin took a gas kick at 4588 feet
(crest of anticline) with 9.5 ppg mud.
It was wrongly concluded that this is an abnormal pressured section !
More drilling problems followed in the 1000ft thick water sensitive Terengganu
Shale and Gas in Group K. Tapis-1 was lost without running logs. A decision was
made to drill the easier large anticlines in the north eg. Jerneh, Sepat, Pilong,
Bintang and Belumut. These wells tested gas. In the mean time, Conoco drilled
Duyong and Sotong and found Gas.
It was wrongly concluded that the Malay Basin is gas prone !
A last minute decision to drill just one more well at Bekok and oil was found.
Tapis-2 was drilled in 1974, 5 years after Tapis-1, leading to the discovery of a Giant oil
field.
Tapis Group J is normally pressured with a 500 feet gas cap and 1564 feet oil column.
Pressure at OWC -6652 ft deepest point in the reservoir is 2794 psi (6652 x 0.42psi/ft)
Density contrast is 1564 x 0.27psi/ft + 500 x 0.068psi/ft =456psi
Pressure at top of reservoir = 2794 psi 456 psi
=2338psi
=2338/4105 x0.052 =11.0 ppg (Reason for the gas kick)
Lessons learned
Pressure from fluid density contrast is difficult to detect and predict.
Pressure data and fluid samples are important to determine the fluid systems.
Geochemistry helps to determine the source and maturation.
Nowadays wells are planned at the DHI estimated fluid contact to minimise
this problem.
In the mean time Tapis continued to produce oil at rates better than expected.
Nobody complained.
Engineers revised the Recovery Factor (Pressure depletion 29%, GI & WI 47%)
Gas Injection and Water Sweep, 1 row Water injection and 3 rows Oil Producers
Geologists revised In-place Oil
Nobody knows exactly why?
A trap with >100 wells, known oil column, 3-D seismic, Simulation Models
Wet
Wet
Wet
Common Oil Gradient
For West/Central/East Tapis