7/27/2016

BOTANY 101
Plant Cell Differentiation
and Plant Tissues

Ground
Plant Tissue System Tissue System

Permanent Dermal
Tissues Tissue System
a functional unit connecting
all of the plants organs. Vascular
Tissue System
Plants
Apical

Meristematic
Lateral
Tissues

Intercalary

Dermal Tissues
Plants outer protective covering
Made up of a thin layer of closely
packed irregularly shaped cells.
Functions:
Protection against water loss
Regulation of gas exchange
Secretion of metabolic compounds
Non-woody plants: epidermis
Woody plants: periderm

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Dermal Tissues
Trichomes are hairlike outgrowths of the shoot
epidermis.
Cuticles waxy coating that minimizes
evaporation (cutin)
Stomata- regulates gas exchange

Vascular Tissue
BLOOD VESSELS OF PLANTS
Transport
substances within the
body of a plant
Extending from roots to the leaves
of the plant
Thetwo types of vascular tissues are
xylem and phloem

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Vascular Tissue
XYLEM- transport water and
minerals from the roots to the stems
and leaves.
PHLOEM- transport organic nutrients
from the leaves to the stem

Xylem
Composed of two types of water-
conducting cells, tracheids and vessel
elements
Hollow and non living in maturation
Tracheids- nonliving cells with tapered
ends where water and minerals can pass
through.
Vessel elements- hollow and non-living
but are larger and without end walls.

Phloem
Contains living sugar conducting cell
called sieve-tube cells and each of which
has a companion cell
SIEVE-TUBE CELLS- elongated cells with few
organelles and no nucleus
Sieveplates- perforated ends; allowing
cytoplasmic connections between cells
COMPANION CELLS- control the transport
activities of the sieve-tube cells

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Ground Tissue
THE FLESH AND BONE OF PLANTS
Forms the main bulk of plants.
Fills most of the spaces in any plant organ
comprises the majority of a young plant
and lies between the vascular and dermal
tissues.
Produces and stores sugars, and
contributes to physical support of the plant.
three types: Parenchyma, Collenchyma,
Sclerenchyma
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Parenchyma Cells
Found in all parts of the plants
has primary cell walls and lacks secondary
cell walls.
When mature, it has a large central
vacuole
perform most of the metabolic functions of
the plant, synthesizing and storing various
organic products
Collenchyma Cells
help support young parts of the plant shoot
Has thicker primary cell walls than
Parenchyma cells
Young stems and petioles often have
strands of collenchyma cells
provide exible support without restraining
growth
Sclerenchyma Cells
also function as supporting elements in
plants, but are much more rigid than
collenchyma cells
Contains thick secondary cell walls which
are lignified
Dead and functional at maturity
Two types of sclerenchyma cells are
sclereids and bers,
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Meristematic Tissues Apical Meristems

Undifferentiated embryonic tissue found in Found on the tip of roots and shoots
active growth regions of plants Produce cells that add length to the roots
Composed of cell that actively divides to and stems
form new cells Primary growth- increases stems and root
length

Lateral Meristems
Found on the sides of the stem and root
Secondary growth- increases stem and root
diameter
Vascular Cambium-adds layer of vascular
tissues called Secondary Xylem and
Secondary Phloem
Cork Cambium - replaces the epidermis with
the thicker, tougher periderm
Ground Cambium produces ground tissues

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Intercalary meristem
located along the stems near the nodes.
Regenerate the parts removed by grazing animals