TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CAVITE CAMPUS
Carlos Q. Trinidad Avenue Barangay Salawag, Dasmarias City, Cavite

ENGINEERING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

CE 23 / CE 23D
BUILDING DESIGN 1

PAINT AND OTHER FINISHING MATERIALS

ABEGAIL C. GAN
BSCE 2AE

ENGR. REBECCA DELA CUESTA

JULY 13, 2015

PAINT - Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after
application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most
Pa i n t a n d O t h e r Fi n i s h i n g M a t e r i a l s 1

commonly used to protect, colour, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be

made or purchased in many coloursand in many different types, such as
watercolour, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a
liquid, but dries into a solid.
1. Components

PIGMENT- A paints pigment plays a large role in determining

color and appearance. Some pigments also provide added bulk,
helping to thicken a paint when needed. In its unmixed form, a
pigment is simply a powder.
TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES OF PIGMENT
a. Prime Pigment - Prime pigments are mainly
responsible for color or whiteness in a paint, as well as
the paints ability to hide undesirable surface flaws.

b. Extender Pigment - Extender pigments are designed

to add bulk, but are not as well-suited to hiding surface
flaws as prime pigments. They do, however, influence
the paints overall sheen, color retention, and abrasion
resistance.

BINDER (Resin) - In a paint mixture, the binder is responsible

for providing adhesion, binding the pigment, and also gives the
paint resistance properties which make the final coating tough
and durable. The binder itself is clear and glossy, but the
presence of pigment interferes with this quality. Depending on
the ratio of pigment to binder, or the PVC (pigment volume
concentration) the paint can assume varying levels of glossy
finish. Paints with the glossiest finish often have a typical PVC of
15 percent, while the most matte paints have a PVC anywhere
from 40 to 80 percent. Paints with less gloss have more binder
per unit of pigment, and tend to be more durable.
TWO SPECIFIC TYPES OF BINDER
a. Oil-Based Binder (Alkyd) It has a hard, durable
finish. So hard in fact, it should not be painted over
latex, because the softer coat beneath tends to flex and
then crack the oil coat. Oil dries to a hard smooth finish
and withstands abrasion well. Oil continues to dry over
its entire lifetime, and eventually, if repeatedly
recoated, will crack
Pa i n t a n d O t h e r Fi n i s h i n g M a t e r i a l s 2

b. Latex-based Binder (Acrylic) Latex however, is

flexible and expands and contracts with the surface.
Furthermore, latex's porosity allows moisture to escape
from the painted surface. Latex-based paint is more
resistant to fading, yellowing, cracking and chalking
than oil paint. It resists mildew better and the best
100% acrylic paints resist abrasion

SOLVENT (Volatile Vehicle)- In the most basic sense, the liquid

component of a paint is simply responsible for transporting the
binder and pigment to the substrate surface. The type of liquid
depends upon the other components of the given paint. Oil-
based paints, for example, can use a basic paint thinner as the
primary liquid. Latex-based paints, on the other hand, tend to
use water as their liquid.
ADDITIVES- Paint may also have additives. Some types of
additives include stabilizers, dryers, thickeners and
preservatives. Some latex paints contain a mercury-based
fungicide preservative.
2. Methods of Paint Application

Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol) or

a liquid. Techniques vary depending on the practical or artistic
results desired.

As a solid (usually used in industrial and automotive

applications), the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at
high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to adhere to the
surface. The reasons for doing this involve the chemistries of the paint,
the surface itself, and perhaps even the chemistry of the substrate (the
object being painted). This is called "powder coating" an object.

As a gas or as a gaseous suspension, the paint is suspended in

solid or liquid form in a gas that is sprayed on an object. The paint
sticks to the object. This is called "spray painting" an object. The
reasons for doing this include:

The application mechanism is air and thus no solid object touches the
object being painted;

The distribution of the paint is uniform, so there are no sharp lines;

Pa i n t a n d O t h e r Fi n i s h i n g M a t e r i a l s 3

It is possible to deliver very small amounts of paint;

A chemical (typically a solvent) can be sprayed along with the paint to

dissolve together both the delivered paint and the chemicals on the
surface of the object being painted;

Some chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of the

paint molecules.

In the liquid application, paint can be applied by direct

application using brushes, paint rollers, blades, other instruments, or
body parts such as fingers and thumbs.

Rollers generally have a handle that allows for different lengths

of poles to be attached, allowing painting at different heights.
Generally, roller application requires two coats for even color. A roller
with a thicker nap is used to apply paint on uneven surfaces. Edges are
often finished with an angled brush.

Using the finish flat one would most likely use a 1/2" nap roller

Using the finish eggshell one would most likely use a 3/8" nap roller

Using the finish satin or pearl one would most likely use a 3/8" nap
roller

Using the finish semi-gloss or gloss one would most likely use a 3/16"
nap roller

3. Failure on paint

a. Dilution - This usually occurs when the dilution of the paint is

not done as per manufacturers recommendation. There can
be a case of over dilution and under dilution, as well as
dilution with the incorrect diluent.
b. Contamination -Foreign contaminants added without the
manufacturers consent can cause various film defects.
c. Peeling/Blistering - Most commonly due to improper surface
treatment before application and inherent moisture/dampness
being present in the substrate.
d. Chalking - Chalking is the progressive powdering of the paint
film on the painted surface. The primary reason for the
Pa i n t a n d O t h e r Fi n i s h i n g M a t e r i a l s 4

problem is polymer degradation of the paint matrix due to

exposure of UV radiation in sunshine and condensation from
dew. The degree of chalking varies as epoxies react quickly
while acrylics and polyurethanes can remain unchanged for
long periods. The degree of chalking can be assessed
according to International Standard ISO 4628 Part 6 or 7
or American Society of Testing and Materials(ASTM) Method
D4214 (Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of
Chalking of Exterior Paint Films).
e. Cracking - Cracking of paint film is due to the unequal
expansion or contraction of paint coats. It usually happens
when the coats of the paint are not allowed to cure/dry
completely before the next coat is applied. The degree of
cracking can be assessed according to International Standard
ISO 4628 Part 4 or ASTM Method D661 (Standard Test Method
for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints).
f. Erosion - Erosion is very quick chalking. It occurs due to
external agents like air,water etc. It can be evaluated using
ASTM Method ASTM D662 (Standard Test Method for
Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints).
g. Blistering - Blistering is due to improper surface exposure of
paint to strong sunshine. The degree of blistering can be
assessed according to ISO 4628 Part 2 or ASTM Method D714
(Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
Paints).
4. Tools for Painting

Paint scraper to remove loose or peeling paint from

wood, plaster, andother surfaces
Triangular-load scraper to remove paint in small or
tight areas
Steel wool to remove corrosion from metal surfaces
Bristle brush to clear loose material from masonry
Wire brush to remove efflorescence and loose material
from masonry, or to remove loose, flaking paint
Putty knife to scrape away loose paint, or to apply filler
Broad putty knife to fill in and smooth patching
compounds in plaster andwallboard
Glazing compound to replace cracked, broken, or
missing panes of glass
Spackling paste to fill nail holes and small
imperfections in walls
Long-handled brush to clean large exterior surfaces
Pa i n t a n d O t h e r Fi n i s h i n g M a t e r i a l s 5

Scrub brush to remove mildew and dirt

Sandpaper (various grits) to smooth and feather
previously painted surfaces, or to roughen glossy surfaces so
paint will adhere better
Sanding block to hold sandpaper and help you sand
surfaces to an even finish
Caulking gun to apply caulk to cracks in walls, gaps,
and seams in woodwork, and the junction of different surfaces
(e.g., wood siding and stone)
Tubes of caulk same as above (note that all-acrylic and
siliconized acrylic caulks are paintable; silicone caulk is not)
Masking tape to protect window panes and trim from
paint
Paint guide to protect carpets and walls when painting
baseboards and other trim
Roller tray and grid to load rollers with paint
Brush comb to clean paint brushes
Paint pail to mix paint and carry it to the worksite

Types of Brushes

Natural-bristle brushes made with animal hairs are used for applying oil
base paints, varnishes, shellac, polyurethane and other oil base finishes. The
natural "flagging" (splitting or fuzzy tips) of these brushes creates split ends
in the bristles that hold more paint and help assure a smooth paint release
and finish.

Blended nylon/polyester brushes are easy to clean and work well with all
types of latex paints. The combination of nylon's durability and polyester's
shape retention is the mark of a high-quality brush - one that also produces a
high-quality paint finish. What's more, these durable brushes are built to
handle numerous projects. So, with proper care, nylon / polyester brushes
should last for years.

Polyester brushes are best for latex paints. These brushes hold their shape
and stiffness in any paint and apply paint smoothly and evenly.

Brush Sizes

Sherwin-Williams paintbrushes are available in widths from 1 to 4 inches. The

size you select is up to you, but a good rule of thumb is:
Pa i n t a n d O t h e r Fi n i s h i n g M a t e r i a l s 6

1" to 2" window and other small trim

3" glossy paints for doors and cabinets

4" large, flat areas

Brush End Types

Chisel Trim Brush - slanted bristles produce a good, straight line for
trimming in corners and edges.

Square Trim Brush - the ends of the bristles are cut square and used
primarily for applying paint over flat areas.

Angled Brush - bristles are cut to make it easier to apply paint to window
trim.

Brush Styles

Thin Angle Sash - slanted bristles and a thin profile produce a good,
straight line for trimming in corners and edges.

Angle Sash - features slanted bristles and holds more paint than its thin
counterpart. Excellent for cutting in at the ceiling or painting trim.

Flat Sash - bristles are straight across and used primarily for applying paint
over flat areas.

Trim - a flat brush excellent for painting large flat surfaces, especially
exterior siding.

Wall - a thick flat brush that holds a larger amount of paint. Excellent for
painting larger surface areas.

Paint Roller

A paint roller is a paint application tool used for painting large flat surfaces
rapidly and efficiently.

The paint roller typically consists of two parts: a "roller frame," and a
"roller cover." The roller cover absorbs the paint and transfers it to the
painted surface, the roller frame attaches to the roller cover. A painter holds
the roller by the handle section. The roller frame is reusable. It is possible to
clean and reuse a roller cover, but it is also typically disposed of after use.
Pa i n t a n d O t h e r Fi n i s h i n g M a t e r i a l s 7