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in order to work out their fertiliser requirements and therefore optimise fertiliser use. These
sensors operate in the (VIS) visible spectrum and the (NIR) near infrared. The reflectance
properties give an indication of crop biomass which can be calibrated against tiller number or
(GAI) green area index, in the case of cereals or simply biomass in maize.
This paper explains some of the principles behind these sensors and the types of vegetative
indices used to describe the crop in order that fertiliser optimisation can be achieved.
Introduction.
Present best practise does not take either spatial or temporal variation into account when
deciding on the level of nutrient to apply to a crop, but it is difficult to see how this could be
achieved without the benefit of additional information for the crop grower. The sensors
described in this paper are a vehicle to provide such information in allowing spatially
referenced measurement of the crop canopy to be made. In order to improve Nitrogen Use
Efficiency (NUE), we must identify the causes of low NUE with standard practice. This was
partially identified by Solari et al (2008) but can be extended to include:
a2
(a) a (b)
3a 2a
2 3
(c) (d)
32. What is the fraction of Ni2+ and Ni+3 ions in formula Ni0.98 O1.00 respectively?
1 273 1
3 298 3
(a) (b)
1 273 2
2 298 3
(c) (d)
34. The ratio of most probable velocity to the average velocity is: -
2
2
(a) (b)
2
2
(c) (d)
35. According to the equation: 4NH3(g) + 5 O2(g)
4NO(g) + 6H2O(l); when 1
mole of O2 and 1 mole of ammonia are mixed, then
(a) 5 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
37. The weight of KClO3 must be heated to obtain 2.5g of oxygen is
(a) 28 (b) 14
(c) 7 (d) 18
44. Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 CaHPO4 + 2H2O. The equivalent wt. of H3PO4 in the
reaction is
(a) 28 (b) 49
(c) 17 (d) 6
45. The weight in grams in 10 L of 0.5 M Ba(OH) 2 in solution
(a) 855 g (b) 800 g
(c) 400 g (d) 5.00 g
3 Failure to apply fertiliser accurately so that target applications are
not met leading to sub-optimal use of fertiliser.
4 Failure to account for temporal variability and the influence of
differences in between season and within season weather patterns
on soil N availability and crop demands.