ASSIGNMENT No.

Numerical analysis and its applications

Introduction:
Numerical analysis, area of mathematics and computer science that
creates, analyzes, and implements algorithms for obtaining numerical
solutions to problems involving continuous variables. Such problems arise
throughout the natural sciences, social sciences, engineering, medicine, and
business. Since the mid-20th century, the growth in power and availability
of digital computers has led to an increasing use of realistic mathematical
models in science and engineering, and numerical analysis of increasing
sophistication is needed to solve these more detailed models of the world.
The formal academic area of numerical analysis ranges from quite theoretical
mathematical studies to computer science issues.

With the increasing availability of computers, the new discipline of scientific

computing, or computational science, emerged during the 1980s and 1990s.
The discipline combines numerical analysis, symbolic mathematical
computations, computer graphics, and other areas of computer science to
make it easier to set up, solve, and interpret complicated mathematical
models of the real world.

Application in real life:

Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is an important subject within

engineering, and some quite sophisticated PSEs have been developed for
this field. A wide variety of numerical analysis techniques is involved in
solving such mathematical models. The models follow the basic Newtonian
laws of mechanics, but there is a variety of possible specific models, and
research continues on their design.
One important CAE topic is that of modeling the dynamics of moving
mechanical systems, a technique that involves both
ordinary differential equations and algebraic equations (generally nonlinear).
The numerical analysis of these mixed systems, called differential-algebraic
systems, is quite difficult but necessary in order to model moving mechanical
systems. Building simulators for cars, planes, and other vehicles requires
solving differential-algebraic systems in real time.
Another important application is atmospheric modeling. In addition to
improving weather forecasts, such models are crucial for understanding the
possible effects of human activities on the Earths climate. In order to create
a useful model, many variables must be introduced. Fundamental among
these are the velocity V(x, y, z, t), pressure P(x, y, z, t), and
temperature T(x, y, z, t), all given at position (x, y, z) and time t. In addition,
various chemicals exist in the atmosphere, including ozone, certain chemical
pollutants, carbon dioxide, and other gases and particulates, and their
interactions have to be considered. The underlying equations for
studying V(x, y, z, t), P(x, y, z, t), and T(x, y, z, t) are partial differential
equations; and the interactions of the various chemicals are described using
some quite difficult ordinary differential equations.
Many types of numerical analysis procedures are used in atmospheric
modeling, including computational fluid mechanics and the numerical
solution of differential equations. Researchers strive to include ever finer
detail in atmospheric models, primarily by incorporating data over smaller
and smaller local regions in the atmosphere and implementing their models
on highly parallel supercomputers.
Modern businesses rely on optimization methods to decide how
to allocate resources most efficiently. For example, optimization methods are
used for inventory control, scheduling, determining the best location for
manufacturing and storage facilities, and investment strategies.

Application in Science and engineering:

In civil Engineering:

Traffic Simulation:

Traffic simulation or the simulation of transportation systems is

the mathematical modeling of transportation systems (e.g., freeway
junctions, arterial routes, roundabouts, downtown grid systems, etc.)
through the application of computer software to better help plan,
design and operate transportation systems. Simulation of
transportation systems started over forty years ago, and is an
important area of discipline in traffic engineering and transportation
planning today. Various national and local transportation agencies,
academic institutions and consulting firms use simulation to aid in their
management of transportation networks.

Structural Analysis:
 Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on
physical structures and their components. Structures subject to this
type of analysis include all that must withstand loads, such as
buildings, bridges, vehicles, machinery, furniture, attire, soil strata,
prostheses and biological tissue. Structural analysis employs the fields
of applied mechanics, materials science and applied mathematics to
compute a structure's deformations, internal forces, stresses, support
reactions, accelerations, and stability. The results of the analysis are
used to verify a structure's fitness for use, often precluding physical
tests. Structural analysis is thus a key part of the engineering design of
structures.

Environmental Simulation:

Our environmental chambers simulate a range of conditions

challenging stress & shock, sound & vibration, weathering through
humidity for corrosion, flammability, effects of solar/ lighting while
plant chambers offer stable environments maintaining optimum
conditions for germinating and growing various plant life.

GPS:

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based radio

navigation system owned by the United States Government (USG) and
operated by the United States Air Force (USAF)." It is a global
navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time
information to a GPS receiver in all weather conditions, anywhere on or
near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or
more GPS satellites.

Electrical Engineering

Network Analysis:

A network, in the context of electronics, is a collection of

interconnected components. Network analysis is the process of
finding the voltages across, and the currents through, every
component in the network. There are many different techniques for
calculating these values. However, for the most part, the applied
 technique assumes that the components of the network are all linear.
The methods described in this article are only applicable
to linear network analysis, except where explicitly stated

Signal Processing:

Signal processing is an enabling technology that encompasses the

fundamental theory, applications, algorithms, and implementations of
processing or transferring information contained in many different
physical, symbolic, or abstract formats broadly designated as signals. It
uses mathematical, statistical, computational, heuristic, and linguistic
representations, formalisms, and techniques for representation,
modelling, analysis, synthesis, discovery, recovery, sensing,
acquisition, extraction, learning, security, or forensics.

Electromagnetic Field:

The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field and

a magnetic field. The electric field is produced by stationary charges,
and the magnetic field by moving charges (currents); these two are
often described as the sources of the field. The way in which charges
and currents interact with the electromagnetic field is described
by Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law.

From a classical perspective in the history of electromagnetism, the

electromagnetic field can be regarded as a smooth, continuous field,
propagated in a wavelike manner; whereas from the perspective
of quantum field theory, the field is seen as quantized, being
composed of individual particles.

Mechanical and aerospace engineering:

Heat flow:

Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical

systems. The rate of heat transfer is dependent on the temperatures of
the systems and the properties of the intervening medium through
which the heat is transferred. The three fundamental modes of heat
transfer are conduction, convection and radiation. Heat transfer, the
 flow of energy in the form of heat, is a process by which a
system's internal energy is changed, hence is of vital use in
applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics. Conduction is also
known as diffusion, not to be confused with diffusion related to the
mixing of constituents of a fluid.

Fluid Dynamics:

Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structurewhich underlies

these practical disciplinesthat embraces empirical and semi-
empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve
practical problems. The solution to a fluid dynamics problem typically
involves the calculation of various properties of the fluid, such as flow
velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as functions of space and
time

Structural Optimization:

Shape optimization is part of the field of optimal control theory. The

typical problem is to find the shape which is optimal in that it
minimizes a certain cost functional while satisfying given constraints.
In many cases, the functional being solved depends on the solution of
a given partial differential equation defined on the variable domain.

Applications in Chemical and pharmaceutical

Industry:

Molecular Modeling:

Molecular modelling encompasses all methods, theoretical and

computational, used to model or mimic the behavior of molecules. The
methods are used in the fields of computational chemistry, drug
design, computational biology and materials science to study
molecular systems ranging from small chemical systems to large
biological molecules and material assemblies. The simplest
calculations can be performed by hand, but inevitably computers are
required to perform molecular modelling of any reasonably sized
system. The common feature of molecular modelling methods is the
atomistic level description of the molecular systems. This may include
treating atoms as the smallest individual unit (a molecular
mechanics approach), or explicitly modelling electrons of each atom
(a quantum chemistry approach)

Biomedical Application:

Biomedical is a scientific journal dedicated to basic and clinical

research in the field of biomedical engineering. It is published by World
Scientific. The journal covers topics such as bioelectronics,
biomaterials, biomechanics, bioinformatics, nano-biological sciences
and clinical engineering.