FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

GEOMATIC LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNP 21303

EXPERIMENT CODE EXPERIMENT 2

EXPERIMENT TITLE LEVELLING

DATE 15 MARCH 2017

GROUP NO. 1
1) ABDUL HADI IZAAN BIN IBRAHIM (AN150059)
2) SORFINA NUR KHAIRUNNISA BT ROHAILAN (AN150199)
GROUP MEM BERS 3) SURAYA SYAHIRAH BT ROSMAN (AN150275)
4) IZZAT BIN ABDUL AZIZ (AN150060)
5) ADRIANA FARNIZA BT POZI @ FAUZI (AN150061)
1) ENCIK MOHD SUFYAN BIN ABDULLAH
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR 2) SR ENCIK ABD SYUKOR BIN SARIF
3) ENCIK HILMI
DATE OF REPORT
22 MARCH 2017
SUBMISSION

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

COMMENTS:

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)

1 | Page
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY
LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSMENT

CLO: To Display the ability of working in group in accomplishing the tasks of water
and wastewater
analysis and treatment technology effectively
(PLO2- P4) 10%

Level of Achievement

Very Weak Weak Modest Good Excellent

Elements
1 2 3 4 5 Level Weight Score
Equipment /Mishand-ling Major mistakesMinor mistakesNo mistakes Students are
Tools: Choose while usingwhile usingwhile using comfortable
the
the suitable equipment/ with the P1 P4 /20
equipment/ toolequipment/ equipment/ equipment /
tools, but not equipment/
s tools tools tools
comfortable tool s
Experiment

Display a good All Major Some Most of the Procedures P4 5 /25

handling and procedures procedures procedures procedures are followed
understanding are missing are missing are missing are followed correctly
of Experiment correctly
Measurement
Most data All data are
Measure and All data are Most data are correctly taken but All data are P4 5 /25
taking data missing or are missing taken, no minor data are correctly taken
with efficiency incorrect or incorrect missing data incorrect
Respond to Able to
Able to
Q&A respond and
Minimum Limited ability respond and Unable to
answer
ability to to answer and answer P3 3 /15
Respond and constructively respond and
answer to the respond and sometimes do constructively answer to the
at all times.
question answer to not match the most of the question
accordingly. the question. question. time. accordingly.
Disciplines

Show the good Major flaws Minor flaws to Minor flaws to Conform to Conform to all
discipline by to criteria, 10 criteria, 5 dress code dress code, criteria P2 3 /15
follows the minutes late minutes late and safety minor flaw to
rules below; safety

-Dress Code,
Lab
Total
/100
Mark:

2 | Page
 STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to

not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it

is true.

1) Group Leader __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : Abdul Hadi Izaan bin Ibrahim

Matrix No : An150059

2) Group Member 1 __________________________________(Signature)

Name : Sorfina Nur Khairunnisa Bt Rohailan

Matrix No : An 150199

3) Group Member 2 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : Suraya Syahirah Bt Rosman

Matrix No. : An150275

4) Group Member 3 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : Adriana Farniza Bt Pozi @ Fauzi

Matrix No. : An150061

5) Group Member 4 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : Izaat bin Abdul Aziz

Matrix No. : An150060

3 | Page
 PART 1 (TWO PEG TEST)

1.0 OBJECTIVE

a) To carry out two peg test of leveling.

b) To compute the collimation error of level instrument.

c) To eliminate the error in level instrument

d) To determine if the levelling bubble (bubble axis) and telescope line-of-sight (line
of collimation) are parallel.

2.0 THEORY

If m = m, we can conclude that the instrument is ok.

If m m, the instrument does not ok and we must do some correction.
The error is called collimation error which is,
e = (S1 S2) (S1 S2) / L mm/m
Acceptable error is 1mm per 20

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Two Peg test is to ensure the instrument is in good condition in order for use to
start our levelling job. Firstly, we need to measure by tape 30m from point at the total
station which is C to A and B. Flat area is chosen for this test and staff at A and B
was observe. See figure 1.0.

4 | Page
 Figure 1.0 First Set up

After that, the level is moved to point D which is about L/10 meter from the total
length. Jot down the Staff A and B reading. See figure 1.1. Do camparison between 2
set of readings and the colimantan should within 1mm. If more than that it is advise
to do instrument calibration.

Figure 1.1 Second Set up

4.0 PRACTICE EQUIPMENTS

All groups will be issued with the following equipment:

No. Items Quantity

1 Level and Tripod 1
2 Staff 2
3 Staff bubble 2
4 Tape 1

5 | Page
 Figure 2.0 : Automatic level Figure 2.1 : Tripod

Figure 2.2 : Level Staff Figure 2.3 : Staff Bubble

5.0 FIELDWORK PROCEDURES

A. A peg test was done to check the instrument.

B. The result of the peg-test was recorded.
C. The ground was marked and set out for 40 m apart.
D. The instrument was set up in midway between two pegs.

6 | Page
 E. Staff on each pegs (back sight and foresight) was read and height difference
was calculated.
F. The instrument was moved about L/10 = 3m beyond one of the pegs
(normally for staff position).
G. Staff on each peg was read again and height difference was calculated.

6.0 OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

Reading Staff B (S1) Reading Staff A (S2) Height difference = m

30m 60m 30m 60m 30m 60m

First set up 1.436 1.439 1.444 1.428 0.008 0.011

Reading Staff B (S1) Reading Staff A (S2) Height difference = m

Second set up 1.443 1.465 1.449 1.452 0.006 0.013

30m 60m
Difference (m m)
0.002 -0.002

DATA ANALYSIS
1 From the result in the table above, we clearly see that the m=m.
2 Thats mean the instrument is ok because based on the theory, the instrument
will be nearly perfect when m = m.
3 We got m = 0.002mm for the first set up while we got m= 0.002mm with the
second setup. The difference between m-m = 0.000.
4 From the observation,there is no collimation error of level instrument

7 | Page
7.0 DISCUSSION

1. For two peg test, we have 2 difference readings which is from 30m and 60m
long.

2. For the first set up, the reading staff B (S 1) is 1.436m at 30m and 1.439m at
60m long. While the reading staff A (S 2) at 30m is 1.444m and 1.428m for
60m long. The height difference (m) for 30m is 0.008 and 0.011m at 60m.
Then, for the second set up, the reading staff B (S 1) is 1.443m at 30m while
at distance 60m is 1.465m.

3. Reading staff A (S2) is 1.449m at distance 30m and 1.452m at distance of

60m. The difference (m) is 0.006 at 30m and 0.013 at 60m.

4. When we did our two peg test, we have 2 difference readings which is from
30m and 60m long. From the data that we got, we have a small difference in
(m-m) from the both distance which is 0.002.The acceptable errors for
every 20 m is 1mm. So, the readings required still qualified the data for that
range.

5. Two Peg Test is a surveying operation carried out to determine if the leveling
bubble and telescope line of sight are parallel.

6. Two pegs are placed 40m apart and the level midway between two pegs has
been set up. Then, calculate the true height difference that is

s1 s2
m= -

7. From the result, it showed that there is no difference in height between the
two peg. If there is a difference, it is the error which called collimation error.
We calculate it by

s1 s2 s '1 '
e= - )- - s2 )

8 | Page
8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, two peg test is very important because we need to carry out it
first before we start the levelling job to ensure the condition of the instrument is in a
good condition. It is important to checking the condition before we start to use it
because it might subjected to errors. Two peg test also to determine whether the
levelling bubble and telescope line of sight are parallel. This test will determine the
amount of error and the process should be repeated as a check. If the difference
(m=m) then the instrument is good but if not then the error is called collimation
error. So as the result we got (m-m) for 30m is 0.002 and 60m is -0.002.

9 | Page
 PART 2 LEVELLING (ESTABLISH TBM)

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To fly reduced level from known point (Benchmark or Temporary Benchmark) to

unknown point. Also, to know the relative heights of different objects on or below the
surface of the earth and to determine the undulation of the ground surface. Next, to
prepare a longitudinal section and cross-section of a project (roads, railways,
irrigation cannel, etc.) in order to determine the volume of the earth work.

2.0 THEORY

Vertical Control is the general term applied to any of the various processes
by each elevation of point or differences in elevation are determined. It is a vital
operation in producing necessary data for mapping, engineering design, and
construction.

Levelling may be the art of determining the relative heights or elevations of

points are objects on the earths surface. It deals with measurements in a
vertical plan. Levelling is the measurement of geodetic height using an optical
levelling instrument and a level staff or rod having a numbered scale. Common
levelling instruments include the spirit level, the dumpy level, the digital level,
and the laser level.

10 | P a g e
3.0 INTRODUCTION

i Rise and fall method is being used in this report to determine the heigh and
elevation of TBM.
The terms that are used in this method are:

BS=Backsight
FS=Foresight
IS=Intermediate Sight
RL=Reduced Level
D=Total Distance(meter)
ii The distance between the automatic level and the BS and FS should be equal.
iii The substraction of the BS and FS was being obtained for the RISE in the
positive value and FALL in the negative value.
iv The RL of the TBM 1 is being assumed.
v The following RL is eaual to the sum of the previous RL and the value of
RISE or FALL.
vi Page check is being carried out after we obtained the reading of the
measurement.
BS FS = RISE FALL = RLBOTTOM - RLTOP
vii The end closure = RLBOTTOM RL of TBM 1
D
viii The end closure should be in the range of the allowable closure.
Allowable closure = 20 mm
ix The correction of the RL was being calculated by the sum or substraction of
the end closure and RL.

11 | P a g e
 4.0 PRACTICE EQUIPMENTS

All groups will be issued with the following equipment:

No. Items Quantity

1 Level and Tripod 1
2 Staff 2
3 Staff bubble 2
4 Tape 1

LEVELLING STAFF

A levelling staff usually shows an E pattern drawing on the staff. When using
telescope to get a reading, the E shape pattern makes it easier to read the reading.
(Davis, 1966) Every meter is using an alternating colour to enable people to
differentiate the length, normally the colour used is red and black. (Davis, 1966).
Every 10 cm is a number, showing (in meters to one decimal) the height of the
bottom of what appears to be a stylised E (even numbers) or 3 (odd numbers), 5 cm
high. The stems of the E or 3 and the gaps between then are each 10mm high. This
10mm increment continues up to the next 10cm mark. To read the staff, take the
number shown below the reticle. Count the number of whole 10mm increments
between the whole number and the reticle. Then estimate the number of mm between
the last whole 10mm block and the centre of the reticle.

12 | P a g e
TRIPOD

The figure which is located above is called a tripod, which is used to hold the dumpy
level. The tripod is design in such a way that is stable and it helps to give a much
more accurate reading. The legs of the tripod are adjustable, so it can also be used on
uneven ground. There are screws to tighten the legs after it is adjusted

STAFF BUBBLE

Basically the Staff Bubble is used to check whether the levelling staff is held
vertically and not slanting in any other direction. By using the Staff Bubble, it can
help reduce error with the measuring/calculation and etc. When the bubble is
somewhere in the circle, it means it is in the centre and it is not slanting.

13 | P a g e
DUMPY LEVEL

A dumpy level, builder's auto level, levelling instrument, or automatic level is an

optical instrument used to establish or check points in the same horizontal plane. It is
used in surveying and building to transfer, measure, or set horizontal levels. It looks
like a telescope and the way of using it is almost the same. Usually it is set-up on a
tripod. A levelling staff or rod is needed when calculating the level plan using
automatic level. There are three adjustable screws under the dumpy level, which is
used to adjust the automatic level to horizontal. Staff bubble is used to determine the
horizontality of the automatic level. Using a Dumpy level is kind of easy. What you
have to do is firstly, set up a tripod which is flat and try to make it as level as the
ground, then place the dumpy level on top of the tripod and screw it on. After that,
you got to adjust the bubble which is inside the staff bubble into the centre of the
circle.

14 | P a g e
5.0 FIELDWORK PROCEDURES

1. Observation Procedures
a. A series of measurements of level loop as shown in Figure 3.3 was
considered and applied to the field work.

b. During the field work, the levelling survey started at TBM 5, the first
reading measurement from Setup 1 was a back sight to TBM 5, and
the second reading was a foresight to CP1 known as a Change Point.

c. The levelling staff then remained at CP1, while the instrument moved
to Setup 2. Back sight reading to CP1 was taken, and foresight reading
to CP2 was taken, and so on until designated TBM 6 was reached.

d. The process continued until eventually, a Setup N (the last setup

before closing the loop) was made, back sight reading to the previous
CP was taken and foresight reading to TBM 5 was taken.

e. The traverse was closed and a check on the booking date was made.

Figure 5.1: A sample of levelling loop

2. Booking Procedure
a. The Rise and Fall Method

b. The terms that were commonly used in the Rise and Fall Method are:

15 | P a g e
 i. BS = Back sight
ii. FS = Foresight
iii. IS = Intermediate Sight, and
iv. RL = Reduced Level

c. Reduction (Calculation) Procedures

d. The surveys accuracy was checked for tolerances limit. This check
was applied before leaving the job.

e. The following arithmetic check was done to the surveys level

reductions:
i. BS FS = Rise Fall
ii. (BS) (FS) = RL (last BM) RL (start BM)

f. Misclosure was checked by comparing its value with (20K) mm,

where K is the length of the traverse in km. If greater than (20K)
mm, it is unacceptable. Otherwise, the value is acceptable.

g. For example, miclosure is +30mm and the length of the loop is 0.7
km. Hence the miclosure limit is 200.7= 17mm. Therefore, the
misclosure of +30 mm is too big (means that the levelling work is not
accepted).\

6.0 OBSERVATION, DATA AND ANALYSIS

HoC (m) DIST.
BS (m) FS (m) REMARKS
RISE FALL (m)

1.429 TBM13

1.519 1.464 0.035 70 S1

1.860 1.450 0.069 70 S2

1.664 1.684 0.176 72 TBM5

1.436 1.840 0.176 72 S2

16 | P a g e
 1.465 1.505 0.069 70 S1

1.430 0.035 70 TBM13

Error limit
9.373 9.373 0.028 0.28 424
13.02

Table 1.1 Leveling Data

BS FS BS-FS

1.429 1.464 -0.035

1.519 1.450 0.069

1.860 1.684 0.176

1.664 1.840 -0.176

1.436 1.505 -0.069

1.465 1.430 0.035

Table 1.2 Calculation for Rise and Fall method

Arithmetical check:

BS - FS = Rise - Fall

9.373 - 9.373 = 0.028 - 0.028 = 0

Acceptable Misclosure:

20 +/-D

20 +/-424 = +/- 411.83mm

D = Total distance

17 | P a g e
 The levelling is accepted

The method that we are used was the rise and fall method. We have chosen
closed loop traverse but we used the same path instead of changing the path. The
leveling process begins by obtaining the backsight (BS) of TBM13 and the foresight
(FS) of S1. Then we obtained the BS of S1 and FS of S2. Next, the value of BS for
S2 and FS of TBM5 was obtained which TBM5 is the last point. This process is then
repeated using the same path to go back to TBM13 to obtained its FS in order to
calculate the error of misclosure.

The error of misclosure is 0 mm and the acceptable range of misclosure was

calculated using 20 +/-D where D is the total distance and the acceptable range of
error misclosure is +/- 411.83mm. Thus, our leveling is accepted.

6.0 DISCUSSION

When setting out for tripod, we tend to set up the whole equipment according to the
right way since this is our second test. We got a slight error in our first test which is
our correction values are higher than the misclosure value that we calculated using

formula 20 k where k is the total distance in km. On our second experiment, for

the total value of backsight and foresight have the same value which is 9.373. The
difference between the total value of backsight and foresight is 0. Then, the
difference between the total value of rise and fall is 0 since the total value of rise is
same with the total value of fall which is 0.28. then the final RL also is same value
with initial RL which is 2.10. So, for our second experiment, we had no error.

18 | P a g e
8.0 CONCLUSION

Levelling is to determine the difference in height between two points in an area. The
objective of levelling is to fly reduced level from known point (Benchmark or
Temporary Benchmark) to unknown point. Levelling requires equipment such as
levelling staff, tripod, auto level meter, staff bubble and measuring tape. The
experiment was succeed since there is no error and our results are perfect. The
levelling process begins with obtaining the backsight (BS) of BM1 and the foresight
(FS) of turning point 1 (TP 1). Then we shifted the auto level to obtain the backsight
(BS) of turning point (TP 1) and the foresight (FS) of turning point 2 (TP 2). This
process is repeated by shifting the auto level to obtain the backsight (BS) and
foresight (GS) of the following staff stations. After that we went back to Bench Mark
1 (BM 1) in order to obtain its FS in order to calculate the error misclosure. Hence,
the reduced level is able to be equivalent to the benchmark given which is 2.10 by
distributing the error to each set-up.

REFERENCES (Part 1 & Part 2)

19 | P a g e
1.Map of work distributed from facebook by group admin

2. Lab sheet given by Encik Sufyan bin Abdullah, University Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia, FTK.

3. http://www.melakasurveyor.com/2009/08/two-peg-test-in-levelling.html

4. https://geog.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/TwoPegTest.pdf

5. http://www.civileblog.com/levelling/

20 | P a g e
21 | P a g e