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EXPERIMENTAL MANUAL
Name _________________________________
Degree/Reg No _________________________
HEAT TRANSFER & HVAC
Laboratory Manual
Section 2. Objectives
An Academic Honor Code at this laboratory aims to cultivate a community based on
trust, academic integrity, and honor. It specifically aims to accomplish the following:
Ensure that students understand that academic dishonesty is a violation of the profound
trust of the entire academic community;
Ensure that students understand that the responsibility for upholding academic
honesty at this laboratory lies with them;
Prevent any students from gaining an unfair advantage over other students
through academic misconduct;
Clarify what constitutes academic misconduct among students at this laboratory
and what is expected of them by the Institute, the faculty, and their peers;
Cultivate an environment where academic dishonesty is not tolerated among the
students;
Secure a centralized system of education and awareness of the Honor Code;
___________________________
Student Signature and date
Table Of Contents
Experiments:
HEAT TRANSFER
Introduction
This course is a foundation to many theoretical and practical aspects that allow students
to understand heat and mass transfer modes. This lab familiarize the student with topics
such as extended surface heat transfer, inverse square law for thermal radiation, charging
of refrigeration system and overview of refrigeration cycles.
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will demonstrate competency by
being able to:
Practical Application
At the end of this course student will be able to understand key aspects of refrigeration
systems. They will have understanding of the various heat and mass transfer modes. They
will be able to practically analyze the heat and mass transfer processes.
Safety Precautions
1. Do not operate any machine unless you have been trained to do so and authorized by
the Lab OIC/Incharge.
2. Do not touch any part of the machine until you are sure that the machine is properly
shutdown.
3. Do not touch, oil, adjust, calibrate while the machine is running.
4. Wear goggles and safety gloves if required.
5. Do not wear loose clothes while working close to the machine.
6. Focus on the experiment and avoid distractions.
7. In case of any emergency switch off the power supply and report to your OIC.
8. In case of burning fire, use sand and water.
9. In case of electric fire, switch off immediately and then use only sand.
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Laboratory Layout
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Experiment 1: Actual Refrigeration Plant
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
DESCRIPTION
1. Compressors
2. Chillers
3. Condensers
4. Cooling Tower
5. Climate changer
6. Pumps/Blowers
7. Flow control valves
8. Ducting & piping etc
9. Fan / motors
CIRCUITS
a) Refrigerant circuit.
b) Cooling water circuit.
c) Chilled water circuit.
d) Cooled air circuit.
REFRIGERANT CIRCUIT
In this four huge compressors of 25 ton each are fitted which increase the temperature
and pressure of R 22 after that it flows to the water cooled condenser where it is cooled
and changed in liquid form. Then it is expanded and finally reaches the chillers where it
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absorbs heat and vaporises and thus the water is chilled below its freezing temperature.
The circuit is completed when the vapour refrigerant flows back to the compressor.
COOLING CIRCUIT
Its purpose and function is to supply the refrigerant in the condenser. It consists of a big
cooling tower which is air-cooled type having huge blower. The cooled water absorbs
heat in the condenser and liberates it to the atmosphere in the cooling tower.
The refrigerant after the expansion valve enters the chillers where it cools the water
below its freezing temperature. The chilled water is then driven to the climate changer
where it circulates so as to cool the air that is flown across it after that its temp rises a bit.
For re-cooling it is again transferred to the chillers.
The cooled air that is flown in the ducts is responsible for the cooling in auditorium. It is
produced by the air that is flown across the chilled water tubes in the climate changer by
means of a heavy blower. The cool air flown to the desired place and then is exhausted
back to the climate changer via filters which clean the exhaust air. This re-circulation of
air is the required output responsible for the air-conditioning produced in the plant.
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Schematic of Refrigeration plant circuits
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Notes
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Experiment 2: Charging of a Refrigeration System
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
THEORY
This system can be used to fully service any short / leak of refrigeration system. Firstly
the refrigeration system is evacuated in order to get rid of air or any short of fluid in the
system. Then refrigerant is transferred from the cylinder to the refrigerant tube in the
charging station and finally the refrigerant is charged in the required system.
PROCEDURE
First of all connect one line of gauge manifold with the charging port of refrigeration
system and other line to the cylinder. Open the gauge valve and pressurize the system for
leak testing. Test the system for all joints with leak detector or soapy water. Keep the
pressure between 50 psi to 100 psi for one or two hours to ensure no leakage in the
system. Disconnect the line from the cylinder and open the gauge valve to release the
pressure from the system. Connect one side of the gauge with the system and the other
line to the vacuum pump. Use the lower side of the gauge for vacuum. Start the vacuum
pump. When the compound gauge reading is 29.92 Hg the vacuum is complete. Turn the
vacuum pump "Off" and disconnect the line. Connect the line with refrigerant cylinder
for charging of refrigerant. Open the cylinder valve and purge down the line with gas
pressure. Open the gauge valve slowly and enter the refrigerant into the system. When the
pressure is about to 0 psi to 25 psi start charging the refrigeration system. Check the full
load ampere of the system, cooling temperature and site glass. Ensure that the site glass
has shown completely liquid form refrigerant in the system, required cooling temperature
is achieved and rating current of system is normal. When the charging is complete and
system is in working condition, turn "Off" the system and disconnect the gauge manifold
with the system. Close the charging port with service valve or punching tools.
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PRECAUTIONS
GENERAL QUESTIONS
3. What will be position of the sustain service valve after charging is complete.
4. Why the system is drawing more current then its rated value.
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Experiment 3: Capacitors and Capacitance
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
1. Capacitor analyzer.
2. Capacitor to be checked.
3. Testing leads.
4. Step-down Transformer
PROCEDURE
a) Connect the main leads of the analyzer to 110 v AC supply. Power may be checked
by flashing on the pilot light. Connect the capacitor terminals to the input jacks of the
analyzer with the help of testing leads. Place the selector switch of the analyzer
(which is initially at center) to its left position and watch the light.
b) If it dose not flash, the capacitor is open. If it flashes brightly and dims down after a
few seconds, the capacitor is ok and is being charged. If the capacitor is open / short it
should be discarded immediately without carrying further tests.
c) Now we shall check the capacitance of a charged capacitor. For this select the
appropriate scale and place the selector switch to the right most position and note the
mfds. Now compare the noted value with the rated one and if the noted is 20% less
then the rated one, discard the capacitor.
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GENERAL QUESTION
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Notes
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Experiment 4: Compressor Motor Windings
OBJECTIVE
APPARATUS
1. Compressor analyzer.
2. Compressor motor.
3. Connecting leads.
4. Step- down transformer.
5. Ohm-meter.
THEORY
The Air servo M. 8500 hermetic compressor analyser and electrical tester consists of 7
sections mounted on a single cabinet, with the neck jacks and test cords. Use of a section
alone or together can be made. In case there is a ground or short both visual and buzzer
indications are there.
PROCEDURE
CONTINUITY TEST
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PRECAUTIONS
GENERAL QUESTION
1. Which voltage range should be selected to carry the insulation test for a domestic
appliance.
3. How can you detect the three different terminals of the windings.
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Notes
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Experiment 5: TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ALONG
AN EXTENDED SURFACE
Objective:
To measure the temperature distribution along an extended surface and comparing the
result with theoretical analysis
Theory:
An extended surface is commonly used in reference to a solid that experiences energy
transfer by conduction within its boundaries, as well as energy transfer by convection
between its boundaries and its surroundings. The extended surface is most often utilized
in the removal of heat from a body. In this case, the extended surface is often referred to
as a fin''. A fin with a cylindrical shape and a high aspect ratio (length/diameter) is
called a pin. Fins are often seen in electrical appliance cooling such as in a computer
power supply or substation transformers. Fins are also used for engine cooling.
A pin of length L, diameter D, cross sectional A and thermal conductivity K is heated at
one end. It has a total surface area of As and at ambient temperature Ta. The analysis of
extended surface heat transfer assuming steady state, one-dimensional heat conduction
(temperature varies only axially and not radial), uniform convective heat transfer
coefficient h, and constant thermal conductivity, k.
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as stated in standard operating conditions module.
2. Set the supply power to the heater by the Programmable Power Supply to 40 Watts.
3. Select the temperature selector to read T1 and monitor the temperature regularly until
the T1 reading reaches approximately 80oC then reduce the heater voltage to 5 Watts.
This procedure is to reduce the time required for the system to reach a stable
operating condition.
4. When all readings are stabilized, record the T1, T2, T3, T4, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9.
5. Increase the power control to give 10 Watts reading. Repeat the monitoring and
record reading (T1, T2, T3, T4, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9).
6. After finish the experiment, follow general shut down procedure as stated in standard
operating conditions module.
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Observations:
DISTANCE
EXPERIMENT
1 2 FROM T1
NO.
(m)
Power ,W 5 10 -
o
T1 C 0.00
o
T2 C 0.05
o
T3 C 0.10
o
T4 C 0.15
o
T5 C 0.20
o
T6 C 0.25
o
T7 C 0.30
o
T8 C 0.35
o
T9 C -
Assignment:
1. Calculate theoretical temperature value and compare with experimental result.
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Notes
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Experiment 6: HEAT TRANSFER FROM AN EXTENDED
SURFACE
Objective:
Calculating the heat transfer from an extended surface resulting from the combined
modes of free convection and radiation heat transfer and comparing the result with a
theoretical analysis
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as stated in standard operating conditions module.
2. Set the supply power to the heater by the Programmable Power Supply to 40 Watts.
3. Select the temperature selector to read T1 and monitor the temperature regularly until
the T1 reading reaches approximately 80oC then reduce the heater power to 5 Watts.
This procedure is to reduce the time required for the system to reach a stable
operating condition.
4. When all readings are stabilized, record the T1, T2, T3, T4, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9.
5. After finish the experiment, follow general shut down procedure as stated in standard
operating conditions module
Observations:
DISTANCE
EXPERIMENT
1 FROM T1
NO.
(m)
Power, W 5 -
o
T1 C 0.00
o
T2 C 0.05
o
T3 C 0.10
o
T4 C 0.15
o
T5 C 0.20
o
T6 C 0.25
o
T7 C 0.30
o
T8 C 0.35
o
T9 C -
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Assignment:
1. Calculate the heat lost from the fin and compare the result with experimental heat
input.
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Notes
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Experiment 7: THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE ROD
MATERIAL
Objective:
To determine the constant of proportionality (thermal conductivity K) of the rod material
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as stated in standard operating conditions module.
2. Set the supply power to the heater by the Programmable Power Supply to 40 Watts.
3. Select the temperature selector to read T1 and monitor the temperature regularly until
the T1 reading reaches approximately 80oC then reduce the heater power to 5 Watts.
This procedure is to reduce the time required for the system to reach a stable
operating condition.
4. When all readings are stabilized, record the T1, T2, T3, T4, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9.
5. After finish the experiment, follow general shut down procedure as stated in standard
operating conditions module.
Observations:
DISTANCE
EXPERIMENT
1 FROM T1
NO.
(m)
Power, W 5 -
o
T1 C 0.00
o
T2 C 0.05
o
T3 C 0.10
o
T4 C 0.15
o
T5 C 0.20
o
T6 C 0.25
o
T7 C 0.30
o
T8 C 0.35
o
T9 C -
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Assignment:
1. Calculate the radiant and conductive component coefficient. Then find the overall
heat transfer coefficient.
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Notes:
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Experiment 8: RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER TO A
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Objective:
To demonstrate how temperature measurement can be affected by radiant heat transfer to
a sensor from its surrounding.
Theory:
Radiation heat transfer is concerned with the exchange of thermal radiation energy
between two or more bodies. Thermal radiation is defined as electromagnetic radiation in
the wavelength range of 0.1 to 100 microns (which encompasses the visible light regime),
and arises as a result of a temperature difference between 2 bodies. No medium need
exist between the two bodies for heat transfer to take place (as is needed by conduction
and convection). Rather, the intermediaries are photons, which travel at the speed of
light.
The heat transferred into or out of an object by thermal radiation is a function of several
components. These include its surface reflectivity, emissivity, surface area, temperature,
and geometric orientation with respect to other thermally participating objects. In turn, an
object's surface reflectivity and emissivity is a function of its surface conditions
(roughness, finish, etc.) and composition.
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic procedure as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Lift the radiation shield up so that the thermocouples are exposed.
3. Open the throttle plate but do not turn on the fan.
4. Set the T10 as 50C.
5. When all the temperature readings are stable, record reading T6, T7, T8, T9.
6. Repeat the above procedures with different value of T10. (100C, 150C, 200C,
250C, 300C)
Note:
The temperature of the heated surface should not exceed 350oC. If this happening,
turn on the fan to cold down the heated surface if necessary.
7. Close the throttle plate and turn on the fan.
8. Set the T10 as 300C during the whole experiment.
9. Turn the selector to read the air velocity measurement and adjust the throttle plate
until the velocity reading is approximately 4m/s.
10. Observe the temperature reading of T6 until T9. Record the T6, T7, T8 and T9 when
all measurements are stable.
Repeat experiments with decreasing air velocity as in the table
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Figure 2: Unit Assembly & Section View
Observations:
Fan Off
T6 (C) T7(C) T8 (C) T9 (C) T10 (C)
50
100
150
200
250
300
Fan On
Ua (m/s) T6 (C) T7 (C) T8 (C) T9 (C) T10 (C)
4 300
2 300
1 300
0.5 300
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Assignments:
1. Plot Temperature (oC) vs Heater Temperature (oC)
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Notes:
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Experiment 9: METHODS FOR REDUCING ERROR IN
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Objective:
To demonstrate methods for reducing the errors in temperature measurement due to
radiation from a source that is visible to the measurement sensor
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic procedure as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Lift the radiation shield up so that the thermocouples are exposed.
3. Set the velocity as 0.5 m/s.
4. Set T10 as 100 C.
5. When the reading has stabilized, record the temperature readings for T6, T7, T8, and
T9.
6. Lower the radiation shield and observe the temperature changes. Record the
temperature readings for T6, T7, T8, and T9 when the readings are stable.
7. Repeat the experiment with the conditions as outlined in the following table.
Observations:
T10
Test Shielding Velocity(m/s) T6 (oC) T7 (oC) T8 (oC) T9 (oC)
(oC)
1 Shield 0.5 100
2 3 100
3 No shield 0.5 100
4 3 100
5 Shield 0.5 200
6 3 200
7 No shield 0.5 200
8 3 200
9 Shield 0.5 300
10 3 300
11 No shield 0.5 300
12 3 300
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Assignments:
1. Plot Temperature (oC) vs. Test Number for all temperature reading.
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Notes:
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Experiment 10: UNSTEADY STATE CONDITION OF THE
HEAT TO THE CENTER OF A SOLID SHAPE
Objectives:
To observe unsteady state condition of the heat to the center of a solid shape when a step
change is supplied to the temperature at the surface of the shape
Theory:
Unsteady-state heat transfer is important because of the large number of heating and
cooling processes are involved in industrial applications. In metallurgical processes it is
necessary to know cooling and heating rates of various geometries of metals in order to
predict the time required to reach certain temperature. In food processing, such as in the
canning industry, perishable canned food are heated by immersion in steam bath or
chilled by immersion in cold water. In the paper industry wood logs are immersed in
steam bath before processing. In most of these processes, the material is suddenly
immersed into a fluid of higher or lower temperature.
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Install the 30mm diameter stainless steel cylinder in the shape holder.
3. The water bath temperature should be stabilized at 70oC.
4. Turn ON the pump.
5. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observation sheet.
6. The experiment may be repeated with other specimens.
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Observations:
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Assignment:
1. Plot Temperature T3 vs. Time (seconds)
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Notes:
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Experiment 11: DETERMINATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY USING ANALYTICAL TRANSIENT
TEMPERATURE HEAT FLOW CHART
Objective:
To compare the thermal conductivity of a solid cylinder from measurements taken on a
similar cylinder but having different thermal conductivity using analytical transient
temperature heat flow charts
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Install the 20mm diameter stainless steel cylinder in the shape holder.
3. The water bath temperature should be stabilized at 70oC.
4. Turn ON the pump.
5. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observations sheet.
6. When the 20mm brass cylinder has reached the bath temperature, remove it from the
tank and install 20mm brass cylinder in the shape holder.
7. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observations.
Observations:
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iii. Inverse Biot Number, 1/Bi
2. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient and then thermal conductivity for 20mm Brass
cylinder
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Notes:
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Experiment 12: EFFECT OF SIZE, SHAPE AND
MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON UNSTEADY STATE HEAT
FLOW
Objective:
To investigate the effect of size, shape and material properties on unsteady state heat
flow. Using analytical transient temperature heat flow chart to analyze the result obtained
from different solid shape
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Install the 15mm thick brass slab in the shape holder.
3. The water bath temperature should be stabilize at 70oC.
4. Turn ON the pump.
5. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observations sheet.
6. When 15mm thick brass slab has reached the bath temperature, remove it from the
tank and install 15mm thick stainless steel slab in the shape holder.
7. Record the initial condition temperature and place the test shape in the water bath.
Then, record temperature and time as detailed in the observations sheet.
8. The experiment may be repeated with other test specimens.
Observations:
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iii. Inverse Biot Number, 1/Bi
2. Calculate theoretical time taken to reach the recorded temperature T3 and compare
with experimental result.
3. Plot T3 temperature vs. Time Taken in seconds for both theoretical and experimental
result.
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Notes:
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Experiment 13: UNSTEADY HEAT TRANSFER USING
LUMPED CAPACITANCE METHOD
Objective:
To investigate the Lumped Thermal Capacitance Method of Transient temperature
analysis
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in standard operating conditions module.
2. Install the 20mm diameter brass cylinder in the shape holder.
3. The water bath temperature should be stabilized at 70oC.
4. Turn ON the pump.
5. Place the shape into the water bath and observe the temperature T3 until it reaches the
bath temperature.
6. Then, hang the shape in the still air and record the shape temperature T3 until it cools
down to ambient temperature by 60 seconds interval.
Observations:
Air Shape
Recorded
Temperature, Temperature,
Time, Seconds
T2 (oC) T3 (oC)
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
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Assignment:
1. Calculate the time constant using the Lumped Capacitance method.
2. Plot Temperature (oC) vs. Time (seconds) for ambient, recorded temperature and
calculated temperature.
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Notes:
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