EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 9

1. For the given power system shown in Figure 1, draw the positive, negative and zero
sequence networks.

Figure 1: Given Power System

Figure 2: Positive Sequence Network

Figure 3: Negative Sequence Network

Figure 4: Zero Sequence Network

2. Two synchronous machines are connected through three-phase transformers to the trans-
mission line shown in Figure. 5(a). The ratings and reactances of the machines and
transformers are

Machines 1 and 2: 100MVA, 20kV; Xd = X1 = X2 = 20%, X0 =4%, Xn = 5%

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 9

Transformers T1 and T2 : 100MVA, 20Star/345Star kV; X = 8%

Both transformers are solidly grounded on two sides. On a chosen base of 100MVA,
345kV in the transmission line circuit the line reactances are X1 = X2 = 15% and
X0 = 50%. The system is operating at nominal voltage without prefault currents when
a bolted (Zf = 0) single line to ground fault occurs on phase A at bus 3. Using the bus
impedance matrix for each of the three sequence networks, determine the subtransient
current to ground at the fault, the line-to-ground voltages at the faulted bus and at the
terminals of machine 2.
[Ans: I(f A) = 9316 270 A;V3a = 0kV ; V3b = 11.8856 122.71kV ; V3c = 11.8856 122.71kV ;
V4a = 3.3466 0kV ; V4b = 11.7636 121.8kV ; V4c = 11.7636 121.8kV ]

Figure 5:

Figure 6:

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 9

Solution:
The transformers are solidly grounded on both sides, the zero-sequence network is
fully connected, as shown in Figure. 5(d). Since fault takes place on bus 3, third
column of ZBus of every sequence network is required. These can be obtained from
the respective YBus . Third column of each of the sequence network is given as follows:

j0.0493 j0.0789 j0.0789

j0.0701 j0.1104 j0.1104
0
1 2
ZBus3 = ; ZBus3 = ; ZBus3 =

j0.1999

j0.1696

j0.1696


j0.1407 j0.1211 j0.1211

Since, the LG fault is at bus 3, we must connect the Thevenin equivalent circuits
of the sequence networks in series, as shown in Figure. 6. From the figure we can
calculate the symmetrical components of the current If A out of the system and into
the fault using prefault voltage Vf as

Vf 16 0
I(f A)(0) = I(f A)(1) = I(f A)(2) = (1) (2) (0)
= = j1.8549p.u
Z33 + Z33 + Z33 j(0.1696 + 0.1696 + 0.1999)

The total current in the fault is

(0)
I(f A) = 3I(f A) = j5.5648p.u

and since the base current in the HV transmission line is 100000/ 3345 = 167.35A,
we have The total current in the fault is

I(f A) = j5.5648 167.35 = 9316 270A

The phase-a sequence voltages at bus 3 are

(0) (0) (0)
V3a = 0 Z33 If A = (j0.1999)(j1.8549) = 0.3708p.u
(1) (1) (1)
V3a = Vf Z33 If A = 1 (j0.1696)(j1.8549) = 0.6854p.u
(2) (2) (2)
V3a = 0 Z33 If A = (j0.1696)(j1.8549) = 0.3146p.u
From the above symmetrical components we can calculate a b c LG voltages at
bus 3 as follows:

V3a 1 1 1 0.3708 0 0

V3b 1 a2 a 0.6854 0.5562 j0.8660 1.02936 122.71
= = =
1 a a2 0.3146

V3c 0.5562 + j0.8660 1.02936 122.71

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 9

The phase-a sequence voltages at bus 4, the terminals of machine 2, are

(0) (0) (0)
V4a = Z43 If A = (j0.1407)(j1.8549) = 0.2610p.u
(1) (1) (1)
V4a = Vf Z43 If A = 1 (j0.1211)(j1.8549) = 0.7754p.u
(2) (2) (2)
V4a = Z43 If A = (j0.1211)(j1.8549) = 0.2246p.u

Note that subscripts A and a denote voltages and currents in the high voltage and
low voltage circuits respectively, of the Star-Star connected transformer. No phase
shift is involved. From the above symmetrical components we can calculate a b c
LG voltages at bus 4 as follows:

V4a 1 1 1 0.2610 0.2898 + j0.0 0.28986 0

V4b 1 a2 a 0.7754 0.5364 j0.8660 1.01876 121.8
= = =
2

V4c 1 a a 0.2246 0.5364 + j0.8660 1.01876 121.8

To express the line-to-ground voltages at faulted bus

and at terminals of machine 2
in kV, we multiply the respective p.u values by 20/ 3, which gives

V3a = 0; V3b = 11.8856 122.71kV ; V3c = 11.8856 122.71kV ;

V4a = 3.3466 0kV ; V4b = 11.7636 121.8kV ; V4c = 11.7636 121.8kV ;

3. The system shown in Figure 7. is operating at nominal system voltage without pre-
fault currents when a bolted LL fault occurs at bus 3 on lines B and C. Using the
bus impedance matrices of the sequence networks for subtransient conditions, determine
the currents in the fault, the line-to-line voltages at the fault bus, and the line-to-line
voltages at the terminals of machine 2.

Figure 7:

Solution: From Figure 8 the sequence currents are calculated as follows:

(1) (2) Vf 16 90
I(f A) = I(f A) = (1) (2)
= = j2.9481p.u
Z33 + Z33 j(0.1696 + 0.1696)

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 9

Figure 8:

Uppercase A is used here because the fault is in the high voltage transmission line
circuit. Since, I(f A)(0) = 0, the components of currents in the fault are calculated
from
(1) (2)
I(f A) = I(f A) + I(f A) = j2.9481 + j2.9481 = 0
(1) (2)
I(f B) = a2 I(f A) + aI(f A) = j2.9481(0.5 j0.866) + j2.9481(0.5 + j0.866)
= 5.1061 + j0p.u
I(f C) = I(f B) = 5.1061 + j0p.u
The base current in the transmission line is 167.35A, and so

I(f A) = 0

I(f B) = 5.1061 167.35 = 8556 180A

I(f C) = 5.1061 167.35 = 8556 0A
Symmetrical components of phase-A voltage to ground at bus 3 are
0
V3A =0
1 2 1 1
V3A = V3A = 1 Zkk If A = 1 (j0.1696)(j2.9481) = 0.5 + j0p.u
Line-to-ground voltages at fault bus 3 are
(0) (1) (2)
V(3A) = V(3A) + V(3A) + V(3A) = 0 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 16 0p.u

(0) (1) (2)

V(3B) = V(3A) + a2 V(3A) + aV(3A) = 0 + a2 0.5 + a0.5 = 0.56 180p.u
V(3C) = V(3B) = 0.56 180p.u

Line-to-line voltages at fault bus 3 are

V(3,AB) = V(3A) V(3B) = (1 + j0) (0.5 + j0) = 1.56 0p.u

V(3,BC) = V(3B) V(3C) = (0.5 + j0) (0.5 + j0) = 0

V(3,CA) = V(3C) V(3A) = (0.5 + j0) (1.0 + j0) = 1.56 180p.u

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In volts, the line-to-line voltages are
345
V(3,AB) = 1.56 0 = 2996 0kV
3
 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 9

V(3,BC) = 0
345
V(3,CA) = 1.56 0 = 2996 180kV
3
The sequence voltages of phase A at bus 4 are
0 (0) (0)
V4A = Z43 If A = 0

1 (1) (1)
V4A = Vf Z43 If A = 1 (j0.1211)(j2.9481) = 0.643p.u
2 (2) (2)
V4A = Z43 If A = (j0.1211)(j2.9481) = 0.357p.u
At machine 2 terminals, indicated by lower case a, the voltages are
0
V4a =0
1 1 6
V4a = V4A 30 = 0.6436 30 = 0.5569 j0.3215p.u
2 2 6
V4a = V4A 30 = 0.3576 30 = 0.3092 + j0.1785p.u
This is according to ASA where HT side positive sequence voltage leads correspond-
ing LT side voltage by 30o . The opposite holds good for negative sequence voltage.
0 1 2
V4a = V4a + V4a + V4a = 0.8661 j0.1430 = 0.87786 9.4p.u

For phase-b of machine 2,

V4b0 = V4a
0
=0
V4b1 = a2 V4a
1
= 0.5569 j0.3215p.u
2 2
V4a = aV4a = 0.3092 + j0.1785p.u
V4b = V4b0 + V4b1 + V4b2 = 0.8661 j0.143 = 0.87786 170.6p.u
and, for phase c of machine 2
V4c0 = V4a
0
=0
V4c1 = aV4a
1
= 0.6436 90p.u
V4c2 = a2 V4a
2
= 0.3576 90p.u
V4c = V4c0 + V4c1 + V4c2 = j0.286p.u
Line-to-line voltages at the terminals of machine 2 are

V4,ab = V4,a V4,b = 1.7322 + j0p.u

V4,bc = V4,b V4,c = 0.8661 j0.429 = 0.96656 153.65p.u

V4,ca = V4,c V4,a = 0.8661 + j0.429 = 0.96656 153.65p.u

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 9

Line-to-line voltages at machine 2 terminals are

20
V4,ab = 1.73226 0 = 206 0kV
3
20
V4,bc = 0.96656 153.65 = 11.26 153.65kV
3
20
V4,ca = 0.96656 153.65 = 11.26 153.65kV
3

4. Find the sub-transient currents and the line-to-line voltages at the fault under subtran-
sient conditions when a double line-to-ground fault, with phases B and C involved and
Zf = 0 occurs at the terminals of machine 2 in the system of Figure 9.Assume that the
(0)
system is unloaded and operating at rated voltage when the fault occurs. [Z44 = j0.19,
(1) (2)
Z44 = Z44 = j0.1437.]
[Ans:If a = 0; If b = 19, 2626 154.6o A; If c = 19, 2626 25.4o A;If = 16, 5386 90o A;
V4,ab = 12.5686 0o kV ; V4,bc = 0; V4,ca = 12.5686 180okV ]

Figure 9:

Figure 10:

Solution: To simulate the double line-to-ground fault at bus 4, we connect the

Thevenin equivalents of all three sequence networks in parallel as shown in Figure
10, from which we obtain
(1) Vf 1 + j0
If a = (2) (0)
= = j4.4342p.u
(1) Z44 Z44 (j0.1437)(j0.19)
Z44 + (2) j0.1437 +
Z44 + Z44
(0) (j0.1437 + j0.19)

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 9

Therefore, the sequence voltages at the fault are

(1) (2) (0) (1) (1)
V4a = V4a = V4a = Vf If a Z44 = 1 (j4.4342)(j0.1437) = 0.3628p.u
Current injections into the negative- and zero-sequence networks at the fault bus are
calculated by current division as follows:
(0)
(2) (1) Z44 j0.19
If a = If a (2) (0)
= j4.4342 = j2.5247p.u
Z44 + Z44 j(0.1437 + 0.19)
(2)
(0) (1) Z44 j0.1437
If a = If a (2) (0)
= j4.4342 = j1.9095p.u
+ Z44 Z44 j(0.1437 + 0.19)
The currents out of the system at the fault point are
(0) (1) (2)
If a = If a + If a + If a = j1.9095 j4.4342 + j2.5247 = 0
(0) (1) (2)
If b = If a +a2 If a +aIf a = 1.90956 90o +(16 240o)(4.43426 90o )+(16 120o)(2.52476 90o )
= 6.0266 + j2.8642 = 6.67266 154.6op.u
(0) (1) (2)
If c = If a +aIf a +a2 If a = 1.90956 90o +(16 120o )(4.43426 90o )+(16 240o )(2.52476 90o )
= 6.0266 + j2.8642 = 6.67266 25.4o p.u
and the current If into the ground is
(0)
If = If b + If c = 3If a = j5.7285p.u
Calculating a-b-c voltages at the fault bus, we find that
(0) (1) (2) (1)
V4a = V4a + V4a + V4a = 3V4a = 3 0.3628 = 1.0884p.u
V4b = V4c = 0
V4,ab = V4a V4b = 1.0884p.u
V4,bc = V4b V4c = 0
V4,ca = V4c V4a = 1.0884p.u

Base current equals 100 103 /( 3 20) = 2887 A in the circuit of machine 2, and
so we find that
If a = 0
If b = 2887 6.67266 154.6o = 19, 2626 154.6o A
If b = 2887 6.67266 25.4o = 19, 2626 25.4o A
If c = 2887 5.72856 90o = 16, 5386 90o A

The base line-to-neutral voltage in machine 2 is 20/ 3 kV, and so

V4,ab = 1.0884 20/ 3 = 12.5686 0o kV
V4,bc = 0

V4,ca = 1.0884 20/ 3 = 12.5686 180o kV

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