First Grading:

(ME) Midterm Examination

(CS) Class Standing
(MG) Midterm Grade = 1/3 (ME) + 2/3 (CS)

Second Grading:
(FE) Final Examination
(CS) Class Standing
(SG) Second Grade = 1/3 (FE) + 2/3 (CS)

Final Grade = (ME + SG) / 2

 Engineering Hydrology
by: K. Subramanya

Hydrology for Engineers

by: Ray K. Linsley, et. al.

Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis

by: Philip B. Bedient, et. al.
I. Runoff
Definition of Runoff
Portions of Runoff
Runoff Process
Surface Runoff
Channel Runoff
Factors Affecting Runoff
Runoff Cycle
Conditions of Runoff Cycle
Summary of Rainfall Runoff Cycle
II. Groundwater Hydrology
Ground Water
Subsurface Zones
Water Table
Interstices
Porosity
Permeability
III. Water Yielding Properties
Specific Yield and Specific Retention
Darcys Law
Coefficient of Permeability
Permeability vs. Hydraulic Conductivity
Applicability of Darcys Law
Homogeneity / Heterogeneity
Isotropy / Anisotropy
Combinations
Steady State vs. Transient Flow
Transmissivity (or Coefficient of Transmissibility)
Storativity (or Storage Coefficient)
IV. Ground Water Reservoir
Geologic Formations
Aquifers
Aquifer Sustainability
Ground Water Flow
Types of Aquifers
V. Well Hydraulics
Wells
Determination of Discharge from Open Wells
Construction of Open Wells
Tube Wells
Main Parts of a Tube Well
Types of Tube Wells
 Water is the most abundant substance on earth, the
principal constituent of all the living things, and a major
force constantly shaping the surface of the earth.

It is also a key factor in air-conditioning the earth for

human existence and in influencing the progress of
civilization.

Hydrology, which treats all phases of the earths water, is a

subject of great importance for people and their
environment.
 Hydrology treats of the waters of the Earth, their
occurrence, circulation, and distribution, their chemical
and physical properties, and their reaction with their
environment, including their relation to living things.

The domain of hydrology embraces the full life history of

water on the Earth. Engineering hydrology includes those
segments of the field pertinent to planning, design, and
operation of engineering projects for the control and use of
water.
 Hydrology is a multidisciplinary subject that deals with the
occurrence, circulation, and distribution of the waters of the
Earth.

The domain of hydrology embraces the physical, chemical, and

biological reactions of water in natural and man-made
environments.

Because of the complex nature of the hydrologic cycle and its

relation to weather patterns, soil types, and other geologic
factors, the boundaries between hydrology and other earth
sciences such as meteorology, geology, ecology and
oceanography are not distinct.
 Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution,
and quality of water throughout the Earth, including
the hydrologic cycle, water resources and
environmental watershed sustainability.
 Hydrology is used in engineering mainly in connection with
the design and operation of hydraulic structures. These are
the typical questions that the hydrologist is expected to
answer:

What flood flows can be expected over a spillway, at a highway

culvert, or in an urban storm drainage system?
What reservoir capacity is required to assure adequate water for
irrigation of municipal water supply during droughts?
What effect will reservoirs, levees, and other control works exert on
flood flows in a stream?
What are reasonable boundaries for the floodplain?
 Design and operations of hydraulic structures
Water supply
Wastewater treatment and disposal
Irrigation
Drainage
Hydropower generation
 Flood control
Navigation
Erosion and sediment control
Salinity control
Pollution abatement
Recreational use of water
Fish and wildlife protection
 The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process in which water is
evaporated from the oceans, moves inland as moist air masses, and
produces precipitation if the correct conditions exist.

The precipitation that falls on the land surface is dispersed via several
pathways. A portion of the precipitation, or rainfall, is retained in the
soil near where it falls and returns to the atmosphere by evaporation,
the conversion of water to water vapor, and transpiration, the loss of
water vapor through plant tissue.

The combined loss, called evapotranspiration, is a maximum value if

the water supply in the soil is adequate at all times.
 Another portion becomes overland inflow or direct runoff,
which feeds local streams and rivers. Finally, some water enters
the soil system as infiltration and may reenter channels later as
interflow or may percolate to the deeper ground water system.

Surface and ground water move toward lower elevations and

may eventually discharge into the ocean.

However, large quantities of surface water and portions of

ground water may return to the atmosphere by evaporation and
evapotranspiration.
 Precipitation: Rainfall. Condensed water vapor that
falls to the Earth's surface

Evaporation: The conversion of water to water vapor.

The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it
moves from the ground or bodies of water into the
overlying atmosphere.

Transpiration: The loss of water vapor through plant

tissue. The release of water vapor from plants and soil into
the air. Water vapor is a gas that cannot be seen.
 Evapotranspiration: Combined loss

Runoff: The variety of ways by which water moves across

the land. This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff.
As it flows, the water may seep into the ground, evaporate into
the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for
agricultural or other human uses.

Infiltration: Water enters the soil and may reenter channels

later as interflow or may percolate to the deeper ground water
system. The flow of water from the ground surface into the
ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or
groundwater.
 The world's total volume of water is in many different
forms:

Liquid- oceans, rivers and rain

Solid- glaciers
Gas- invisible water vapor in the air

Water changes states as it is moved around the planet

by wind currents.
 Icecaps and Glaciers
68.7%
Lakes
87% Swamps
Groundwater 11%
Saline (Oceans)
30.1%
97% Rivers
Surface water 2%
0.3%
Others
0.9%
Fresh water
3%
Earths water Freshwater Fresh surface water
 Surface Water Groundwater Seawater Rainwater

is water in a is fresh water is water that has is precipitation that

river, lake or fresh located in the property of is collected from
water wetland. the pore space of salinity and relatively clean,
Surface water is soil and rocks temperature which above-ground
naturally water that is controls the surfaces - usually
flowing within density of the rooftops.
aquifers below water.
the water table
 In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe
the flow of water in and out of a system.

A system can be one of several hydrological domains, such as a

column of soil or a drainage basin.

Water balance can also refer to the ways in which an organism

maintains water in dry or hot conditions. It is often discussed in
reference to plants or arthropods, which have a variety of water
retention mechanisms, including a lipid waxy coating that has
limited permeability.
A general water balance equation is:

P = R + ET + G + S
where,
P = precipitation
R = surface runoff
G = ground water flow or Infiltration
E = evaporation
T = transpiration
S = change in storage
 As rainfall accumulates on the surface, the surface detention
increases and eventually becomes outflow from the system.

Neglecting evaporation for the period of, but delayed somewhat

in time.

The difference between accumulated inflow and outflow at any

time represents the change in storage.

The same concept can be applied to small basins or large

watershed, with the added difficulty that all loss terms in the
hydrologic budget may not be known.
 A watershed is defined as an area of land that drains to
a single outlet and is separated from other watersheds
by a watershed divide.
 For a given time period, a conceptual mathematical model of
the overall budget for the hydrologic cycle would become, in
units of depth (in or cm) over the basin.

P R G E T = S

where,
P = precipitation
R = surface runoff
G = ground water flow
E = evaporation
T = transpiration
S = change in storage
 A runoff coefficient can be defined as the ratio R/P.
Note that infiltration I is the loss from the surface
system and a gain to the ground water and thus
cancels out of the overall budget.

Also, the units of inches (or cm) represents a volume of

water when multiplied by the surface area of the
watershed.
Example:

1. In a given year, a watershed with an area of 2,500 km2

received 130 cm of precipitation. The average rate of
flow measured in a river draining the watershed was
30m3/s. Estimate the amount of water lost due to the
combined effects of evaporation, transpiration, and
infiltration to ground water. How much runoff reached
the river for the year (in cm)? What is the runoff
coefficient? Assume that water levels are the same
throughout the year, thus, no change in storage.
Solution:
Problem 1:

Given:
A = 2,500 km2
P = 130 cm
R = 30 m3/s
S = 0
t = 1 year
ET+G = ?
Solution:

I O = S
P R ET G = S
R = (30 m3/s)(86,400 s/day)(365 day/yr)(100 cm/m)(1 yr)
(2500 km2)(1000 m/km) 2
R = 37.90 cm

ET+G = 130 cm 37.90 cm = 92.1 cm

Runoff Coefficient:

R/P = 37.90 / 130

R/P = 0.29
Example:

2. A lake with a surface area of 525 acres was

monitored over a period of time. During a one-
month period, the inflow was 30 cfs, the outflow was
27 cfs, and a 1.5 inch seepage loss measured. During
the same month, the total precipitation was 4.25
inches. Evaporation loss was estimated as 6.0 inches.
Estimate the storage change for this lake during the
month.
Solution:
Problem 2:

Given:
A = 525 acres P = 4.25 inches
t = 1 month E = 6.0 inches
I = 30 ft3/s S = ?
O = 27 ft3/s
S = 1.5 inches
I O = S
I + P O S E = S
33 1 1 2 12 3600 24 30.4
4046.8562 3.28
( )( )( )( )(1)
I=
525
I = 41.368 inches
273 1 1 2 12 3600 24 30.4
2 ( )( )( )( )(1)
4046.856 3.28
O=
525
O = 37.23 inches

41.368 + 4.25 37.23 1.5 6.0 = S

S = 0.888 inches
First Assignment:

1. Clear lake has a surface area of 708,000 m2. For a given month, the lake has an
inflow of 1.5m3/s and an outflow of 1.25m3/s. a storage change of +708,000 m3 was
recorded. If a precipitation gage recorded a total of 22.5 cm for this month,
determine the evaporation loss (in cm) for the lake. Assume that seepage loss is
negligible.

2. Compute for the combined loss, in cm, due to Evaporation, Transpiration and
Infiltration with the following given:

P = 10.5 cm
A = 150 ha
T = 10 hours
R = 2.0 m3/s
S = 0