Comparative Anatomy of the [BIOLOGY 102 LAB:

Vertebrates: Coelom, Digestive and Respiratory Systems]

2. SUBMAXILLARY GLAND
OUTLINE
roundish mass
I. Oral cavity and pharynx
A. Salivary glands angle of the jaw near the posterior
B. Oral Cavity margin of the masseter
C. Pharynx
SUBMAXILLARY DUCT
II. Hyoid apparatus, larynx, trachea, and esophagus
A. Hyoid apparatus accompanied by the SUBLINGUAL
B. Larynx DUCT in cats
C. Trachea pass internal to the digastric and
D. Esophagus mylohyoid muscle
III. Pleural and pericardial cavities situated external to the lining of the
A. Lungs mouth cavity
B. Heart runs forward nearly to the symphysis of
C. Diaphragm the mandible and then penetrates the
IV. Peritoneal cavity lining
A. Liver
B. Gallbladder 3. SUBLINGUAL GLAND
C. Stomach
elongated
D. Spleen
surrounds the submaxillary duct
E. Small Intestine
F. Peyers Patches
4. MOLAR GLAND
G. Pancreas
present in cats only
H. Caecum
situated between the skin and the
I. Large Intestine / Colon
external surface of the mandible, in front
J. Rectum
of the masseter
K. Anus
L. Cavities, Ligaments And Mesenteries
5. INFRAORBITAL GLAND
M. Ducts
lies in the floor of the orbit

B. ORAL CAVITY
1. LIPS and CHEEKS
boundary of the oral cavity
I. ORAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX

2. VESTIBULE
A. SALIVARY GLANDS outgrowths of the oral
lies between the teeth and lips
epithelium

3. HARD PALATE
SALIVARY DUCTS stalk of each outgrowth
anterior portion of the roof of the oral
1. PAROTID GLAND cavity
ventrad and craniad of the base of the supported by the premaxillary, maxillary
pinna and palatine bones
mucous thrown into roughened
PAROTID DUCT transverse ridges

passes across the external surface of 4. SOFT PALATE

the masseter muscle posterior portion of the roof of the oral
penetrates the upper lip cavity
lacks bony support
Comparative Anatomy of the [BIOLOGY 102 LAB:
Vertebrates: Coelom, Digestive and Respiratory Systems]
5. NASOPALATINE DUCTS
pair of openings found at the anterior
end of the hard palate, behind the
incisor teeth
connect the mouth and nasal cavities by
way of the INCISIVE FORAMINA of the
maxillary bones
6. TONGUE
fleshy muscular organ
formed by the fusion of four
components:
(a) primary tongue
(b) gland field/ tuberculum impar
(c) a pair of lateral lingual swellings
7. FRENULUM
vertical fold
anterior margin of the attachment of the
tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
in cats, a fold runs forward from the
frenulum on each side within the teeth,
and terminates anteriorly in a well-
marked flattened papilla which bears the
openings of the submaxillary and
sublingual ducts
8. FILIFORM PAPILLAE
covers the anterior part of the tongue
hard and spine-like
pointed posteriorly
provided with microscopic taste buds
9. FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE
covers the remainder of the tongue
provided with microscopic taste buds
10. VALLATE PAPILLAE
four to six
arranged in V-shaped row
each consisting of a round elevation set
into a pit
at its sides are some very large
fungiform papillae
C. PHARYNX lies posterior and dorsal to the soft
palate
1. EPIGLOTTIS
leaf-shaped structure that conceals the
pharynxs free posterior margin
projects from the base of the tongue
guards the entrance into the respiratory
tract
2. ISTHMUS OF FAUCES
opening formed by the free border of the
palate
leads into the cavity of the pharynx
3. TONSILLAR FOSSA
pits shortly anterior to the free border of
the soft palate on each side
contains the palatine tonsil
bounded in front and behind by low
folds:
(a) anterior GLOSSOPALATINE ARCH
(b) posterior PHARYNGOPALATINE
ARCH
4. PALATINE TONSIL
small mass of lymphoid tissue
5. NASOPHARYNX
revealed dorsal to the soft palate upon
slitting along its median line
6. POSTERIOR NARES / CHOANAE
anterior end of the nasopharynx
internal ends of the nasal passages
7. AUDITORY/EUSTACHIAN TUBE
pair of oblique slits posterior to the
choanae on the lateral wall of the
nasopharynx
canals which connect the pharynx with
the cavity of the middle ear
Because of the formation of the palate and the
consequent posterior migration of the posterior nares,
the air no longer enters the oral cavity, but proceeds
directly into the pharynx
 Comparative Anatomy of the [BIOLOGY 102 LAB:
Vertebrates: Coelom, Digestive and Respiratory Systems]
II. HYOID APPARATUS, LARYNX, TRACHEA, AND
ESOPHAGUS
A. HYOID APPARATUS mammals: derived from
the second and third gill arches
supports the base of the tongue
serves for the origin and insertion of muscles
1. HYOID BODY
rabbit: stout bone
cat: narrow bar
2. HORNS / CORNUA
rabbit: short processes which are
connected by slender, tendinous
muscles with the jugular process of the
occipital bone
cat: long and slender ANTERIOR horn,
consist of a chain of four bony pieces,
the last which articulates with the
tympanic bulla; short POSTERIOR horn
united to the larynx
B. LARYNX / VOICE BOX chamber with
cartilaginous wall
constitutes the projection in the throat,
ADAMS APPLE
1. GLOTTIS
a large opening is situated on the top of
the larynx
epiglottis projects from its ventral margin
2. THYROID CARTILAGE
a large shield-shaped cartilage
supports the ventral wall of the larynx
3. CRICOID CARTILAGE
posterior to the thyroid cartilage
forms a ring around the larynx
4. ARYTENOIDS
pair of projecting cartilages
supports the dorsal rim of the glottis
between the glottis and the opening of
the esophagus
5. TRUE VOCAL CORDS
extends from the arytenoids cartilages
to the thyroid cartilages
nearly occlude the opening
6. FALSE VOCAL CORDS
cats: situated lateral to the true vocal
cords and extending from the tips of the
arytenoids to the base of the epiglottis
C. TRACHEA / WINDPIPE posterior to the larynx
its walls are stiffened by cartilaginous rings,
which are dorsally incomplete, leaving a soft
strip in the dorsal wall of the trachea into which
the esophagus fits
1. THYROID GLAND
flattened elongated body lying against
the trachea and internal to the muscles
anterior end of each lobe is at a level
with the cricoid cartilage
2. ISTHMUS
connects the caudal ends of the two
lobes
crosses the ventral side of the trachea
D. ESOPHAGUS soft tube which proceeds
posteriorly dorsal to the larynx
III. PLEURAL AND PERICARDIAL CAVITIES
MAMMALIAN TRUNK
Divisions:
anterior THORACIC region
3 coelomic cavities:
2 laterally located PLEURAL
cavities
1 median PERICARDIAL cavity
posterior ABDOMINAL region
A. LUNGS - composed of innumerable minute air-
cells, ALVEOLI
right lung > left lung
divided into 3 lobes:
smaller ANTERIOR
larger MIDDLE
POSTERIOR
Comparative Anatomy of the [BIOLOGY 102 LAB:
Vertebrates: Coelom, Digestive and Respiratory Systems]

MEDIAL lobe B. HEART surrounded by 3 coelomic layers:

- projects into a pocket formed visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, and
by a special, dorsally directed parietal pleura of the mediastinal septum
fold of the mediastinal
septum, CAVAL FOLD 1. PARIETAL PERICARDIUM
LATERAL lobe pericardial sac
sac of thin tissue inclosing the heart,
1. PLEURAL CAVITY/SAC attached at its anterior end, where
contains the soft spongy lung vessels enter and leave the heart
separated from the heart by the
2. MEDIASTINAL SEPTUM pericardial cavity
partition which stretches from the heart
to the ventral median line 2. VICERAL PERICARDIUM
consist of the two medial walls of the invested at the surface of the heart
right and left pleural sacs in contact with inseparably adherent to the heart wall
each other continuous with the pericardial sac at
the anterior end
3. MEDIASTINUM
space between the two walls of the 3. PERICARDIAL CAVITY
mediastinal septum (that separate at the narrow space between the pericardial
level of the heart) sac and the heart

4. THYMUS
4. PLEURA mass of gland issue extending forward
smooth moist membrane lining the in the median line ventral to the anterior
pleural sac part of the heart
Division: larger in younger specimen
(a) PARIETAL pleura gland of the internal secretion
lines the inside of the pleural derived from the entodermal lining of gill
cavity pouches of the embryo
covers the anterior face of the development of cells of the immune
diaphragm system, T-cells
forms the MEDIASTINAL
SEPTUM together with the 5. RADIX / ROOT
MEDIAL WALL of the other narrow region that serves as the
pleural sac attachment of the lung
(b) VISCERAL pleura artery, vein, bronchus pass to the lung
passes over the surface of the and veins from the lung
lung to which it is
indistinguishably fused 6. PULMONARY LIGAMENT
cat: a pleural fold to which the lung is
5. CAVAL FOLD attached (to the dorsal thoracic wall)
supports the POSTCAVAL VEIN which
ascends from the liver to the heart and 7. DORSAL AORTA
inclosed in the free dorsal margin of the large vessel injected which arches away
fold from the heart to the left and descend
toward the diaphragm
 Comparative Anatomy of the [BIOLOGY 102 LAB:
Vertebrates: Coelom, Digestive and Respiratory Systems]

C. DIAPHRAGM B. GALLBLADDER imbedded in the right

muscular dome-shaped partition median lobe
forms the posterior wall of the pleural sac rabbit: on its dorsal surface
separates the pleural from the peritoneal cat: cleft
cavity storage and concentration of bile
consist partly of the transverse septum and
other coelomic membranes; then invaded C. STOMACH
by muscle buds from the adjacent cervical 1. CARDIA
myotomes area of junction of the stomach and
plays an important role in respiratory esophagus
movements
ORIGIN: ribs, sternum, vertebrae 2. CARDIAC END
INSERTION: central tendon region adjacent to the cardia
its center consist of connective tissue
forming a circular tendon, CENTRAL 3. FUNDUS
TENDON saclike bulge to the left of the cardia
peculiar to mammals
penetrated by the ESOPHAGUS, AORTA, 4. BODY
and POSTCAVAL VEIN
5. PYLORUS
When contracted, the diaphragm flattens, thus area of junction of the stomach and
lengthening the pleural cavities posteriorly and causing small intestine
air to rush into the lungs.
6. PYLORIC VALVE
thickened ridge inside the pylorus
IV. PERITONEAL CAVITY abdominal cavity
its anterior wall is formed by the DIAPHRAGM 7. PYLORIC END
lined by a membrane, PERITONEUM constriction, beyond which the small
Division: intestine makes an abrupt bend
PARIETAL peritoneum
VISCERAL peritoneum / SEROSA 8. GREATER CURVATURE
larger, convex posterior surface of the
A. LIVER grayish brown in preserved stomach from the cardia to the pylorus
specimens
convex anterior and concave posterior 9. LESSER CURVATURE
surfaces shorter slightly concave anterior surface
divided into RIGHT and LEFT lobes, each of
which is subdivided into MEDIAN and 10. RUGAE
LATERAL marked ridges in the wall of the stomach
left lateral > right lateral
right medial > left medial D. SPLEEN attached to the left border of the
cat: RIGHT LATERAL lobe is deeply cleft stomach
into two lobules helps to destroy old red blood cells, form
situated between the stomach and the liver lymphocytes, and store blood
is a small CAUDATE lobe
secretes bile, stores and filters blood, and E. SMALL INTESTINE
takes part in metabolic functions, for digestion and absorption
example, the conversion of sugars into
glycogen.
Comparative Anatomy of the [BIOLOGY 102 LAB:
Vertebrates: Coelom, Digestive and Respiratory Systems]
1. DUODENUM
supported by a part if the dorsal
mesentery, the MESENTERY PROPER
2. JEJUNUM
3. ILEUM
4. VILLI
fingerlike projections of the mucous
membrane
5. ILEOCOLIC VALVE
elevation projecting into the ileum
F. PEYERS PATCHES aggregations of lymph
nodules present in the wall of the intestine
thickened oval light-colored spots along the
colon
G. PANCREAS definite, compact, pinkish gland
secretes juices into the small intestine
secretes hormones, glucagon, insulin and
somatostatin into the blood stream
H. CAECUM marks the junction of small and
large intestine
vermiform appendix absent
I. LARGE INTESTINE / COLON
passes forward as the ASCENDING
COLON; then urns and extends across the
peritoneal cavity from right to left as the
TRANSVERSE COLON; then turns abruptly
at the left and proceeds straight posteriorly
as the DESCENDING COLON
extract water and form feces
J. RECTUM
terminal portion of the descending colon
K. ANUS
opening at the lower end of the alimentary
canal through which feces are released
L. CAVITIES, LIGAMENTS AND MESENTERIES
1. MESENTERIES / LIGAMENTS
double-walled membranes formed by the
peritoneum
(a) DORSAL mesentery
specifically, the MESENTERY
PROPER, supports the
duodenum
intact in mammals
(b) VENTRAL mesentery
persist in the region of the liver
and urinary bladder
2. MESOGASTER
passes over the stomach
forms the visceral peritoneum of the
stomach
incloses the stomach between its walls
3. GREATER OMENTUM
owes its origin in part to the rotation of
the stomach
its line of attachment to the greater
curvature is original dorsal surface of
the stomach, while the lesser curvature
is the original ventral surface
4. GASTROHEPATODUODENAL LIGAMENT/
LESSER OMENTUM
passes from the lesser curvature of the
stomach to the posterior surface of the
liver
Division:
(a) GASTROHEPATIC LIGAMENT
from the lesser curvature to the
liver
its portion which contains the
caudate lobe forms a LESSER
PERITONEAL SAC which
continues anteriorly the cavity of
the greater omentum
(b) HEPATODUODENAL LIGAMENT
from the liver to the duodenum
in which the common bile duct
passes to the intestine
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
has a free border which forms
the ventral rim of an opening or
slit, FORAMEN EPIPLOICUM,
which serves as the entrance
into the cavity of the omentum
Comparative Anatomy of the [BIOLOGY 102 LAB:
Vertebrates: Coelom, Digestive and Respiratory Systems]

5. GASTROSPLENIC / GASTROLIENAL 5. PANCREATIC DUCT

LIGAMENT (a) principal duct joins the common
portion of the great omentum between bile duct at the point where the latter
the spleen and the stomach enters the duodenum
(b) secondary/accessory duct enters
6. GASTROCOLIC LIGAMENT the duodenum
secondary fusion formed between the
mesogaster ant the mesentery of the 6. AMPULLA OF VATER
intestine slightly swollen chamber where bile and
pancreatic ducts unite
7. FALCIFORM LIGAMENT
extends from between the two median
lobes of the liver to the median ventral
line
thin sheet with concave posterior border

8. CORONARY LIGAMENT
stout ligament
attaches to the liver to the central
tendon of the diaphragm
circular in form and its ring of
attachment to the liver bounds a small
space on the anterior face of the liver
which is free from serosa

9. MESODUODENUM
part of the dorsal mesentery
supports the duodenum

10. DUODENORENAL LIGAMENT

attaches the duodenum to the right
kidney

M. DUCTS

1. COMMON BILE DUCT

bounds the duodenum to the liver
cystic duct + hepatic duct

2. BILE DUCT
runs in the hepatoduodenal ligament

3. CYSTIC DUCT
from the gall bladder

4. HEPATIC DUCT
from the lobes of the liver