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W
Unit weight : =
V
Gs w
Dry unit weight : d =
1+ e
DRY H1
Moist unit weight : = dry ( 1 + )
(Gs + e) w
Saturated unit weight: sat =
1+ e
Zero air void unit weight: MOIST H2
Gs w
zav = G.W.T.
1+ e
Moisture content (water content)
Ww
= SATURATED
Ws H3
G s
Degree of saturation : s =
e
e
Porosity : n = Phases of Soil
1+ e
Air void ratio = n (1 s)
G.W.T. = ground water table
where : W = total weight
V = volume
Gs = specific gravity
e = void ratio
w = unit weight of water
= 9.81 kN/m3 ( 1gram/cm3 )
GEOTECHNICAL
Relative density ( Density index ) Soil Characteristic Liquidity Index
brittle solid <0
emax - e plastic <1
Dr = or
emax - emin liquid >1
1 / d min - 1 / d
Dr =
1 / d min - 1 / d max Shrinkage Ratio : S.R.
m2
e = in-situ void ratio S.R. =
V2 w
emax = void ratio in loosest condition
emin = void ratio in densest condition Specific Gravity: Gs
d = dry unit weight in the field
1
d(max) = dry unit weight in densest condition Gs =
1 SL
d(min) = dry unit weight in loosest condition -
SR 100
Shrinkage limit : S.L.
(m1 - m2 ) (V1 - V2 )
S.L. = - w in %
m2 m2
m1 = initial mass in saturated state SOIL CLASSIFICATION
m2 = final mass in dry state
V1 = initial volume in saturated state U.S. Dept of Agriculture (USDA Method)
V2 = final volume in dry state Gravel Sand Silt Clay
> 2 mm 2 to 0.05mm 0.05 to 0.002mm < 0.002 mm
Uniformity coefficient, Cu
Some methods for determining density of
D
Cu = 60 soil in the field:
D10
Discharge velocity, V
V=ki
Seepage velocity, Vs
V
Vs =
n
n = porosity
GEOTECHNICAL
Vertical Stresses in Soil Compressibility of Soil
h1
Dry, d
B G.W.T.
h Components of Settlement:
h2 Saturated, sat
S = S1 + S2 + S3
C
S = total settlement
1. Total stress at C : c = d h1 + sat h2
S1 = immediate or distortion settlement
2. Pore water pressure at C : uc = w h
S2 = primary consolidation settlement
3. Effective stress at C = Total stress Pore pressure
c = c uc S3 = secondary consolidation settlement
t2 open open
S3 = Ca H log
t1 Hdr
Ca H Hdr
Ca =
1 + ep
e
Ca = open closed
t
log 2
t1 Cv t
Tv =
Ca = secondary compression index H 2 dr
ep = void ratio at the end of primary consolidation Cv = coefficient of consolidation
= eo - e Tv = time factor
Po + P Hdr = drainage distance of water
e = Cc log
Po
Preconsolidation Pressure, Pc
t1 = time for completion of primary consolidation
t2 = time after completion of primary
Pc
consolidation OCR =
Po
Immediate Settlement, S1 OCR = overconsolidation ratio
Pc = preconsolidation pressure
(1 - 2 ) Po = soil overburden pressure
S1 = Cs q B
Es
Cs = shape and foundation rigidity factor
q = pressure due to load
B = width of foundation or diameter of circular
foundation
= Poissons ratio of soil
Es = modulus of elasticity of soil
GEOTECHNICAL
Bearing Capacity of Foundations Case 2: the water table is located at the bottom
of the foundation
Terzaghis Bearing-Capacity
2
N = (Nq + 1) tan 1.4 =
1
[ + (B - d)
B dry
]
Modification of value in the 3rd term of the
= sat - w
ultimate bearing capacity equation:
Case 4: the water table is located so that d > B
G.W.T.
B
d>B
G.W.T.
B
= dry
= sat - w
GEOTECHNICAL
Shear Strength of Soil
Unconfined Compression Test Method
Normal Force
Direct Shear Test Method
1
Shear Force
1
c
cu
c
3 deviator stress
3 deviator stress 1
1
h = k v
Frictional capcity
Cuts in Clay when <4
C Qf = PL (Qv + 2C )
0.25 H Qb Pv diagram
Pa= 0.3 H
Qb + Qf
Design Load : Qall =
ka = Rankine active pressure coefficient F.S.
C = cohesion of clay
= unit weight of soil
H = depth of cut
GEOTECHNICAL
Piles on Sand Qall Drilled Piles on Clay
Qall
Ds
Dc 1.5 m
Qf L1 L
Qf
Ds
L2
Qb Pv diagram
Db
End bearing capacity Qb
Qb = Pv Nq Atip End bearing capacity
Qb = qp Atip
Frictional capcity
Qf = P ( area of Pv diagram ) K L1 + L2
qp = 6C [ 1 + 0.2 ] but not greater than CNc
Db
Qb + Qf
Design Load : Qall = Db = bell diameter
F.S.
Ds = shaft diameter
Critical Depth, Dc Qb + Qf
i. Dc = 20 x diameter of pile for dense sand Design Load : Qall =
F.S.
ii. Dc = 10 x diameter of pile for loose sand
L Qf
[(n - 1) m + (m - 1) n]
Eg = 1 -
90 m n
Qb
End bearing capacity Bowles :
Qb = qp Atip 2 ( m + n - 2) S + 4D
Eg =
D m n
a. Nvalue < 50 m = number of rows of piles
qp = 57.5 Nvalue < 2900 kPa n = number of piles in a row
b. Nvalue > 50 D
tan =
P S
qp = 0.59[ Nvalue ( a )]0.8
Pvb D = diameter of pile
Pa = 100 kPa S = spacing of piles center to center
Pvb = effective vertical pressure at base elevation
Settlement of Piles
Frictional capcity : Qf = Pv P L
a. Nvalue 15 Se = Se1 + Se2 + Se3
= 1.5 n (z)0.5
b. Nvalue < 15 Elastic Settlement of Pile, Se1
N (Qwp + Qws ) L
= value [ 1.5 n (z)0.5 ] Se1 =
15 Ap Ep
Pv = effective vertical overburden pressure at
Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working
depth z.
load condition
z = height from ground surface to mid-height of a
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under
given layer
working load condition
n = 0.245
Ap = cross sectional area of pile
P = perimeter of pile
L = length of pile
L = length of pile
GEOTECHNICAL
Settlement of Pile caused by the Load at the Pile Settlement of Group of Piles
Tip , Se2
qwp D
Se2 = (1 - s2 ) Iwp
Es
Qwp
qwp =
Ap
Es = modulus of elasticity of soil
s = Poissons ratio of soil
Iwp = influence factor
Qws D
Se3 = (1 - s2 ) Iws
PLEs
L
Iws = 2 + 0.35
D
P = perimeter of pile
Cc H P + P
L = length of pile S= log o
1 + eo Po
Iws = influence factor
D = diameter of pile
Cc = compression index
H = thickness of clay layer
eo = initial void ratio
P = average increase in pressure on clay
Po = effective overburden pressure at the mid-
height of the clay layer