SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS

S.11.1 From Eq. (11.4) the shear in the bar is given by

Tr
5
J
where J 5 D4/32, i.e.

16T
5
D3
Therefore the shear stress varies directly with the applied torque but is inversely
proportional to the diameter cubed. It follows that while the torque in the bar where the
diameter is 100 mm is four times that where the diameter is 50 mm the ratio of the
diameters cubed is 8 so that the maximum shear stress will occur in the bar where the
diameter is 50 mm. Then

16 3 1 3 106
max 5 5 40:7 N=mm2
3 503
Alternatively the stresses in both parts of the bar could be calculated and the maximum
chosen.
Again from Eq. (11.4), the angle of twist is given by 5 TL/GJ. Therefore (free
end) 5 (4 3 106 3 200 3 32/70 000 3 3 1004 1 1 3 106 3 400 3 32/70 000 3 3 504)/
(180/) 5 0.6 .
S.11.2 Referring to Fig. S.11.2 and using Eq. (11.8)
12 kN m
A B C

TA TC

1.5 m 0.5 m

FIGURE S.11.2


0:5
TA 5 3 12 5 3 kN m
2:0

Therefore, from equilibrium

TC 5 9 kN m

e158
 Solutions to Chapter 11 Problems e159

Maximum shear stress condition:

From Eqs (11.4)

Tmax max
5 D (i)
J 2

where D is the external diameter of the shaft and J 5 (D4 2 d4)/32 in which d is the
internal diameter of the shaft. Then, substituting in Eq. (i)

9 3 106 150
h i 5 80
804 2 d 4
32 2

which gives

d 5 63:7 mm

Maximum angle of twist condition:

The maximum angle of twist will occur at B; then either the portion AB or the portion BC
may be considered. Considering AB, from Eqs (11.4)

TAB LAB
B 5
GJ
i.e.

3 3 106 3 1:5 3 103

1:5 3 5 h i
180 80 000 3 804 2 d4
32

from which

d 5 66:1 mm

The maximum allowable internal diameter is therefore 63.7 mm.

S.11.3 From equilibrium

TA 1 TD 5 2500 Nm (i)

From compatibility

BAB 5 BBC 1 CCD

Therefore, from Eqs (11.4) and since GJ 5 constant

TA 3 2 5 TD 2 1500 3 1 1 TD 3 1
e160 Solutions Manual

i.e.

TA 5 TD 2 750 (ii)

Solving Eqs (i) and (ii) gives

TA 5 875 Nm; TD 5 1625 Nm

Therefore, from Eqs (11.4)

25
max 5 1625 3 103 3  4  5 66:2 N=mm2
50
32

The maximum angle of twist will occur at B. Then, considering AB

875 3 103 3 2 3 103

B 5  4  5 0:0407 rad 5 2:3 :
70 000 3 50
32

S.11.4 From equilibrium

TA 1 TD 5 1 (i)
and from compatibility

BAB 5 BBC 1 CCD

Then, from Eqs (11.4)

TA 3 1:0 TD 2 1 3 0:5 TD 3 0:5

 4 5  4 1  4
75
32 50
32 50
32

i.e.

TA 5 5:1 TD 2 2:5 (ii)

Solving Eqs (i) and (ii)

TA 5 0:43 kN m; TD 5 0:57 kN m

Then
0:57 3 106 3 25
max 5  4 5 23:2 N=mm2
32
50
 Solutions to Chapter 11 Problems e161

The maximum angle of twist will occur at C. Then

0:57 3 106 3 0:5 3 103

C 5  4 5 0:00664 rad 5 0:38
70 000 3 32
50

The distribution of torque along the bar is shown in Fig. S.11.4.

0.57 kN m

ve
A B C D

ve

0.43 kN m

FIGURE S.11.4

S.11.5 From the derivation of Eq. (11.3) the polar second moment of area of the cross section of
the shaft is

J5 3 1504 5 49:7 3 106 mm4
32
The maximum torque the shaft can transmit is given by the first part of Eq. (11.4) and is

85 3 49:7 3 106
T5 5 56:3 3 106 Nmm
75
The power transmitted by the shaft is then

2 3 90
P 5 56:3 3 103 3 5 530615 watts
60
That is

P 5 531 kW

The angle of twist in the shaft in a length of 5 m is, from Eq. (11.4)

56:3 3 106 3 5 3 103

5 5 0:071 rad
80000 3 49:7 3 106
That is

5 4:1
e162 Solutions Manual

S.11.6 The polar second moment of area of the cross section of the shaft is given by
Eq. (11.5) and is

J5 754 2 454 5 43:3 3 106 mm4
4

The maximum torque the shaft can transmit is, from Eq. (11.4)

85 3 43:3 3 106
T5 5 49:1 3 106 Nmm
75

Then, the power transmitted is

2 3 90
P 5 49:1 3 103 3 5 462757 watts
60

That is

P 5 463 kW

The percentage reduction in power is

531 2 463
% reduction 5 3 100 5 12:8%
531

The percentage weight reduction is directly proportional to the reduction is cross sectional
area and is given by

1502 2 1502 2 902

% weight reduction 5 3 100 5 36%
1502

S.11.7 From Eq. (11.10) the angle of twist under the applied torque is given by

10 3 106 3 250 3 32
5 5 0:05 rad 5 2:9
75000 3 3 504

Since the torque in the outer half of the bar is zero the angle of twist of the free end of the
bar relative to the section at which the torque is applied is also zero. The angle of twist of
the free end of the bar is therefore 2.9 .
S.11.8 From Eq. (11.11) the torque producing yield is

R3
TY 5 40 3 106 5 3 120
2
 Solutions to Chapter 11 Problems e163

which gives
R 5 59:6 mm

The minimum diameter of the bar is therefore 119.2 mm.

S.11.9 From Eq. (11.12)


2 3 59:63 3 120 re3
45 3 106 5 12
3 4 3 59:63

from which

re 5 50:7 mm

The diameter of the elastic core is therefore 101.4 mm.

The torque in the elastic core is given by

120 3 3 50:73
Te 5 5 24:6 3 106 Nmm
2
The corresponding angle of twist is then

2 3 24:6 3 106 3 5 3 103

5 5 0:148 rad
3 80000 3 50:74
That is

5 8:5

S.11.10 From the derivation of Eq. (11.11)

J
TY 5 Y
R
where, for a hollow section bar
4
J5 R 2 R4i
2 o
Then

100
TY 5 3 604 2 304 5 31:8 kNm
60 2
From Eq. (i) of Ex. 11.8


3 100 4 1
1:2 3 31:8 3 106 5 3 603 re 2 re4 2 304
2re 3 3
e164 Solutions Manual

which simplifies to

52:4re4 2 7:08 3 106 re 1 127:23 3 106 5 0

Solving by trial and error gives

re 5 42:8 mm

The torque carried by the elastic portion of the bar is then

Y Je 100
Te 5 5 3 42:84 2 304
re 42:8 2

from which
Te 5 9:3 3 106 Nmm

The corresponding angle of twist may be obtained from either of Eqs (11.15) or (11.16).
The latter produces the simpler calculation and gives

100 3 5 3 103
5 5 0:15 rad
80000 3 42:8
That is

5 8:3

S.11.11 The maximum torque in the box girder is 1 3 2 3 103 kNm. Then, from Eq. (11.22)
1 3 2 3 103 3 106
max 5 5 133:3 N=mm2 .
2 3 1000 3 750 3 10
The rate of twist of the girder is given by Eq. (11.25) since G is constant. Also
I
ds 2 3 1000 2 3 750
5 1 5 300
t 10 15

Eq. (11.25) then becomes

d T 3 300
5 5 1:905 3 10215 T
dx 4 3 1000 3 7502 3 70 000

In AB, T 5 2000 3 106 N mm. Therefore

AB 5 2000 3 106 3 1:905 3 10215 x 1 B 5 3:81 3 1026 x 1 B

When x 5 0, AB 5 0 so that B 5 0. Also when x 5 2000 mm

AB 5 0:00762 rad 5 0:44

 Solutions to Chapter 11 Problems e165

In BC, T 5 1 3 l06(4000 2 x) so that


29 x2
BC 5 1:905 3 10 4000x 2 1C
2
When x 5 2000 mm, BC 5 0.00762 rad so that C 5 20.00381. Then


x2
BC 5 1:905 3 1029 4000x 2 2 0:00381
2
When x 5 4000 mm, BC 5 0.01143 rad 5 0.65
The distribution of angle of twist in degrees is shown in Fig. S.11.11.

0.65
0.44

C B A

FIGURE S.11.11

S.11.12 Referring to Fig. P.11.12 and Eq. (11.24) and also noting that Gt 5 constant 5
44 000 N/mm, then

d 4500 3 103 2 3 200 1 100 1 3 50

5
dx 4100 3 2001 3 50 =2
2 2 44 000

which gives
d
5 29:3 3 1026 rad=mm
dx

S.11.13 The total torque applied to the beam is 20 3 4 3 103 Nm. From symmetry the reactive
torques at A and D will be equal and are 40 3 103 Nm. Therefore,
TAB 5 40 000 Nm
TBC 5 40 000 2 20x 2 1000 5 60 000 2 20x Nm x in mm
Note that the torque distribution is antisymmetrical about the centre of the beam. The
maximum torque in the beam is therefore 40 000 Nm so that, from Eq. (11.22)

40 000 3 103
max 5 5 71:4 N=mm2
2 3 200 3 350 3 4
The rate of twist along the length of the beam is given by Eq. (11.25) in which
I
ds 2 3 200 2 3 350
5 1 5 216:7
t 4 6
e166 Solutions Manual

Then

d 216:7
5 T 5 15:79 3 10214 T
dx 4 3 200 3 3502 3 70 000
In AB, TAB 5 40 000 Nm so that

AB 5 6:32 3 1026 x 1 B
When x 5 0, AB 5 0 so that B 5 0 and when x 5 1000 mm, AB 5 0.0063 rad (0.361 )
In BC, TBC 5 60 000 2 20x Nm. Then, from Eq. (11.25)

BC 5 15:79 3 10214 60 000x 2 10x2 3 103 1 C

When x 5 1000 mm, BC 5 0.0063 so that C 5 20.0016. Then

BC 5 1:579 3 10210 60 000x 2 10x2 2 0:0016

At mid-span where x 5 3000 mm, BC 5 0.0126 rad (0.722 ).

S.11.14 The torque is constant along the length of the beam and is 1 kN m. Also the thickness is
constant round the beam section so that the shear stress will be a maximum where the area
enclosed by the mid-line of the section wall is a minimum, i.e. at the free end. Then

1000 3 103
max 5 5 33:3 N=mm2
2 3 50 3 150 3 2
H
The rate of twist is given by Eq. (11.25) in which ds=t varies along the length of the
beam as does the area enclosed by the mid-line of the section wall. Then
I   
50x
ds 2 3 50 1 150 1 2500
5 5 125 1 0:01x
t 2

where x is measured from the free end of the beam.

Also


50x
A 5 50 150 1 5 7500 1 x
2500

Then


d 1 3 106 125 1 0:01x
5
dx 4 3 25 000 75001x2

or

d 12 500 1 x
5 10
dx 10075001x2
 Solutions to Chapter 11 Problems e167

i.e.

d 5000 1
5 0:1 1
dx 75001x2 7500 1 x

Then

25000
5 0:1 1 loge 7500 1 x 1 B
7500 1 x

When x 5 2500 mm, 5 0 so that B 5 26.41 and


25000
5 0:1 1 loge 7500 1 x 2 6:41 rad
7500 1 x

When x 5 0, 5 10.6 etc.

S.11.15 The maximum shear stress in the section is given by Eq. (11.31) in which, from
Eq. (11.27)


3 20 1 15 1 25 1 25
J 5232 5 453:3 mm4
3

Then

50 3 103 3 2
max 5 5 220:6 N=mm2
453:3
From Eq. (11.31)
d T
5
dx GJ
i.e.

d 50 3 103
5 5 0:0044 rad=mm:
dx 25 000 3 453:3

S.11.16 From Fig. 10.16 the shear centre of the section lies at the point B. The shear loading may
therefore be replaced by shear loads acting through B together with a torque as shown in
Fig. S.11.16.
The maximum shear stress due to the applied torque is given by Eq. (11.31) in which,
from Eq. (11.27),
60 3 23 80 3 2:53
J5 1 5 576:7 mm4
3 3
Then
e168 Solutions Manual

2.0 mm y
z

60 mm z
G y
sB
sA
A
500 N B 2000 N mm 2.5 mm
1000 N
80 mm

FIGURE S.11.16

2000 3 2:5
max torsionAB 5 5 8:67 N=mm2
576:7
2000 3 2:0
max torsionBC 5 5 6:94 N=mm2
576:7
The shear stress distribution due to shear is given by Eq. (10.22) in which Sz 5 2 500 N
and Sy 5 2 1000 N. Referring to Fig. S.11.16 the area of cross section is

A 5 80 3 2:5 1 60 3 2:0 5 320 mm2

Then

320 z 5 80 3 2:5 3 40

which gives

z 5 25 mm

Also

320 y 5 60 3 2:0 3 30

so that

y 5 11:25 mm
2 3 603
Iz 5 80 3 2:5 3 11:252 1 1 60 3 2 3 18:752 5 103 500 mm4
12
2:5 3 803
Iy 5 60 3 2 3 252 1 1 80 3 2:5 3 152 5 226 667 mm4
12
Izy 5 60 3 22518:75 1 80 3 2:5215211:25 5 90 000 mm4
 Solutions to Chapter 11 Problems e169

The denominator in Eq. (10.22) is

Iz Iy 2 Izy
2
5 103 500 3 226 667 2 90 0002 5 1:54 3 1010

Substituting in Eq. (10.22)

2 3
21000 3 90 000 1 500 3 103 500
qs 5 4 5 s tz ds
1:54 3 10 10 0
2 3
2500 3 90 000 1 1000 3 226 6675 s
14 0 ty ds
1:54 3 1010

i.e.
s s
qs 5 20:0025 tz ds 1 0:0118 ty ds
0 0

Then
SA SA
qAB 5 20:0025 2:5255 1 sA ds 1 0:0118 2:5211:25ds
0 0

i.e.

qAB 5 0:0119 sA 2 0:0031 s2A (i)

At B where sA 5 80 mm, qAB 5 218.9 N/mm.

Examination of Eq. (i) shows that qAB is zero at sA 5 20.8 mm and has a turning value at
sA 5 41.6 mm where qAB 5 24.9 N/mm. Therefore the maximum shear flow in AB is
218.9 N/mm and the maximum shear stress is 22:5 18:9
5 2 7:6 N=mm2 .
Also
SB SB
qBC 5 20:0025 2 3 25 ds 1 0:0118 2211:25 1 sB ds 2 18:9
0 0

i.e.

qBC 5 20:3905 sB 1 0:0118 s2B 2 18:9 (ii)

From Eq. (ii), qBC is a maximum when sB 5 16.5 mm, i.e. the maximum value of shear flow
in BC is 222.1 N/mm and the maximum shear stress is 222.1/2 5 211.1 N/mm2.
Combining the torsional shear stresses with the shear stresses due to shear it can be seen
that the maximum shear stress is 6.9 1 11.1 5 18.0 N/mm2 which occurs on the inside of
BC at 16.5 mm from B.
e170 Solutions Manual

S.11.17 The maximum shear stress in the section is given by Eq. (11.31) in which

 50 h  s i3
100 3 2:543 2 3 38 3 1:273 2
J5 1 1 1:2711:27 ds 5 854:2 mm4
3 3 3 0 50

in which s is measured from a lip/flange junction. Then

100 3 103 3 2:54

max 5 6 5 6 297:4 N=mm2
854:2
The rate of twist is given by Eq. (11.31) and is

d 100 3 103
5 5 0:0044 rad=mm:
dx 26 700 3 854:2

S.11.18 The torsion constant J of the section is given by Eq. (11.27) and is

4rt3 rt3
J5 1 5 2:38rt3
3 3
The maximum shear stress per unit torque is given by Eq. (11.31) and is

t 0:42
max 5 6 56 2
2:38rt3 rt

S.11.19 The loading is equivalent to a torque of 1 3 25 5 25 kNmm and a shear load of 1 kN

applied as shown in Figs S.11.19(a) and (b).
Torque: The maximum shear stress due to the applied torque is given by Eq. (11.31) in
which

100 3 33 80 3 23
J5 1 5 1113:3 mm4
3 3

1 kN
3 2 4 3 2 4

y
T = 25 kNmm z G
+ s1

1 1

(a) (b)

FIGURE S.11.19
 Solutions to Chapter 11 Problems e171

Then

25 3 103 3 3
max324 5 6 5 6 67:4 N=mm2
1113:3
and

25 3 103 3 2
max12 5 6 5 6 44:9 N=mm2
1113:3
The rate of twist of the section is given by Eq. (11.26) and is

d 25 3 103
5 5 9:0 3 1024 rad=mm
dx 25000 3 1113:3
Shear: The shear stress distribution is determined using the method described in Ch. 10.
Since the section has a vertical axis of symmetry Izy 5 0 and since Sz 5 0 also, Eq. (10.22)
reduces to

Sy s
qs 5 2 ty ds (i)
Iz 0

The position of the centroid of area and the second moment of area Iz are found in the
usual way and are

y 5 13:9 mm; Iz 5 252290 mm4

Then, from Eq. (i)

S1
21 3 103
q12 5 2 2266:1 1 s1 ds1
252290 0

which gives

q12 5 7:93 3 1023 266:1s1 1 0:5s21 (ii)

The maximum value of q12 occurs when dq12/ds1 5 0, that is when, from Eq. (ii)

s1 5 66:1 mm

Substituting this value in Eq. (ii) gives

q12max 5 217:4 N=mm

e172 Solutions Manual

so that

12max 5 217:4=2 5 28:7 N=mm2

The value of the shear flow in the web 12 at 2 is, from Eq. (ii)

q2 5 7:93 3 1023 266:1 3 80 1 0:5 3 802 5 216:6 N=mm

Therefore the maximum shear flow in the flange is 28.3 N/mm at 2 and the
corresponding shear stress is 28.3/3 5 22.8 N/mm2 and occurs in the directions 32 and
42. The maximum shear stress in the section due to torsion and shear is then

max 5 67:4 1 2:8 5 70:2 N=mm2

and occurs on the underside of 24 at 2 and on the upper surface of 32 at 2.