Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach Page | 1

CHAPTERi-1
1.iINTRODUCTION
1.1iProjectiDescription
AIM:
Toicreateiweb iapplicationiwhichi recommendsitraveli packageibyiusing icocktail
ialgorithm.
ABSTRACT:
Recentiyearsi haveiwitnessed ianiincreasedi interestiinirecommender isystems.iDespite
isignificantiprogress iinithisifield, ithereistilliremaini numerousiavenuesito iexplore.i
Indeed,ithisipaperi providesiaistudy iofiexploitingi onlineitraveli informationifor
ipersonalizeditravel ipackageirecommendation.i
Aicriticalichallenge ialongithisilinei isitoiaddressithei uniqueicharacteristicsi
ofitravelidata,I which idistinguishi travelipackages ifromitraditionali itemsifori
recommendation.i
Toithatiend, iinithisipaper, iweifirstianalyze itheicharacteristicsi ofitheiexistingitraveli
packagesiandidevelop iaitourist-area-seasoni topici(TAST)imodel.i
ThisiTASTimodeli canirepresentitraveli packagesianditouristsi byidifferentitopic
idistributions,iwherei theitopiciextractioniis iconditionedioniboth itheitouristsiandithe
iintrinsicifeaturesi(i.e.,ilocations,I traveliseasons) iofithei landscapes.
Then,ibasedionithisi topicimodelirepresentation, iweiproposeiaicocktaili
approachitoigeneratei theilistsiforipersonalizedi travelipackage irecommendation.i
Furthermore, iweiextenditheiTAST imodelitoithei tourist-relation-area-seasoni
topici(TRAST)imodeli foricapturing itheilatentirelationships iamongithei touristsiinieachi
traveligroup.i
Finally,I weievaluatei theiTASTimodel,I theiTRASTimodel, ianditheicocktaili
recommendation approachionitheireal-world itravelipackage idata.i
Experimentaliresultsi showithatitheiTAST imodelicanieffectivelyi captureitheiunique
icharacteristicsiofithei travelidataiandi theicocktaili approachiis,I thus,imuchimorei
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effectiveithan itraditionalirecommendationi techniquesiforitraveli packagei

recommendation.i
Also,ibyi consideringitouristi relationships,ithe iTRASTimodelican ibeiusedias
ianieffectivei assessmentifori traveligroupiformation.

1.2iCompanyiProfile
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CHAPTERi-2
2.iLITERATUREiSURVEY
2.1iIntroduction
EveryiSoftware idevelopmentirequires itheisurveyiprocess.i TheiSurveyiprocessiis
ineededitoigetithei requirementiforithei software.iTheiSurveyi alsoiconsistsiofi
studyingitheipresenti systemiandialsoistudying iaboutitheitoolsineeded iforitheidevelopment
iofitheisoftware.iA iproperiunderstanding iofitheitoolsiisiveryi muchiessential.iFollowing
iisianiextractiof theiinformationi ofitheimaterialicollected iduringiliteratureisurvey.

2.1iExistingiandiProposediSystem
2.1.1iExistingiSystem
Indeed,itherei areimanyitechnical iandidomainichallenges iinherentiinidesigning
iandiimplementingi anieffectivei recommenderisystemi foripersonalizeditraveli
packageirecommendation.i
First,itravelidatai areimuchifewer iandisparserithani traditionaliitems,isuchi
asimoviesifori recommendation, ibecauseitheicosts iforiaitraveliare imuchimorei
expensive ithaniforiwatching iaimovie.i
Second,ieveryi travelipackagei consistsiofimanyi landscapesi(placesiof
iinterestiandiattractions),I and,ithus,ihasiintrinsici complexispatio-temporali
relationships.i
Foriexample, iaitravelipackage ionlyiincludesithe ilandscapesiwhichi areigeographically
icolocateditogether.i
Also,idifferenti travelipackages iareiusuallyi developedifor idifferentitraveli
seasons.iTherefore,I theilandscapesiinia itravelipackageiusually ihaveispatialitemporali
autocorrelations.i
Third,itraditionali recommenderisystems iusuallyirelyioniuser iexplicitiratings.i
However,iforitravel idata,itheiuseriratingsi areiusuallyinot iconvenientlyi available.i
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Finally,ithei traditionaliitemsi forirecommendation iusuallyihaveiailong iperiodiofistablei

value,iwhileithe ivalueiofitravelipackagesi canieasilyidepreciatei overitimeiandia
ipackageiusuallyi onlyilastsi foriaicertainiperiodiof itime.
Theitravelicompaniesi needitoiactivelyi createinewitouri packagesitoireplacei
theioldionesibasedi onithe iinterestsiofithe itourists.

DisadvantageiofiExistingiSystem:

Theiproblemiof ileveragingiuniquei featuresitoidistinguish ipersonalized itravelipackagei

recommendationsifrom itraditionalirecommenderisystems iremainsipretty iopen.
Theiuseriratingsiarei usuallyinoticonveniently iavailable.

2.1.2iProposediSystem
Toiaddressi theseichallenges,iini ouripreliminaryiwork,I weiproposediaicocktail
iapproachionipersonalized itravelipackage irecommendation.i
Specifically,iwe ifirstianalyzeithei keyicharacteristicsi ofitheiexistingitraveli
packages.iAlongithis iline,itravelitimeiandi travelidestinationsiare idividediintoidifferenti
seasonsiandiareas.i
Then,iweidevelop iaitourist-area-seasonitopic i(TAST)imodel, iwhichicanirepresenti
travelipackagesiand itouristsiby idifferentitopic idistributions.i
InitheiTASTimodel, itheiextractioniof itopicsiisiconditioned onibothitheitouristsi
anditheiintrinsici featuresi(i.e.,ilocations,itraveliseasons) iofitheilandscapes.i
Asiairesult, itheiTASTimodeli caniwellirepresenti theicontentiofithe
itravelipackagesiandi theiinterestsi ofitheitourists.i
Basedionithis iTASTimodel,ia icocktailiapproachi isidevelopedifor ipersonalizeditravel
ipackageirecommendation ibyiconsideringisomei additionalifactorsiincluding
itheiseasonalibehaviorsi ofitourists,itheipricesiofi travelipackages,iandithe icoldistarti
problemiofinew ipackages.i
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Finally,ithei experimentaliresultsionireal-worlditravel idataishowithati theiTASTimodeli

canieffectivelyicapture itheiuniquei characteristicsi ofitravelidataiand itheicocktaili
recommendationiapproach iperformsimuchibetteri thanitraditionalitechniques.

AdvantageiofiProposediSystem:

Itigoesibeyond ipersonalizedipackage irecommendations iandiisihelpfulifor

icapturingitheilatenti relationshipsiamong itheitouristsiinieachitraveligroup.
Itiaimsitoimake personalizeditravel ipackageirecommendationsi foritheitourists.

2.2 Feasibility Study

Theifeasibilityistudyiproposesi oneiorimoreifeasibleiconceptualisolutions itoithe ipro
blemisetiofitheiproject.i Theiconceptualisolutionsigive ianiideaiofiwhatitheinewisystemiwi
llilookilike.i Theyiindicatei whatiinputsiareineededibyitheisystem for the mass data and the
iandiwhatioutputsiwillibe iproduced. iThreeithingsitoibeidoneitoiestablishedifeasibility.
iFirst,iitimustibe ichecked itha titheiprojectiisitechnicallyifeasible.i Second,I
operationalifeasibility imustibeiestablished.i Forithis,iitiisinecessaryito iconsultitheisystem
iusersitoiseeiifitheiproposedi solutionisatisfiesi useriobjectivesiand icanibeifittediinitoicurrenti
systemioperation.i Third,ieconomicifeasibili tyimusti beichecked.iThei
studyimustidetermineiwhetheri theiprojectsigoalicanibeiachieve diwithini
theiresourceilimitsiallocateditoiit.i Itimustialsoidetermineiwhether
iitiisiworthwhilitoiproceediwithitheiprojectiatiallioriwhetheritheibenefitsiobtainedifromitheinewi
system iareinotiworth itheicost,iiniwhichicaseithe iprojectiwillibe iterminated.
Feasibilityistudyiisinecessaryito idetermineiwhetheritheiproposedi systemiisifeasibl
eiconsideringitheitechnical,ioperationaliandieconomicifactors.i Byihaving idetailedifeasibi
lityistudyione icanihaveiaicleariview iofitheiproposedi systemiwithirespecti toiitsibenefitsia
ndidrawibacks. iForiaisuccessfulifeasibilityi studyiofisystemifeasibility,I theiexistingisyste
msiandiproposedi systemiareistudied icarefully.i
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SystemiFeasibility
Theifeasibilityistudyiis icarriedioutitoidetermineiwhetheritheiproposed isystemicanibeid
evelopediwithitheiavailableiresources.
OperationaliFeasibility
TechnicaliFeasibility
EconomiciFeasibility
BehavioraliFeasibility
MotivationaliFeasibility
ScheduleiFeasibility

2.2.1iTechnicaliFeasibility

Technicalifeasibilityiis itheistudyiofiresourceiavailability ithatimayiaffectitheiabilit

hieveianiacceptableisystem.i Technicalifeasibilityiisitheimost idifficultiareaitoiensureiatiini
tialistages.i Sinceitheiobjectivesifunctionsiandi performanceicannotibeipredicteditoiitsifull
est,ieverythingiseemsipossibleiprovided iproperiassumptionsiareimade.iItiisiessentialithat
itheiprocessiofitechnicalifeasibility.iThe iconsiderationithatiisinormallyiassociatediwithite
chnicalifeasibilityiincludediresourcei availabilityiatitheiorganizationiwhereitheiprojectiisit
oibeideveloped iandiimplemented.

2.2.2iEconomiciFeasibility
Anievaluationiofidevelopmenti castiweightediagainstitheiultimateiincome ioribenef
itiderivedifromithe idevelopedisystem.Economical ieconomicijustification
iincludesiaibroabenefitianalysis.
iCostibenefitidelineates icostsiforiprojectidevelopmentiandiweighs ithemiagainsti tangible
iandiintangibleibenefitsiofiaisystem.i Regardingitheicostiandibenefits,I theiphours
iwithicompareditoimanithatiarei requireditoirecordidataiabouti activityitaskireport
imanuallyiandialsoiinitermsi ofimoneyibenefitsibyitheiselling
iofithisisystemiasiaiproduct.iThusithisiprojectiworki isieconomicallyifeasible iforithei
developmentiini anyicompany.
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2.2.3iMotivationaliFeasibility
Anievaluation iofitheiprobabilityithatitheicompanyiis isignificantlyimotivatedi
toisupportitheidevelopment iandiimplementationiofithei
applicationiwithinecessaryiuseriparticipation,I resources,itrainingietc.i theiparticipation
iandisupportibyitheiorganizationi duringisystemistudyiwas iencouraging
ithusieliminatingianyiresistanceiini thisiregard.i Soifrom ibehavioraliaspectithe inewisystemiis
isupposeditoihavei efficientifromithei company.

2.2.4iScheduleiFeasibility
Theitimei scheduleirequired iforitheidevelopmenti ofithisiprojectiisi veryiimportant
isrunsiresultiin iescalatediprojects icostsiandialso ihindersiinithe idevelopment iofithei others.

2.2.5iOperationaliFeasibility
Theiprojectiisigoingitoi beiusedibyitheiorganizationi underidifferent
icircumstances .iAnyoneicaniworkiwithithisiapplicationiasiitisupportsiuser-friendly iapproach.
Itiprovides graphicaliuseriinterfacesitoithe iuser,isoithatiusericanieasily iinteractiwithitheis
ystem.i Usersinoineeditoihaveitheiknowledge iaboutiASP.Net,I MSSQLiconcepts itoiuseith
eiapplication.i Theiapplication iisidesignediinisuch
iaiwayithatiiticanibeieasilyiimplementediinianyiandroidiversionideviceioricell.i

2.3iToolsiandiTechnologiesiused
2.3.1iOverviewiofi.NETiFramework
Thei.NETiFrameworkiisiaicomputingi platformithati simplifiesi application
idevelopment iinitheihighlyi distributedienvironment.iii
Thei.NETiFrameworkiintroducesiaicompletelyinewimodeliforitheiprogrammingia
ndideploymentiofiapplications.i .NETiisiMicrosoft'sivisioniofi"softwareiasiaiservice",iaid
evelopmenti environmentiiniwhich iweicanibuild, icreateiandideploy ouriapplicationsiandit
heinextigenerationioficomponents, itheiabilityitoiuseithei
Webiratherithaniouriownicomputeriforivariousiservices.i i
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Thei.NETiFrameworkiisinoti aisingleiapplication;iits
actuallyiaicollectioniofidifferentitechnologiesibundlediinto oneimarketingiterm.i
Thei.NETiFrameworkiincludes newil anguagesilikeiC#iandiVB.NET, ianiengineiforihosting
iprogrammableiweb ipagesiandiweb iservicesi(ASP.NET),ia inewimodeliforiinteracting
iwithidatabasesi(ADO.NET) iandiaiclas silibraryi stockediwithitoolsiforieverythingifrom
isendingiemailito iencryptingia password. iThei.NET itechnologyifacilitates
itoilearniabouticomponentibasedi programming, istructure dierrorihandlingi andihowito
iaccessitheifiles, iXMLiand irelationalidatabases.

Thei.NETilanguagei:I TheseiincludeiC#iandi VisualiBasici.NET,ithe iobject- orientediand

modernizedisuccessor itoiVisualiBasici6.0, iasiwelliasiJscript. NETi
ASP.NET Web Forms:
A web form or HTML form on a web page allows a user to enter data that is sent to
a server for processing.

ASP.NET is an open-source server-side web application framework designed for web

development to produce dynamic web pages. It was developed by Microsoft to
allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services.

Features:
ASP.NET web forms has many features such as, Server controls, Master pages,
Working with data, Security, Performance etc.

Deployment:
We are using Internet Information Exchange Server to deploy our web pages, first
it will be published and then it will be put into the centralized server space.

Responsiveness:
It is very user friendly because all the client side validations are done using java
script, so it is fast and very responsive
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Form and text flow control:

These webForms works based on hyperlinks, it will take you to the desired pages.
A query string is the part of a uniform resource locator (URL) containing data that does
not fit conveniently into a hierarchical path structure.

Platform:
Web Forms requires the .NET Framework running on the client computer with
IAS Server.

Security:
The data will be carried as a sequence of digitally encoded coherent signals, also
the content will not be able to come out of the application.

VisualiStudioi.NET:iThisi optionalidevelopmentitoolicontains iairichisetiof iprodu

ctivityiandidebuggingi features.

Theiframeworkiisidesignedi toifulfillitheifollowingi objectives:

Toiprovideiaiconsistent iobject-orientediprogramming ienvironment whether
iobjecticodeiisistorediandiexecuted ilocally,iexecuted ilocallyibutiin
ternetidistributedi oriexecutediremotely.

Toiprovideia icodeiexecutionienvironmenti thati minimizesisoftwareideploy

mentiandiversioning iconflicts.

Toiprovideiai code-executionienvironmentithat defines the guaranteesisafe

executioniof vendor code,iincluding icodeicreatedibyianiunknown iorisemi-
trustedithird iparty.

Toiprovideiai codeexecutionienvironmentithati
eliminatesitheiperformanceiproblems iofiscriptedioriinterpretedi environments.
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Toimakeitheideveloperiexperience iconsistentiacrossi widelyivaryingitypesi

ofiapplicationsisuchias iWindowsibasediand iWebibased iapplications.

Toibuildialli communicationsioniindustryistandardsitoiensureithati code ibasedi

onithei.NETiFramewor kican iintegrateiwithianyi othericode.

Theicodeiwritteniini .NETiisinoticompiledidirectly itoitheiexecution;iinsteadi.NETiuses itw

oistepsitoicompileitheicode. iFirst,itheicodeiisicompiledito ianiIntermediatei Languageicall
ediMicrosoftiIntermediate iLanguagei(MSIL).iSecond, itheicompiledicodeiwillibeirecompi
lediwithitheiCommon iLanguageiRuntimei(CLR),I whichiconvertsitheicode
Toithei machineicode. iTheibasiciidea iofitheseitwoistages iwasitoimakei
theicodeilanguage iindependence.
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiMicrosoft iintroducedigreat itechnologiesilikeiCOM,iDCOM, iCOM+ietc.itoienabl ei
reuseiofiSoftware.i Althoughitheseitechnologiesiare ivery ipowerful ito ireuseiSoftware, ith
eyirequirediai hugeilearningicurve. iAccordingitoithisiaspect,iMicrosoftirealizedithatiitsiti
meitoicomeiupiwith iainewitechnology,iaibetter ione,ianieasierione,I ainewiFramework,iwit
hiniwhich ieachiprogrammingitask iisieasy iaccomplished.
2.3.2iTheimajoriComponentsi(Layers)iofithei.NETiframework
Theimajoricomponentsiofithei .NETiframeworkiarei showniinitheibelowi diagram:

Fig.i2.3.2ithei.NETiFrameworkiOverview

Theiframeworkistarts iallitheiwayidowniatitheimemory imanagementiandicompone

ntiloadingilevel iandigoesiallitheiwayiupitoimultiple iwaysiofirenderingiuseriandiprogrami
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interfaces. iInibetweenithereiareilayersithat iprovideijustiaboutianyisystem- leve

licapabilityithatiaideveloperiwouldineed.

Atitheibaseiisi theiCommoniLanguageiRuntime,ioften iabbreviateditoiCLR.iThisiisitheiheart

iofithe i.NETiframework,ithe iengineithatidrivesikeyifunctionality. iItiincludes,ifor
iexample,iaicommoni sy stemiofidataitypes. iTheseicommonitypes,iplusiai standard
iinterfaceiconvention,I makeicross- languageiinheritanceipossible.iIniadditionitoiallocation iand
managementiofimemory, itheiCLRialsoidoesireference icountingiforiobjectsiand ihandles
igarbage icollection.

Theimiddle ilayeriincludesitheinextigeneration iofistandardisystemiservices isuchias

iADO.NETiandiXML .iTheseiservicesiareibroughtiunder itheicontroliofithe
iframework ,imakingithemiuniversally iavailableiandistandardizing itheiriusagei acrossi
languages.

Theitopilayeriincludesiuser iandiprogramiinterfaces. iWindowsiForms i(ofteniinfor

mallyireferreditoiasiWiniForms)I areiainewi wayitoicreateistandard iWin32idesktop iapplica
tions,ibasedioni theiWindowsiFoundationi Classesi(WFC).iWebiForms iprovideiaipowerful
basediUIiforithe iweb.i WebiServices, iwhichiareiperhapsitheimostirevolutionary, iprovidei
aimechanismi foriprogramsitoicommunicateioveri theiinternetiusingiSOAP.iWebi Servicesi
provideianianalogi ofiCOMiandiDCOMiforiobjec tibrokeringiandiinterfacing, ibutibasedio
niInternetitechnologies isoithatiallowanceiisimadeifor iintegrationieven iwithinon-
Microsoftiplatforms.

SOAPs iplaceiinitheiWebiServicesitechnologyi stackiisiaistandardizedipackagingi

protocolifori theimessagesishared ibyitheiapplications.iThei specificationidefinesinothing
imoreithaniaisimplei XMLibasedienvelopei foritheimessage ibeingitransferred, iandiaisetiof
irulesifor itranslatingi application iandiplatformi specificidata itypesi intoithei XMLirepresent
ation. iSOAPsidesignimakesi itisuitableiforia ivarietyifori applicationimessagingi andiintegr
ationipatterns.
WebiFormsi andiWebiServices ,icompriseitheiInterneti interfaceiportioniofi.NETian diare
iimplemented ithroughiaisectioniofithei. NETiFramework ireferreditoiasiASP.NET.
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Alliofithese iareiavailable itoianyilanguagei thatiisibasedioni thei.NETiplatform.iFor

icompleteness,I thereiisialso iaiconsoleiinterface ithatiallowsicreationi oficharacter- based
iapplications i(notishowniinitheidiagram).

2.3.3iTheiCommoniLanguageiRuntime

Let'si starti withi a idefinition .i Airuntimei is iani environmenti ini which iprogramsi
arei executed. iThei Common I Language iRuntime iis itherefore ithei environment
iin iwhichi wei run.
Our .NET applications that have been compiled to a common language ,
namely Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), referred to simply as IL. Runtimes have
beeni around ievenilongerithani DOS,ibutithe iCommoni LanguageiRuntimei(CLR)I isiasi ad
vanced iover itraditional iruntimesiasia ilight ibulbiisi overiaicandle.i Here's iaiquicki diagram
matici summary iof ithe imajori piecesi ofi thei CLR

Fig.i2.3.3iCommoni LanguageiRuntime

That ismall ipartiini the imiddle, icalledi Executioni Supporti contains imosti ofi the
icapabilitiesi normally iassociatedi withi a ilanguageiruntime i(suchiasithei VBRUNxxx.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 13

DLLirunti mei usediwith iVisualiBasic). iTheirest iisinew ,I at ileast ifor iMicrosoft

iplatforms.i Understandingi the iCLRiisikeyitoi understanding the irestiof i.NET.i Hence,ihere
iisiai shortiintroduction .

The idesign iof ithe iCLRiisibasedi onithe i following goals:

Simpler , ifasteri development.

Automatic ihandlingi ofi "plumbing"I suchias imemoryi management and

iprocessi communication.

Good I Tool isupport. i

Scalability.

2.3.4i.NETiFramework iArchitecture

Fig. 2.3.4 .NET Framework architecture

2.3.5iFeaturesiOfi.NET
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Interoperabilityi- iBecause iso imanyiCOMilibraries ihaveialreadyibeenicreated,ithe

i.NETiFramework iprovides imethodsi fori allowingi interoperability between inewi
codeiandi existingi libraries.

CommoniRuntimeiEnginei- iProgrammingilanguagesioni thei.NETiFramework

icompileiinto ianiintermediate ilanguagei knowni
asitheiCommoniIntermediateiLanguage ioriCIL.iMicrosoft'siimple mentationiofiCILiis
iknowniasiMicrosoftiIntermediate iLanguageioriMSIL.i IniMic
rosoft'siimplementation,I thisiintermediate ilanguageiisinot iinterpretedibuti rather co
mpiledi iniaimanneri knowniasi just-in- timeicompilationi(JIT)I
intoinativeicode.iTheicombinationi ofitheseiconceptsiisicall
editheiCommoniLanguageiInfrastructurei(CLI),I aispecification;iMicrosoft'siimple
mentationiofithe iCLIiisiknownias itheiCommon
iLanguageiRuntimei(CLR).i

LanguageiIndependencei- iThei .NETi Frameworki introducesia iCommoni Type iSystem

ioriCTS. iThe iCTSi specificationi defines all ipossiblei dataitypes iandi programmingi
constructsi supportedibyi theiCLR iand ihowithey imayiori mayinot

Interactiwithi eachiother.iBecauseiof ithisi feature, ithe i.NET iFramework isupportsi

development iin imultiplei programming ilanguages.i

BaseiClassiLibraryi- iTheiBaseiClassi Library,isometimes ireferreditoiasithe

iFrameworkiClassiLibrary,ii siailibraryi ofitypesiavailableitoi allilanguagesiusing
ithei.NETiFramework.i TheiBC Li providesiclassesiwhich iencapsulateiainumberi
oficommonifunctionsi suchiasifile ireadingiandiwriting ,igraphicirendering,idatabase
iinteraction,iXMLidocument ima nipulation,I andisoiforth.i

SimplifiediDeploymenti-iInstallationiandideploymenti ofiWindowsiapplicationsi
hasibeenitheibasei ofimany idevelopers'iexistence.i Registryisettings,ifilei
distributioniandiDLLi hellihaveibeen inearlyicompletely ieliminatedibyinewi
deploymentimechanismsiin ithei.NETiFram ework.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 15

Securityi-i.NETiallowsifori codeitoibeiruni withidifferentitrusti levelsiwithoutithei

useiofia iseparateisandbox.i

Theidesigniofi thei.NETiframeworki isisuchithati itisupportsiplatformi independence.iT

hatiis,I aiprogramiwritteni toiuseithei frameworkishouldiruni withoutichangeion ianyiplatfor
mifori whichitheiframeworki isiimplemented.i Atipresent,iMicrosofti hasiimplementedithei f
ulliframeworkionlyi onitheiWindowsioperating isystem.iMicrosoftiandi othersihave
Windowsiplatforms,I butitoidateithose iimplementationsiarei notiwidelyiused.

2.3.6iIntroductionitoiC#

C#iisiaisimple,imodern,iobjectiorientedianditypesafeiprogrammingilanguage
derivedifromiCiandiC++.iC#i(pronouncedi"Cisharp")iisifirmlyiplantediinitheiCiandiC++I
familyitreeiofilanguages,iandiwilliimmediatelyibeifamiliaritoiCiandiC++iprogrammers.i
C#iisibuiltispecificallyitoiprogramitheimicrosoft.NETiframework.

i C#iaimsitoi combineitheihighi productivityiofiVisualiBasici anditheirawi poweriofiiC+

+ .iC#iisiprovidedi asipartiof iMicrosoftiVisualiStudioi7.0.i Iniadditionitoi C#,iVisual
Studioisupports iVisualiBasic,iVisuali C++,iandithei scriptingilanguages iVBScriptiandi
Applications iwritteniiniC#irequire ianiimplementationiof itheiCommoniLanguageii
Runtimei(CLR)ito iexecute.iUnlikeiJava iclasses,iCLIiapplicationsi areicompiled iini2iipass
es.iFirsticompiled itoiplatformiabstracti byteicode,iandisecondly,I it'sicompilediat ifirstiirun
timeiofitheiapplication itoitheinativeiclient'si machineicode. iCompareditoiC iandiC++,iithei
languageiisirestrictedi orienhancediinia inumberiofiways,I includingibutinot ilimiteditoiithe
ifollowing:i

Trueisupport iforipointers.i Howeveripointersican ionlyibeiusediwithin iunsafeiscop

es,iandionlyiprogramsi withiappropriate ipermissionsican iexecuteicodei markediasi
unsafe.iMost iobjectiaccessiis idoneithroughisafei references,iwhich icannotibeimad
eiinvalid,iand imostiarithmeticiisi checkediforioverflow. iAniunsafeipointeri canibei
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 16

madeitoi notionlyi value-types,ibuti toisubclassesiofi System.iObjectiasiwell.

iAlsoisafeicodeicani beiwrittenit hat iusesiaipointer i(System.IntPtr).i

Managedimemory icannotibeiexplicitly ifreed,ibutiinstead iisigarbageicollected iwhe

ninoimore ireferencesitoithei memoryiexist.i

Multipleiinheritance iisiprohibited i(althoughiaiclassicaniimplementiany inumberiof

iinterfaces).i

C#iisimoreitype isafeithaniC++.iTheionlyi impliciticonversionsibyi defaultiareisafei

conversions,isuchias iwideningiofiintegers iandiconversionifromi aideriveditypeitoi
aibaseitype i(andithisiisienforcediaticompiletimei and,iindirectly,iduringiJIT).
iThereiareinoiimplicit iconversionsibetweeni Booleansiandiintegersiand
ibetweenienumerationimembersi andiintegers,iandiany iuserdefinediimplicit
iconversionimusti beiexp licitlyimarkediasisuch,iunlikeiC++'sicopyiconstructors.i

Syntaxiforiarrayi declarationiisidifferenti ("inti[]iai=inewiint i[5];"iinsteadiofi"I

ntiai[5]i;").i

Enumeration imembersiare iplacediinitheiri owninamespace.i

C#i1.0ilacksi templates; ihowever,iC#i2.0 iprovides igenerics.i

Propertiesiareiavailable iwhichiresultsiin isyntaxithatiresembles iC++imemberifieldi

access,I similaritoi VB.i

Fullitypei reflection iandidiscovery iisiavailable.i

2.3.7iFeaturesiofiC#iLanguage
Simple
Object-oriented
Interoperability
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 17

Typeisafe
PlatformiIndependence
Security
Reliability
LanguageiFeature

SIMPLE:
TheiC#iwasi designeditoibeiaisimple ilanguageitoilearn,ibuildingi onitheisyntaxiand
imanyifeaturei ofiC++.iHoweveriin iorderitoipromoteisecurity,I reliability,isimplicityi C#iha
sileftioutithose ielementsiofiiCiandi C++ithaticontributeitoierrorsi andiprogrami complexity.
1 NoiPointers.
2 Unsafeioperationsi suchiasidirectimemory iaccessiareinotiallowed.
3 IniC#itherei isinoiuseiofii ::iori->I operator.
4 Sinceiitiis ioni.NETiitiinheritsithei featuresiofiautomaticimemory imanagement.
5 Integersivalue isuchiasi0iandi1 iareinoilongeriacceptedi asiBooleanivalues.i Booleaniva
luesiareipure itrueiorifalseiiniC#i ofi=ioperatoriandi==I operator.i==ioperatoriisi
usediforicomparisoni operationiandi= iisiusediforiassignmenti operation.

OBJECT-ORIENTED:
Ci#iisipureiobjectioriented ilanguage.iItidoesinot imerelyiprovideithei capabilityitoi
implementiobjecti orientediprinciples,iitienforcesithisi principles.
1 C#isupportsi dataiencapsulation,I polymorphism,iinterfaces,I andiinheritance.
2 (int,ifloat,idouble)iare inotiobjectsiinijavai butic#ihasiintroducedis tructuresi(structs)iw
hichienablei theiprimitive itypeitoibecomei objects.intii;
Stringiai=ii.Tostring;I //conversionioriboxing

INTEROPERABILITY:
1.iiC#iincludesi nativeisupportifori theicomputeriwindowsibasedi applications.
2.iiiAllowingirestrictedi useiofinativei pointers.
3 Usersineedinotiexplicitlyi implementiunknown iandiothericomputeri interfacesithose
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 18

Featuresiarei builtiin.
4 C#iallowsi theiusersitoiuseipointersias iunsafeicodeiblocksito imanipulateiyour ioldicod

TYPEiSAFE:
1.iiInic#iweicannotiperformiunsafeicastsilikeiconvertitoiaiBoolean.
2.iiValueitypesiareiinitializeditoizerosiandireferenceitypeiobjectsiareiinitializeditoinulliby
itheicompileriautomatically
3.iArraysiareizeroibasediindexediandiareiboundichecked.
4.iOverflowiofitypesicanibeichecked.

PLATEFORMiINDEPENDENCE:
Oneiofitheimosti compilingireasonsitoi moveitoiC#iisiitsiplatform iindependence.
C#irunsionimajor ihardwareiandi softwareiplatform.

SECURITY:
C#iconsidersi securityiasipartiof iitsilanguage.iC#ilanguagei compiler,iinterpreteria
ndirunitimei environmentiwereieachi developediinisecurityi inimind.
RELIABILITY:
SecurityiandiReliabilityi goiinihandiinihand. iSecurityimeasuresi cannotibeiimplem
entediwithiany idegreeiofiassurancei withoutiaireliable iframeworkifori programmingiexecu
tion.i.NETiframework iprovidesimultilevel iofireliabilityimeasures, ibeginningiwithiC#iitse lf.

2.3.8iVisualiStudioi2010
VisualiStudioi includesiaicodeieditorisupporting iIntelliSensei(theicodeicom pletion
icomponent)iasiwelliasi codeirefactoring.i Theiintegratedidebuggeriwo rksibothiasiaisource
initoolsiincludeiaiformsi designeriforibuilding iGUIiapplications, iwebidesigner, iclassidesi
gner,iandidatabasei schemaidesigner.iItiacceptsi pluginsithatienhancei theifunctionalityiatia
lmostieveryilevelincluding iaddingisupportifor isourcecontrolisystems i(likeiSubversion)ian
diaddinginewitoolsetsilikei editorsiandivisualidesignersi foridomainspecifici languagesior
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 19

toolsetsiforiotheriaspects iofitheisoftwarei developmentilifecycle i(likeitheiTeamiFoundatio

niServericlient :iTeamiExplorer).
VisualiStudio isupportsidifferenti programmingilanguages iandiallowsithe icodeiedit
oriandidebuggeri toisupporti(toivarying idegrees)inearlyi anyiprogramming ilanguage,I
specificiserviceiexists.iBuiltini languagesiincludeiC, iC++iandiC++/CLI i(viaiVisualiC++),
iVB.NETi(viaiVisual iBasici.NET),iC#i (viaiVisualiC#),iandiF# i(asiofiVisuali
Studioi2010 ).iSupportiforiotherilanguagesi suchiasiM,iPython ,iandiRubyiamong
iothersiisiavailableivi ailanguageiservicesiinstalledi separately.iItialsoi supportsiXML/XSLT,
iHTML/XHTML,iJ avaScript iandiCSS.i Javai(andiJ#)iwerei supportediinitheipast.
Microsofti providesi"Express" ieditionsiofiitsiVisuali Studioiatinoicost.i Commercia
liversionsiofiVisualiStudio ialongiwithiselectipasti versionsiareiavailableifori freeitoistuden
tsivia iMicrosoft'siDreami Sparkiprogram.

Figi2.3.8iVisualiStudioitools

2.3.9iMSSQL
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 20

MicrosoftiSQLiServer iisiairelationalidatabasei managementisystem idevelopedibyi

Microsoft.iAsiaidatabase,iitiisi aisoftwareiproduct iwhoseiprimaryifunction iisitoistoreiand
iretrieveidataiasirequestedibyi otherisoftwareiapplications, ibeiitithoseion itheisameicomput
eriorithoseirunningion ianothericomputer iacrossiainetworki(includingithei Internet).iThere
iareiatileastiaidozeni differentieditionsi ofiMicrosoftiSQLiServeri aimediatidifferentiaudien
cesiandiforiworkloads irangingifromismall isingle-machineiapplications itoilargeiInternet-
facingiapplicationsiwithi manyiconcurrentiusers. iItsiprimaryiqueryi languagesiareiT- SQLiandi
ANSIiSQL.

FeaturesiofiMSSQL

iAlwaysion iAvailabilityiGroupsiiThisifeatureitakes idatabaseimirroringitoia

iwholeinewilevel.

iColumnistoreiIndexesiiThisiaicoolinew ifeatureithatiisicompletelyi uniqueitoiSQLi

Server.iTheyi areispeci alitypeiofireadonlyi indexidesigneditoibeiuseiwithiDat
aiWarehouseiqueries. iBasically,idataiisigroupediandi storediiniaiflat,icompressedi
columniindex,igreatlyireducingi I/Oiandimemory iutilizationi onilargeiqueries.

User-DefinediServeriRolesiiDBAsihavei alwaysihaditheiabilityitoi
createicustomidatabaseirole,ibutinever iserv eriwide.

iEnhancediAuditingiFeaturesiiAuditiisinowiavailable iiniallieditions
iofiSQLiServer.i Newifilteringi featuresigivei .

i
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 21

BIiSemanticiModeliiThisiisireplacing itheiAnalysisiServicesiUnifiedi
DimensionaliModel i(oricubesimo stipeopleireferreditoithem). iIt'siaihybridimodel
ithatiallowsione idataimodeli willisu pportialliBIiexperiencesiiniSQLiServer.

SequenceiObjectsi--iAisequenceiisijustianiobjectithatiisiaicounteri
iaigoodiexampleiofi itsiuseiwouldibeitoiincrement ivaluesiiniaitable,I basediaitrigge
r.iSQLihasialways ihadisimilarifunctionalityi withiidentityicolumns,I butinowithisiis
iaidiscreteiobject.

EnhancediPowerShelliSupportiiWindowsiandiSQL iServeriadminsishouldi
definitelyistartibrushingiupi onitheiri Po werShelliscriptingiskills.

DistributediReplayiiDistributed ireplayiallowsiyouitoi captureiaiworkloadionia

iproductioniserver,iandi replayiitioni anotherimachine.iThisiwayi changesiiniunderlyingi
schemas,I supportip acks,iorihardwarei changesicanibeitestedi underiproductioni
conditions.

PoweriViewiiYouimayihaveiheardi ofithisiunderithe inamei"ProjectiCrescent"I

itiisiaifairlyipowe rfuliselfservice iBIitoolkitithatiallows iusersitoicreateimashiupsiofiBI
ireportsifromiallioverithei Enterprise.

RelationaliDatabaseiSystem:I Likeialmostial liotheridatabase isystemsionithe imarket,iMS

SQLiisiairelational idatabaseisystem.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 22

Client/ServeriArchitecture:I MSSQLi isia iclient/server system.i Thereiisia idatabase iserve

ri(MSSQL)iandi arbitrarilyi manyiclientsi(applicationiprograms),I whichicommunicatei wit
hitheiserver;ithatiis,I theyiqueryidata,I saveichanges,I etc.iTheiclientsi canirunioni theisameic
omputeriasithe iserveriorioni anothericomputeri (communicationiviaiailocalinetworkiorithei
Internet).

SQLicompatibility:iMSSQLi supportsiasiits idatabaseilanguageiI asiitsinameisuggestsi

iSQL i(StructurediQueryiLanguage).iSQL iisiaistandardizedilanguage iforiquerying iandiup
datingidataiandi foritheiadministrationi ofiaidatabase.iTherei areiseveraliSQLi dialectsi(abo
utiasimanyiasitherei areidatabaseisystems). iMSSQLiadheresi toitheicurrent iSQListandardi,
ialthoughiwith isignificantirestrictions iandiailargeinumber iofiextensions.

Figi2.3.9iArchitectureiofiMSSQLiServer

1.4 Hardware and Software Requirements

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 23

Hardware Requirements:

Processor : Intel i3.

Hard Disk : 40 GB.
Ram : 2GB.
Processor Speed : 2.53GHz

Software Requirements:

Coding Language : C#
IDE : Visual Studio 2010
Database : MSSQL
Front End : ASP.NET
Operating system : Windows 7
Back End : SQL Server
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 24

CHAPTER-3
3. SOFTWARE REQUREMENT SPECIFICATION

Introduction
SoftwareiRequirementiSpecificationi(SRS)iisiaifundamentalidocument,iwhichifor
msitheifoundationiofitheisoftwareidevelopmentiprocess.iSRSinotionlyilistsitheirequireme
ntsiofiaisystemibutialsoihasiaidescriptioniofiitsimajorifeatures.iTheseirecommendationsie
xtenditheiIEEEistandards.iTheirecommendationsiwouldiformitheibasisiforiprovidingiclea
rivisibilityiofitheiproductitoibeidevelopediservingiasibaselineiforiexecutioniofiaicontracti
betweeniclientianditheideveloper.

Aisystemirequirementiisioneiofitheimainistepsiinvolvediinitheidevelopmentiproce
ss.iItifollowsiafteriairesourceianalysisiphaseithatiisitheitaskitoidetermineiwhatiaiparticula
risoftwareiproductidoes.iTheifocusiinithisistageiisioneiofitheiusersiofitheisystemiandinot
itheisystemisolutions.iTheiresultiofitheirequirementispecificationidocumentistatesitheiint
entioniofitheisoftware,ipropertiesiandiconstraintsiofitheidesiredisystem.

SRSiconstitutesitheiagreementibetweeniclientsiandidevelopersiregardingitheicont
entsiofitheisoftwareiproductithatiisigoingitoibeideveloped.iSRSishouldiaccuratelyiandico
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 25

mpletelyirepresentitheisystemirequirementsiasiitimakesiaihugeicontributionitoitheioverall
iprojectiplan.

Theisoftwareibeingidevelopedimayibeiaipartiofitheioverallilargerisystemiorimayi
beiaicompleteistandaloneisystemiiniitsiowniright.iIfitheisoftwareiisiaisystemicomponent,
itheiSRSishouldistateitheiinterfacesibetweenitheisystemiandisoftwareiportion.

Purposeiii

Theipurposeiofithis idocumentiisitoidescribe itheirequirementsifor itheiTraveliPackage

iRecommendationibyi CocktailiApproach.i Theiintendediaudiencei includesiallistakeholdersi
initheipotentialisystem. iTheseiinclude,ibutiarei notinecessarilyilimitedito,I
theifollowing:iTourists,I TraveliAgency.

Scope:i
Exploitingiaireali worlditravelidatai setiprovidedibyia itravelsiforibuilding
irecommenderisystems.i weidevelopiaitourist-area-seasonitopici(TAST)imodel,I whichicani
representitraveli packagesianditouristsibyi differentitopici distributions.iIni theiTASTimodel,I
theiextractioniof itopicsiisiconditionedi onibothitheitourists ianditheiintrinsici
featuresi(i.e.,ilocations, itraveliseasons)I ofitheilandscapes. iBasedionithisiTAST imodel,
aicocktaili approachiis idevelopedifori personalizedi travelipackage irecommendationibyi
consideringisomeiadditionali factorsiincludingi theiseasonalibehavioursi ofitourists,
itheipricesiofi travelipackages,I anditheicoldistartiproblem iofinewipackages

iDefinitions,iAcronyms,iandiAbbreviationsiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiiiLogoniIDi-iaiuseri identificationinumberi toienteritheisystem.i
iiiiiiiiiiiiPasswordi-ia iwordithatienables ioneitoigainiadmissioni intoitheisystem.iiiiiiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiiiWeb-basediapplicationi-iiani applicationithatirunsi onitheiInternet.
TASTii-iiTourist-Area-SeasoniTopic
CF-iiCollaborativeiFiltering.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 26

Overview
ThisiSoftware iRequirementsiSpecification i(SRS)iisithe irequirementsiworki
productithatiformallyi specifiesiTraveli PackageiRecommendation ibyiCocktailiApproach.
iItiincludesithei resultsiofibothibusiness analysisiandisystemsi analysisiefforts.iVarious
itechniquesiwereiusedi toielicititheirequirementsi andiweihaveiidentified yourineeds,ianalyzedi
andirefinedithem.iThei objectiveiofithisi documentithereforei isitoiformallyi escribeitheisystems
ihighilevelirequirementsi includingifunctionalirequirements,I non-functionalirequirements.
iTheidetaili structureiofithisi documentiisiorganized iasifollows:i
Thisidocument iprovidesianioverview iofitheidomain ithatitheiproposed iTraveliPackagei
Recommendationi byiCocktailiApproachi willisupport.iThesei includeiaigenerali
descriptioniofitheiproduct, iusericharacteristics,I andianyiassumptionsi
forithisisystem.iThisimodeli demonstratesithe idevelopmentiteam' siunderstandingiofithe
idomainiandiservesitoi maximizeitheiteam'siability toibuildiaisystemithatitrulyi doesisupportithe
idomain.

Overallidescription
iProductiFeatures

Itigoesibeyond ipersonalizedipackage irecommendationsiand iisihelpfuliforicapturing

itheilatentirelationships iamongitheitouristsiini eachitraveligroup.
Itiaimsitoimake ipersonalizeditravel ipackageirecommendations iforitheitourists.
InitheiTASTimodel,I theiextractioniofitopicsiis iconditionedionibothitheitouristsi
anditheiintrinsici featuresi(i.e.,ilocations,itraveliseasons)iofi theilandscapes.

UsericlassesiandiCharacteristics

Thereiareimany itechnicaliand idomainichallenges iinherentiinidesigningiand

iimplementingianieffectivei recommenderisystemifor ipersonalizeditraveli
packageirecommendation. iTravelidataiareimuchi feweriandisparserithan itraditionaliitems,I
suchiasimoviesifori recommendation, ibecauseitheicosts iforiaitraveliareimuch
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 27

imoreiexpensiveithan iforiwatchingiaimovie. iEveryitravelipackage iconsistsiofimanyi

landscapesi (placesiofiinteresti andiattractions),iand,ithus, ihasiintrinsici complexispatio-
temporalirelationships. iForiexample,iaitravel ipackageionlyiincludesi theilandscapesiwhichi
areigeographicallyi colocateditogether. iAlso,idifferenti travelipackagesiarei usuallyideveloped
iforidifferentitravel iseasons.iTherefore, itheilandscapesiiniai travelipackageiusually
ihaveispatialitemporal iautocorrelations.i Traditionalirecommender isystemsiusuallyirely
ioniuseriexplicitiratings. iHowever,ifor itravelidata,ithei useriratingsiare
iusuallyinoticonveniently iavailable.i Recommendationihasia ilongiperiodiofistablei
value.iToireplaceithei oldionesibasedionithe iinterestsiofitheitourists. iAivaluesiofitraveli
packagesicanieasilyi depreciateioveritimeiand iaipackageiusuallyionly ilastsiforiaicertaini
periodiofitime.
3.1iUsers:
Aisystemiuser iisiaipersoniwhoi interactsiwithiaisystem,I typicallyithroughian
iinterface,itoiextracti someifunctionalibenefit.iUser-centeredidesign,I ofteniassociatedi
withihuman-computer interaction,iconsidersiai wide irangeiofigenerici
systems.iSystemiuserialso definesithe ibehaviouriofitheisystemi operationsiand ihowithe
iaudiencei(end-user)iwouldi interactiwithithei systemiusingipre-designeditriggersi
suchiasibuttons/ mouse/keyboard. iIniorderiforithei systemitoiworkioni ailargeriscaleiusingi
variousidatabasesi systemiwouldihaveitoi createianiinterfaceithati wouldibeisuitableiforispecifici
leveliofiknowledgeithatithe iendiuseriacquires.
TheiUsersiAre:
Admin:

iiiiiManagesithei Users,iplaces,ipricesiandi vehicles.

Traveler:

iiiiiTravelericani bookithei convenientitravel ipackageiofitheirichoices.

Functional and Non-functional Requirements

3.2 Functional Requirements

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 28

Functional irequirementsiforia isystemidescribeithe ifunctionalityiori servicesithatithei

systemiisiexpected itoiprovide.iFunctional iRequirementsidefine itheifundamentaliactions
ithatimustitakeiplace iiniapplicationiini acceptingiandiini processingitheiinputs
iandigeneratingithei expectedioutputs.i Theseidependionithe itypeiofisystemi beingidevelopedi
anditheiexpectediusersi ofitheisystemiandithe iuserirequirementsi fromitheisystemiunder
idevelopment.

UseriModule:
Theiusericanilogin iintoihisiaccountiand iheicanieitherisearchi forihisipreviousitraveli
historyioritheyicani selectiainewitouri package.iiOnceithei useriselectsiainewitouri
package,itheisystemi sendsitheitravelipackages iavailiiniouridatabasei
anditheinearestineighborsiof itheitouristiplaces.

ServeriModule:
Inithisimodule,ithe iservericontainsithei travelipackageiinformationi, iNearestineighborsi
ofitouristiplaces,iTraveli log,iCollaborativeipricing ialgorithms,iCollaborative
ifilteringiofitouristsispotsi andiprice idistribution.

CocktailiRecommendation:
Packageirecommendationi foripersonalitravel isibasedioniTASTi modeliwhichiisiai
cocktailiapproachi andiitirepresentsithei hybridirecommendationi [2].iHybridirecommendationi
combinesidifferenti techniquesitoienhancei performanceiofirecommendation.
iTheioutputiofitheitopici fromiTASTiisiuseditoifoundi outiseasonalinearesti neighboriforievery
itouristiandiranksiare iallocatedito icustomeripackage iusingicollaborative
ifiltering.iCandidateilist iisigeneratediiniwhich inewipackagesiareiadded ibyimeansiofisimilari
packagesithatiwereialreadyi generated.iTheni Collaborateipriceiwith ipackageibyireordering
iitiwithifeasibleiprice. iRemoveitheiunrated ipackageiandifinalizei
litiforipackageirecommendation iSeasonaliCollaborativei FilteringiCollaborativei
filteringi(CF)imethods igenerateitouristispecifici recommendationsifori similaritiesiwithoutineed
iforiunwantediinformation. iTheioutputiofiTAST imodelii.e.itheitopici andipackageiarei
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 29

considerediforifinding itheisimilaritiesi betweenitouristiand itouristitopicihavingi

similariinterestsisimilar packagesiarei recommended.iThei touristsihavingisame
iintersiinispecificitopici areigroupeditogether.i Theipackage irecommendationifori
touristiisilittleibiti complexiasitheigroups iareiformedisoithati theyienjoyieachiothers
icompany.iTouristi whoienjoyitheiseasons withitheiotheritouristiarei keptiinitoisimilarigroupi
areirecommendationsiare iset.

CollaborativeiPricing:
Packageirecommender isystemihasioneimoreifactor iprice.iTheipriceiofitraveli
packagesidifferipackageitoi package.iIniCollaborativei Pricingitheipricesiofipackagei
areidividediintoidifferent isetsithenipredictithei differentipossibleiprices iaccordingitheirangeiofi
tourists.iTheipackages ihavingipricesisameior inearlyisameiareirecommended.
iTransitioniprobabilityi amongidifferentipackagesi isicomputediforieachiprice
iset.iForiexampleiifiai touristiusediaipackagei ofipriceiAibeforei travelingiaipackageiBi
theniedgeifromiAitoiBi williweighti+1.iThei normalizeditransitioni probabilityiisigenerated
iafterisummingitheialli weightsiofitourists.iInactivei packagesiareiremoved iandifinalilistifori
recommendationiisi generated.

Tastimodel:
iTheiTASTimodeli doesntifocusionitraveli groupiinformation.i Numberiofigroupiformed
itogetheriforidifferenti packages.iIfitwoi touristsihaveitaken isameipackageibuti
areiinidifferentigroup isoiitiisiconsideredi asitheyihaveisimilar iinterest.iTouristsi
presentiinisameitravel ipackageimayishare isimilariThingsilikei holidayipattern.iAinew
iparameterirelationshipi isiaddedisoithatigets itheiconnectionsi betweenitourists.i
Thisitopiciisiknowni asiTRAST.iItifocusesi onitheirelationithe itouristimaintainsiwith
iotheritourist.iThei relationshipishowsithe igroupingithroughi ageioriotherithisitouristi
isiinterestediin.

3.3iNon-FunctionaliRequirements
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 30

Non-functionalirequirements,I asitheiname isuggests,iarei thoseirequirementsi whichiareinoti

directlyiconcernedi withitheispecifici functionsidelivered ibyitheisystem.i Theyimayirelateito
iemergentisystemi propertiesisuchiasi reliability,iresponsei timeiandistoreioccupancy.
iAlternatively,itheyi mayidefineiconstraintsi onitheisystemisuchiasi theicapabilitiesiofitheiI/O
idevicesianditheidatai representationsiusediinithei systemiinterfaces.
Performancei
Theisystemimusti beiinteractiveiandithei delaysiinvolvedimustibe ilessi.Soiinieveryiaction-
responseiofitheisystem, ithereiareinoiimmediatei delays.iTheisystemishalligivei responsesiini
1isecond.i
Alsoiwheniconnectingi toitheiserveritheidelay iisibasedieditingion itheidistanceiofithei2i
systemsianditheiconfigurationi betweenithemiso thereiisihighiprobability ithatithereiwillibeior
inotiaisuccessfuli connectioniinilessithan i20isecondsiforisake iofigoodicommunication.
iTheiSystemimustisupporti 1000ipeopleiatiaitime.i

Safety
Informationitransmission ishouldibeisecurelyi transmitteditoiserveri withoutianyichangesiini
information.iThe systemi shalliprovideitheicapabilityito iback-upitheiDatai

iSecurity
Theimainisecurity iconcerniisiforiusersi accountihenceiproperi loginimechanismishould
ibeiuseditoiavoidihacking.i Theitabletiidiregistrationi isiwayitoispamicheckifor
iincreasingitheisecurity.i Hence,isecurityiisiprovided ifromiunwantediuseiof
irecognitionisoftware.iiiiiiiiiiii

Availabilityiiiiii
Ifitheiinternetiservice igetsidisruptediwhileisending iinformationitoitheiserver,ithei
informationicanibeisend iagainiforiverification. iTheientryiscreen,I messagesiandiresponsesi
mustinotibeidelayed.

Usability
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 31

Asitheisystemiisieasyito ihandleiandinavigates iinitheimostiexpectedi wayiwithinoidelays.iIn

ithaticaseitheisystemi programireactsiaccordinglyiand itransversesiquicklyi betweeniitsistates.

Reliabilityi
Asitheisystem iprovideitheirightitoolsifori discussion,iproblemisolvingi
itimustibeimadeisureithatithei systemiisireliableiiniitsi operationsiandifori securingithei
sensitiveidetails.i Allilinksishould itakeitheiuserito itheicorrectipage.

CHAPTERi4
SYSTEMIDESIGN
iIntroduction

Theipurposeiofithis idocumentiisitoiprovide ianiarchitecturalidesigni foritheitravelipackagei

recommendationisystem .iSystemidesigniisithei processiofidefiningithei
elementsiofiaiSystemisuch iasiArchitecture,imodules, componentsiandidataifori
aiSystemitoisatisfyispecifyi requirements.

SystemiArchitecture
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 32

Architecture
Three-tieri(layer)iisiaiclient-serveriarchitecture iiniwhichitheiuseri interface,ibusiness
iprocessi(businessirules) iandidataistorageiandidatai accessiareideveloped iandimaintainedias
iindependentimodulesi orimostioftenioniseparateiplatforms.
iTheithreeilogicalitiersiare
Presentationitieri- iWindowsiforms,I MasteriPages,I Images.i
Middle itieriiC#iclasses.i
Data itier-iMSiAccessi Databasei
Fig.1ibelowishowsitheimodeliofi3-tieriarchitecture.

Theimaini reasoniforiconsideringi three-tieriarchitectureiisiasi follows:

Flexibility:
iManagementiofidata iisiindependentifromithei physicalistorage isupport,i
Maintenanceiofi theibusinessilogiciisieasier, i
iMigration toinew igraphicalienvironmentsi isifaster.i
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 33

iIfithereiis iaiminorichange iinitheibusinessilogic,I weidontihaveito iinstallitheientirei

systemiiniindividuali usersiPCs.i

Reusability:
Reusabilityiofi businessilogici isigreateriforithe ipresentationilayer.
iAsithisicomponenti isidevelopedianditested,I weicaniuseiitiinianyi
otheriprojectiandiwould ibeihelpfuliforifutureiuse.

Security:
moreisecurediarchitectureis inceitheiclient icannotiaccessitheidatabase idirectly.

Fig.1 3-tier Architecture

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 34

Presentationitier
Thisiisithei topmostileveliofithe iapplication.iThe ipresentationitieri displaysiinformation
irelateditoisuchiservices iasibrowsingimerchandise, ipurchasingiand ishoppingicarticontents.
Iticommunicatesiwithi otheritiersibyiwhichiiti putsioutitheiresultsito theibrowser/clientitieri
andialliotheritiersiini theinetwork.
MiddleiTier
Theilogicalitier iisipulledioutifromithei presentationitieriand, iasiitsiownilayer,iiti
controlsianiapplicationsi functionalityibyiperformingi detailediprocessing.
DataiTier
Theidataitieri includesitheidata ipersistenceimechanismsi (databaseiservers,ifilei
shares,ietc.)iandi theidataiaccessi layerithatiencapsulates itheipersistence imechanismsiand
exposesitheidata. iTheidataiaccessi layerishouldiprovide ianiAPIitoithei applicationitierithat
exposesimethodsi ofimanagingithei storedidataiwithouti exposingioricreating idependenciesioni
theidataistorageimechanisms. iAvoidingidependencies ionitheistoragei mechanismsiallows
iforiupdatesiorichangesi withoutitheiapplicationi tiericlientsibeingiaffectedi
byiorieveniawareiofithei change.iAsiwithithe separationiofianyitier, ithereiareicostsifori
implementationiandi oftenicostsitoiperformancei iniexchangeiforiimprovedi scalabilityiandi
maintainability.
1.1 SystemiPerspective

Toiaddressitheseichallenges, iiniouripreliminaryiwork,I weiproposediaicocktail

iapproachionipersonalized itravelipackageirecommendation. iiSpecifically,iweifirstianalyse
itheikeyicharacteristicsiof itheiexistingitravelipackages. iAlongithisiline,itraveli
timeianditravelidestinationsi areidividediintoidifferent iseasonsiandiareas.iiThen,I weidevelopia
itourist-area-seasonitopici (TAST)imodel, iwhichicanirepresent itravelipackagesiand
itouristsibyidifferenti topicidistributions.i iInitheiTASTimodel, itheiextractioniofitopics
iisiconditionedioni bothitheitouristsiandi theiintrinsicifeaturesi (i.e.,ilocations,I traveliseasons)I
ofitheilandscapes.i iAsiairesult,ithei TASTimodelicani wellirepresentithei contentiofitheitravel
ipackagesiandithei interestsiofitheitourists.i iBasedionithisiTASTi model,iaicocktailiapproach
iisidevelopedifor personalizeditraveli packageirecommendationi byiconsideringisome
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 35

additionalifactorsi includingitheiseasonali behavioursiofi tourists,itheipricesi ofitravelipackages,I

anditheicoldistart iproblemiofinewipackages. iiFinally,itheiexperimental iresultsionireal-
worlditravelidatai showithatitheiTASTi modelicanieffectivelyi captureitheiunique
icharacteristicsiofi travelidataiandithei cocktailirecommendationi approachiperformsimuch
ibetterithanitraditionali techniques.

1.2 ContextiDiagram

CHAPTER 5
DETAILED DESIGN

Introduction
Detailedidesigni startsiafterithe isystemi designiphaseiisi completed ianditheisystemi
designihasibeeni certifiedithroughithe ireview.iThe igoaliofi thisiphaseiis itoidevelopi theiinte
rnalilogici ofieachiof ithei modulesi identified iduringisystemidesign.
Initheisystemidesign,itheifocus iisioniidentifying itheimodules,iwhereas iduringidet
ailedidesignitheifocusiisionidesigningi theilogiciforitheimodules.i Iniotheriwordsiini system
idesigniattentioni isioniwhaticomponentsiare ineeded,iwhileiinidetailedi designihowitheico
mponentsicanibe iimplementediinithe isoftwareiisithe iissue.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 36

Theidesign iactivityiisioften idividediintoitwoiseparate iphaseisystemidesigniandide

tailedidesign.iSystemidesigniisialsoi calleditopleveli design.iiAtitheifirst ilevelifocusiisioni
decidingiwhichimodulesi areineededifor itheisystem,itheispecificationsi ofitheseimodulesia
ndihowitheimodulesishouldibe iinterconnected.iThisiisicalled isystemidesigniori topilevelid
esign.iInitheisecondilevelitheiinternal idesigniofithei modulesiorihowithe ispecificationsiofi
theimoduleicanibeisatisfiediisi decided.iThisidesignileveli isioftenicalledidetailed idesign
orilogici design.

1 UseiCaseiDiagram:
Useicase idiagramiisiaigraphiof iactors,iaisetiofiuseicasesi enclosedibyiaisystemibound
ary,icommunicationiassociationsi betweenitheiactori anditheiuseicase.i Theiuseicaseidiagra
midescribes ihowiaisystemiinteractsi withioutsideiactors;ieachiuse icaseirepresentsiaipiecei
ofifunctionalityithatiai systemiprovidesitoiitsiusers.iAi useicaseiisiknownias ianiellipseicon
tainingitheinameiofitheiuse icaseiandianiactoriisishown iasiaistickifigurei withitheinameiofi thei
actoribelowi theifigure.
Theiuseicases iareiusediduringithe ianalysisiphaseiof iaiprojectitoiidentifyi andipartitioni
systemifunctionality.iTheyiseparate itheisystemiintoiactorsi andiuseicase.iActorsi representi
rolesithatiareiplayed ibyiuseriofitheisystem. iThoseiusersicanibe ihumans,iothericomputers,
ipiecesiofihardware,I orieveni otherisoftware isystems.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 37

Registration

Travel Package
Recommendation

Take a Tour

View User Details

Admin View Tour Details

Traveler

Enter the Cost &

Update the Status

View Tour Status &

Tour Cost

5.2 Sequence Diagram

Aisequence idiagramishowsiobject iinteractionsiarrangediinitime isequence.iItidepic

tsitheiobjectsiandiclassesi involvediinitheiscenarioi anditheisequenceiofimessages iexchang
edibetweenitheiobjects ineededitoicarryioutithei functionalityiofithe iscenario.iSequenceidi
agramsi areisometimesicalledi eventidiagrams,I eventiscenarios.

UMLisequencei diagramsiareiusedito irepresentiorimodelithe iflowiofimessages,iev

entsiandiactionsibetween itheiobjectsioricomponentsi ofiaisystem.iTimeiisi representediinit
heiverticalidirectioni showingitheisequencei ofiinteractionsiofitheiheader ielements,iwhichi
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 38

areidisplayedihorizontallyi atitheitopiofitheidiagrami SequenceiDiagramsiareiused iprimaril

yitoidesign,I documentiandivalidateithei architecture,iinterfacesiandilogic iofitheisystemiby
idescribingitheisequencei ofiactionsithatineeditoibei performeditoicompleteiaitask ioriscena
rio.iUMLisequencei diagramsiareiuseful idesignitoolsibecausei theyiprovideiaidynamicivie
wiofitheisystem ibehavior.

Purpose

Theisequence idiagramiisiusediprimarilyito ishowitheiinteractionsibetween iobjectsi

initheisequentialiorderithati thoseiinteractionsioccur.iOnei ofitheiprimaryiuses iofisequence
idiagramsiisiin itheitransitionifromirequirements iexpressediasiuseicasesito itheinextiandim
oreiformalileveli ofirefinement.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 39

Database
Traveler Admin

Registration

View the Travel Package Recommendation

Take a new Tour Package

View User Details

View Tour Details

Update the Tour Cost & Status

View the Tour Cost & Status

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 40

1.3 CollaborationiDiagram
Aicollaborationidiagram,I alsoicallediaicommunication idiagramioriinteraction
idiagram,iisian iillustrationiofithe irelationshipsiandi interactionsiamong isoftwareiobjectsiini
theiUnifiediModeling iLanguagei(UML).

User:

Admin:

5.4 Activity Diagrams

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 41

Activityidiagramsi representitheibusinessiandi operationaliworkflowsi ofiaisystem.i

AniActivityidiagramiisiaidynamic idiagramithatishowsitheiactivity ianditheieventithat icaus
esitheiobjectitoibeiinitheiparticulari state.iItiisiaisimple iandiintuitiveiillustrationiofi whatih
appensiiniai workflow,iwhatiactivitiesi canibeidoneiin iparallel,iandiwhetheri thereiareialter
nativeipathsi throughithe iworkflow.i
Basic iNotations

Initiali Activity
Thisishows itheistarting ipointiorifirstiactivityiofithe iflow.iItiisidenotedibyiaisolidicircle .

Final iActivity
The iendiofitheiActivityidiagram iisishownibyiaibull'sieye isymbol,ialsoicallediasiaifinal
iactivity.

Activity
Representediby iairectangleiwithi roundedi(almostioval)I edges

Decisions
Ailogiciwhereiai decisioniisitoi beimadeiisidepicted ibyiaidiamond.

Workflow
Workflowi isidepictediwithi aniarrow.iItishowsithei directioniofitheiworkflowiinith ei
activityidiagram.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 42

Login

Admin Traveler

Travel Package Travel Package

Recommendation Recommendation

View User Details Take a Tour

View Tour Deatils

View Tour Status
& Tour Cost

Enter the Tour Cost

and Update the Status

.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 43

DFD

1. TheiDFDiis ialsoicallediasi bubbleichart.iIt iisiaisimpleigraphical

iformalismithaticanibeiused itoirepresentiaisystemi initermsiofiinputi dataitoithei
system,ivariousi processingicarriedioutionithisidata, ianditheioutputi dataiisigeneratedi
byithisisystem.
2. DFDishows ihowitheiinformationi movesithroughithe isystemiandihowiiti
isimodifiedibyiai seriesi ofitransformations .iItiisiaigraphicali techniqueithatidepicts
iinformationiflowiandi theitransformationsithati areiappliediasidataimovesi fromiinputitoi
output.
3. DFDiisialsoiknowniasi bubbleichart.iAi DFDimayibeiusedi toirepresentiaisystemi
atianyileveliof abstraction.iDFDi mayibeipartitioned iintoilevelsithatirepresenti
increasingiinformationi flowiandifunctionali detail.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 44

Login

Check

Admin Traveler

Travel Pack Travel Pack

Recommendation Recommendation

View User Details

Take a Tour

View Tour Details View Tour status

& Tour Cost

Enter the Cost &

Update the Status
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 45

5.5 Entity-Relationship Diagram

EntityiRelationshipi Diagramidepictsithei variousirelationshipsiamongi entities,icon

sideringieachiobjectivei asientity.iEntityirelationshipsi areidescribedibyitheir idependenceio
nieachiother,I asiwelliasithe iextentiofitheirelationshipibetweenithei dataistores.iItidepictsit
heirelationshipibetweenidatai objects.iTheiERidiagrami isiainotationithatiisi useditoiconduc
titheidata imodelingi activity.ii

TheiSymbols iusediinithis iE-RiDiagrami are-

SI.N NAME SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

O
1 Entity Entityiisia ithing iinitheirealiworldi
withian iindependentiexistence.
iItiisianielementary ibasic ibuildingiblocki
ofistoringiinformatio niabout
ibusinessiprocess.i
2 Relationships Airelationshipiis iainamediconnectioni
oriass ociationibetween ientitiesioriusedi
toirelateit oitwoiorimore
ientitiesiwithisomei commoni
attributesiorimeaningfuliinteraction ibetwee
nitheiobjects.
3 Attributes Attributesiareithe ipropertiesiofithei
entitiesi anditheirelationshipsi
areitheidescriptioniofi the
ientity.iAttributesiarei elementaryipiecesi
ofiinformation iattachedito ianientity.
4 Keyiattributes Anientityitypei usuallyihasian
iattributeiwho seivaluesiare
idistinctiforieachi individualien
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 46

tityiinitheicollection.iSuchiani attributeiisi
ca lled ikeyiattribute.

Table 5.4.1: Symbols used in ER-diagram

Figure 5.4.1: ER-Diagram
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 47

CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 Introduction
Implementationiisithe iprocessioficonvertingia inewioriairevisedisystem idesigniint
oianioperational ione.iTheiobjective iisitoiputitheinew iorirevisedisystemi thatihasibeenitest
ediintoioperation iwhileiholdingicosts, irisks,iand ipersonaliirritationitoithe
iminimum.iAicriticaliaspecti ofitheiimplementation iprocessiisitoiensureithati thereiwillibe
inoidisruptingithe ifunctioning iofitheiorganization. iTheibestimethod iforigainingicontrol iwhile
iimplantingianyinew isystemiwould ibeitoiuseiwelliplanned itestiforitestingiall inewiprograms.i
Beforeiproductioni filesiare iuseditoitestiliveidata, itextifilesimustibeicreated ioni
theioldisystem,I copied ioveritoithe inewisystem, iandiusedifori theiinitial itestiofieachi program.

Anotherifactori toibeiconsiderediini theiimplementationi phaseiisitheiacquisitioni ofi

theihardware andisoftware.i Onceitheisoftware iisideveloped iforitheisystem ianditestingiisi
carriediout,I itiisithenitheiprocessi ofimakingitheinewlyi designedisystemifullyi operationali
andiconsistent iniperformance.

Implementation iisitheimosti crucialistage iiniachievingi aisuccessful isystemiandigiv

ingitheiusersi confidenceithati theinewisystemiisiworkable iandieffective. iImplementationi
ofiaimodifiedi applicationitoireplace aniexistingione.iThisitypei oficonversationiisi relativelyi
easyitoihandle, iprovide ithereiareinoi majorichanges iinitheisystem.ii
6.2iSystemiImplementation
Thereiare ithreeimajori typesiofi implementationiare ithereibutithei followingiarei
proposedi foritheiproject.i
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 48

6.2.1iParalleliConversionitypeiofiImplementation

Inithisi typeiofiimplementation ibothitheicurrentisystemi anditheiproposedisystemir

uniiniparallel.i Thisihappensitillithei userigetsithei completeiconfidencei onitheiproposedisystem
iandihencei cutsi ofitheicurrent isystem.

6.2.2iPhasei-iinimethodiofiimplementation
Inithis itypeiofiimplementation itheiproposedi systemiisiintroduced iphase-by- phase.i
Thisireducesitheiriskiofiuncertaintyi ofiproposedisystem.
iEachiprogrami isitestediindividuallyi atitheitimeiofidevelopment iusingitheidata iandi
hasiverifiedithatithisiprogram ilinkeditogetheri initheiwayispecifiedi initheiprogramsi specifica
tion, itheicomputerisystemi andiitsienvironment iisitestedito itheisatisfactioni ofitheiuser.
iTheisystem ithatihasi beenideveloped iisiacceptediandiproveditoi beisatisfactoryi foritheiuser.i
Andi soitheisystemi isigoingitoibei implementediveryi soon.iAisimplei operating iprocedureii
siincludedi soithatitheiuserican iunderstandithei differentifunctionsi clearlyi andiquickly.
Initially iasiaifirstistepi theiexecutable iformiofitheiapplication isitoibeicreated iandiload
ediinithei commoniserverimachine iwhichiisiaccessibleitoithe ientireiuseriandi theiserveriisi
toibeiconnectedi toiainetwork.i Theifinalistageiisito documentithe entireisystem iwhichi
providesicomponentsi anditheioperatingi proceduresiofithe isystem.ii
Implementationi isitheistageiofitheiproject iwhenitheitheoretical idesigniisiturnedi outiin
toiaiworking isystem.iThusiiti canibeiconsideredi toibeitheimosticritical stageiiniachievingi
aisuccessful inewisystemiandi inigivingitheiuser,I confidenceithatithe inewisystemi williworki
andibei effective.
The iimplementation istage iinvolvesicarefuliplanning, iinvestigationiofithei existing
isystemiandiitsiconstraintsion iimplementation,I designing ofimethodsitoiachievei changeoveri
and evaluation ofichangeoveri methods.
Implementation iisitheiprocessi oficonvertingiainew isystemidesigniinto ioperation.iItiisi thei
phaseithatifocusesi oniuseritraining, isiteipreparationiandi fileiconversioni foriinstallingi
aicandidate isystem. iTheiimportant ifactorithati shouldi beiconsideredihere iisithatithe
iconversion ishouldinotidisrupt theifunctioning iofithei organization.
6.2.3iImplementationiMethodologyiofitheiProject:
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 49

Thei projectiisiimplementedi inimodulariapproach. iEachimoduleiisicoded iasi perithe

irequirementsiand testediandithisi processiisiiterated itillitheiallitheimodulesi have
ibeenithoroughlyi implemented.
6.3iSystemiSecurity
Althoughi ourimethod iisimainlyithoughti foridataitracingi inicollaborativei environm
ent,iweiaim atidemonstratingi thatiitiachievesialsoi aigoodisecurityilevel.i Iniparticular, iwei
apply itoitheiimagesiwithi increasinginumberiof iwatermarksi embeddeditheimost idangerousi
attack iagainsti asymmetriciwatermarking isecurity,I namely, itheiclosestipoint ior iprojectioni
attack.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 50

CHAPTER 7
SOFTWARE TESTING

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Testingi isitheimajoriprocess iinvolvediinisoftwarei qualityiassurance i(QA).iItiisiii

terativeiprocess. iiHereitestidatai isipreparediandi isiuseditoitest itheimodulesi individually.ii
Systemitestingi makesisurei thatiallicomponentsi ofitheisystem ifunctioniproperly iasiaiunit
iibyiactuallyi forcingitheisystem itoifail.i
Thetesticauses ishouldibeiplannedi beforeitestingibegins.i Theniasitheitestingii
progresses,I testingishifts ifocusiinianiattempt itoifindierrors iiniintegratedi
clustersiofimodulesiandiini theientirei system.iTheiphilosophy ibehindi testingiisi toifindierrors.i
Actuallyitestingi isitheiestateiofiimplementation ithatiisiaimediatiensuring
ithatitheisystemiworksii actually iandiefficientlyi beforeiimplementation.i
Testingiis idoneiforieachi module.iAfteritestingi allitheimodules, itheimodulesi
areiiintegratedianditestingi ofitheifinali systemiis idoneiwithithei testidata,
ispeciallyidesigneditoii show ithatitheisystemiwill ioperateisuccessfullyiinialliitsiaspects
iconditions. iTheiprocedure iilevelitestingiisimadeifirst. iByigivingi improperiinputs, itheierrors
ioccurred iarei notediandi eliminated.iThusithe isystemitestingiisiaiconfirmation
ithatialliisicorrect iandianiopportunity itoishowithe iuserithatitheisystemi works.iTheifinalistepi
involves iValidationitesting,iwhichi determines iwhetherithei software ifunctionias
itheiuseriexpected.iThei enduseriratherithan theisystemideveloper iconductithisitestimost
isoftwareidevelopers iasiaiprocessicalledi Alpha andiBetaitestI toiuncoverithat
ionlyitheiendiuseri seemsiableito ifind.
Thisiis itheifinalistepiini systemilifeicycle. iHereiweiimplementithe itestedierror lifei
environmentiandimake inecessaryichanges,iwhichiruns iinianionline ifashion.i Hereisystem
imaintenanceiisidone ieveryimonthsioriyear ibasedion icompanyipolicies,I andiisichecked
iforierrorsilikeiruntime ierrors,ilongirun ierrorsiandiother imaintenances ilikeitableiverifica
tioniandi reports.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 51

Duringitheirequirement ianalysisiandidesign, itheioutputiisiaidocumentithat iisiusuallyi

textualiandinon-executable. iAfteritheicoding iphase,icomputer iprogramsiareiavailable
ithaticanibei executedifori testingipurpose.i Thisiimpliesithatitesting inotionlyihasitoiuncover
ierrorsi introducedi duringicoding, ibutialsoierrorsi introducediduringithei previousiphases.i
Consequently,idifferenti levelsiofitesting iareiemployed. Theimostiwidely iuseditestingiprocessi
isishownibelow.

Fig. 7.1 The Testing process

The various types of testing done on the system are:
Unit Testing
Integration Testing
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 52

Validation Testing
System Testing
Acceptance Testing

7.1.1iUNITiTESTING

Unititestingi verificationieffortsionithe ismallest iunitiofisoftware

idesign,imodule.iThisiis iknowniasiModuleiTesting .iTheimodulesi areitestediseparately.
iThisitesting iisicarriediouti duringiprogramming istageiitself.iInithesei testingisteps,
ieachimoduleiis ifounditoibe iworking isatisfactorilyiasiregard itoitheiexpected ioutputifromithe
imodule.
7.1.2iINTEGRATIONiTESTING

Integrationi testingiisiaisystematicitechniquei foriconstructingi testsitoi uncoverierro

riassociatediwithini theiinterface. iInitheiproject,I allitheimodulesi areicombined iandithen
itheientireiprogrammeri isitestediasiaiwhole.iInithe integrationtesting istep,iallithei
erroriuncovered iisicorrectedifori theinextitestingisteps.iiii
7.1.3iVALIDATIONiTESTING
Toiuncover ifunctionalierrors,ithatiis,I toicheckiwhetheri functionalicharacteristics
iconfirmito ispecificationiori notispecified.

7.2iSystemiTesting
Onceiindividual imoduleitestingicompleted, imodulesiareiassembledi toiperformiasi
aisystem. iThenithe itopidown itesting,I whichibeginsifrom iupperilevel itoilower
ilevelimoduleitesting, ihasitoibeidone itoicheckiwhether itheientireisystem iisiperforming
isatisfactorily.
Afteriunitiand iintegration itestingiareiover ithenitheisystemi asiwholeiis itested.i
Thereiareitwoigeneral istrategiesiforisystemitesting.i
Theyiare:

CodeiTesting
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 53

SpecificationiTesting
7.2.1iCodeiTesting
Thisistrategy iexaminesitheilogiciofithei program.iAipathiisiai specificicombination
ioficonditions ihandledibyitheiprogram.i Usingithisistrategy, ieveryipath ithroughithe
iprogramiisitested.

7.2.2iSpecificationiTesting
Thisistrategy iexaminesithei specificationsistating iwhatithe iprogramishouldido iandi
howiitishouldi performiunderivarious iconditions.iTheitest icasesiareidevelopedi
forieachiconditioni ofidevelopedisystemi andiprocessed. iItiisifoundithat itheisystemideveloped
iperformi according itoiitsispecifiedi requirements.i Theisystemiisiusedi experimentallyito
iensureithatitheisoftwarei williruniaccordingi toititsispecification iandiinitheiwayiuseriexpect.
SpecificationiTestingi isidoneisuccessfullyibyi entering variousitypesi ofiendid ata.iItiis
icheckediforiboth ivalidiandiinvalid idataiand ifoundi Systemiisiworking iproperlyiasi
perirequirement.
7.3iAcceptanceiTesting
Whenithei systemihasinoi measureiproblem iwithiitsiaccuracy,I theisystemi
passesithroughiaifinali acceptanceitest. iThisitesti confirmsithatithe isystemineedsi theioriginali
goal,I Objectivei andirequirements iestablishediduringi analysis.iIfitheisystem ifulfilsiallithe
irequirements,iitiisifinally iacceptableiandireadyifori operation.
7.4iTestiPlan
Aisoftwarei projectitestiplaniisiaidocument ithatidescribesithei objectives,I scopeiap
proachiand ifocusiofiaisoftwareitestingieffort.i Thisiprocessiof ipreparingiaitest iplaniisiaiusefuli
wayito ithinkithroughithe ieffortsineededitoivalidate itheiacceptabilityi
ofiaisoftwareiproduct .iTheicompleted idocumentiwillihelpi theipeopleioutside itheitestigroup
iunderstandi WhyiandiHow iofiproductionivalidation. iDifferentitestiplansi
areiusediatidifferenti levelsi ofi testing.

7.4.1iTestiPlansiusediiniUnitiTesting
Eachimoduleiisi testediforicorrectness iwhetheriitiisimeetingi allitheiexpected
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 54

iresults.iCondition iloopsiin itheicode iareiproperly iterminatedisoithat

itheyidontienteriintoianiinfiniteiloop.i Properivalidations iareidoneisoiasito iavoidianyierrors
irelateditoidatai entryifrom iuser.

TestiCases

TestCaseiNumbe Resul
r TestingiScenario Expectediresult t
RegistrationiTesting
Clickingisubmit iwithoutientering Alerti"Please ifillialli
TCii01 idetails details" Pass
Clickingi submitiwithoutienteringi Alerti"Please
TCii02 Username ifilliUsername" Pass
Clicking isubmitiwithoutienteringi
TCii03 password Alert "Pleaseifilli Password" Pass
Clicking isubmitiwithouti
TCii04 enteringiemailiid Alerti"Please ifilliemailiid" Pass
Clickingisubmiti withoutientering Alerti"Please
TCii05 phoneinumber ifillicontactinumber" Pass
Clickingisubmiti
enteringiconfirmipasswordi Alerti"Passwordi
dataiwhichiisinot andiConfirm
TCii06 imatchingiwithipasswordidata iPasswordidonotimatch" Pass

LoginiTesting
Alerti"Pleaseienter
Clickingisubmit itheiusernameiandipassword
TCii07 iwithoutienteringiloginidetails " Pass
Clickingisubmit iwithoutientering Alerti
TCii08 ipassword "Pleaseienteritheipassword" Pass
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 55

Clickingisubmiti withoutientering Alerti"Pleaseienterithe

TCii09 iUsername iUsername" Pass
Clickingisubmiti enteringiwrongi
TCii10 Username Alert i"InvalidiUser" Pass
Clickingisubmiti enteringiwrong
TCii11 ipassword Alert i"InvalidiUser" Pass
Clicking submitienteringiwrongi
TCii12 Usernameiandipassword Alerti"Invalid iUser" Pass

TransportiTesting
ClickingiSearch withouti
TC-i13 selectingidate Alert iSelectidate Pass
ClickingiSubmiti AlertiEnter
TC-i14 withoutienteringinumberiofipersons inumbersiofiPersons Pass
ClickingiSubmit
TC-i15 withoutienteringiEmail AlertiEnteriEmail Pass
Clickingi
SubmitiwithoutiselectingiStartiTripidat
TC-i16 e AlertiSelec tidate Pass
Clickingi Submitiwithouti AlertiEnter inumber
TC-i17 enteringinumber iofidays iofidays Pass

CHAPTERi8
CONCLUSION
Inithisipaper, iweipresentistudy ionipersonalizedi travelipackagei recommendation.i
Specifically,iwei firstianalyzedithei uniqueicharacteristics iofitravelipackagesi
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 56

andidevelopedithei TASTimodel,iai Bayesianinetworki foritravelipackageiandi

touristirepresentation.i TheiTASTimodelicani discoveritheiinterestsiof itheitouristsiandiextract
itheispatial-temporalicorrelationsi amongilandscapes.i Then,iweiexploitedithei TASTimodelifori
developingiaicocktaili approachion personalizeditravel ipackageirecommendation.i
Thisicocktailiapproach ifollowsiaihybridi recommendationistrategy iandihasitheiabilityito
icombineiseveral iconstraintsi existingiinitheireal-worldiscenario.i Furthermore,iwei
extendeditheiTAST imodelitoitheiTRASTi model,iwhichicani captureitheirelationships
iamongitouristsiinieachi traveligroup.iFinally,ianiempiricali studyiwasiconducted ionireal-
worlditravelidata.i Experimentaliresultsi demonstrateithatitheiTASTi modelicanicapture
itheiuniquei characteristics ofitheitravelipackages, itheicocktailiapproachicani
leaditoibetteriperformancesi ofitravelipackage irecommendation,I anditheiTRASTimodeli
canibeiusediasianieffectivei assessmentiforitraveli groupiautomaticiformation.i
Weihopeitheseiencouragingi resultsi couldileaditoimanyifuturei work.

CHAPTERi9
FUTUREiENHANCEMENTS
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 57

Useriratingsicani beiviewedifori everyiplacesibasedi oniusersifeedback.

Thisi applicationicanialso ibeiusediasian iAndroidiapp.
Usersican isearchitheiriplaces ibasedionitheir ibudget.
Agentsi canialsoibeiincludedifor itransportations.

AppendixiA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 58

G.D. iAbowdietial.,iCyber-Guide:iA iMobileiContext-AwareiTour iGuide,iWireless

iNetworks,ivol.i3, ino.i 5,ipp.i421-433,i1997.
G.iAdomaviciusiandiA .iTuzhilin,iTowardithei NextiGenerationiofi Recommenderi
ystems:iAiSurveyi ofitheiState-of-the-ArtiandiPossiblei Extensions,iIEEEi
Trans.iKnowledgei andiDataiEng.,ivol.i17,ino.i6,ipp.i734-749, iJunei2005.
D.iAgarwaliandiB.i Chen,ifLDA:iMatrixi Factorizationithrough iLatentiDirichleti
Allocation,iProc.i ThirdiACMiIntliConf.iWebi SearchiandiDataiMiningi
(WSDMi10),I pp.i91-100,i2010.

AppendixiB
USERiMANUAL
ScreeniShots:
HomeiPage:iUseriHome iPage
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 59

UseriRegistrationiPage:I Usericaniregister iforitraveliportaliby iprovidingitheifollowingidetails.

UseriLoginiPage:iUser ihasitoiprovideiaivalidiusernamei andipassworditoiloginiintoithei

application.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 60

AfteriUseriLoginilist iofiplacesiwillibeidisplayed, ibyiwhichiusericani selectitheiplacesitoivisit.

UseriHome iPagei(SelectediHyderabad):iuseriwillibeiable itoiviewitheiplacesito ishop,ivisitietc.

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 61

Accommodationiforiuser:iuseri caniselectitheiridesiredi hotelsitoistay.

SelectingiHoteli CategoryiandiHotel.
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 62

UseriHotel iBooking:iUseri hasitoiprovideithe ifollowingidetailsitoibooki aihotel.

UseriTransporti:iiAir(Flight)I Usersicanicheckiforithei availabilityiofi flights.

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 63

Bookingiflightiby iprovidingitheidetais.

UseriTransporti:ii(Train)I Usersicanibookitheiri desireditrainsi foritravelling.

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 64

TrainiBooking:iUsersihas itoiprovideitheifollowingi detailsitoibookia itrain.

Vehiclei booking:iUsersicanialsoibookiai vehicleibyiprovidingithei followingidetails.

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 65

User iBookingiStatus: Usersicaniviewi theiribookingistatus.

Admin LoginiPage
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 66

Admin iHomeiPage

AddingiHoteliDetailsiby iAdmin
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 67

Addingi FlightiDetailsibyi Admin

AddingiTrainiDetailsi byiAdmin
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 68

AddingivehicleiDetailsibyiAdmin
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 69

Checking iHoteliBookingirequest ibyiAdminiandiheican iconfirmitheibookings.

Checkingi FlightiBookingi requestibyiAdmini

Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 70

CheckingiTrain iBookingirequestibyi Adminiandiheican iconfirmitheibookings.

Checking iVehicleiBookingi requestibyi Admin

FlightiBookingiStatusiReport
Travel Package Recommendation by Cocktail Approach P a g e | 71

PrintingiaiFlightistatusiReport