NEBB Fundamental Formulas

A = Area (ft) IP, (m) SI M = Mass (lb) IP, (kg) SI

ACH = Air Changes per Hour ma = Mixed Air
Ak = Effective Area m = meter (metre)
AV = Average m/s = Volumetric Flow: Cubic Meters Per Second
BHP = Brake Horsepower (IP) HP NLA = No Load Amperage
BP = Brake Power (SI) kW NPSHA = Net Positive Suction Head Available
Btu = British Thermal Unit oa = Outside Air
Btu/h = Btuh = BTUH = BTU/Hour % oa = % of Outside Air
= Center Distance (used in belt formula) = Ohm
C = Degrees Celsius, C P = Pressure
C = Friction Loss Coefficient (For Duct Fittings) Pa = Atmospheric Pressure
CCF = 100 Cubic Feet Pab = Absolute Pressure (Atmospheric Pressure + Gauge Pressure)
CFM = Volumetric Flow: Cubic Feet Per Minute Pa = Pascals, Pressure SI
Cp = Specific Heat = 3.14
Cv = Flow Constant (IP) PD = Sheave Pitch Diameter
= Density (lb/ft) IP, (kg/m) SI P = Pressure at Pump Centerline
d = Diameter (in.) IP, (mm) SI ppm = parts per million
= Difference or Change (Final - Initial) psi = Pounds Per Square Inch
dimp = Impeller Diameter psia = Pounds Per Square Inch Absolute
E = Volts psig = Pounds Per Square Inch Gauge
Eff = Efficiency Pvp = Absolute Vapor Pressure
EP = Pump Efficiency Q (flow) = Volumetric Fluid Flow Rate: (i.e. CFM, GPM, m/s, l/s, etc.)
F = Degrees Fahrenheit, F Q (heat) = Heat Flow Rate (BTU/Hour) IP, (W or kW) SI
f = Friction Factor R = Rankin = Degrees Rankin, R
FLA = Full Load Amps r = Radius (in) IP, (mm) SI
fpm = Feet per Minute (fpm) % ra = % of Return Air
ft = Foot R = Resistance
g = Acceleration of Gravity ra = Return Air
gal = Gallons rad = Radians
GPM = Gallons Per Minute (GPM) RH = Relative Humidity
h = Enthalpy (BTU/lb dry air) IP, (kJ/kg dry air) SI RPM = Revolutions Per Minute
H = Head (in wc, ft wc, psi) IP, (Pa, kPa) SI Rvalue = Thermal Resistance
Hg = Mercury s = second
hma = Mixed Air Enthalpy SHR = Sensible Heat Ratio
hoa = Outside Air Enthalpy SME = Sash Movement Effect Performance Rating (SME-XX yyy)
HP = Horsepower SP = Static Pressure
hr = Hour Sp Gr = Specific Gravity (for water use 1.00)
hra = Return Air Enthalpy T = Temperature
HT = Height (in) IP, (mm) SI Ta = Absolute Temperature (460 + T) or R
I = Amps Tma = Mixed Air Temperature
J = Joules Toa = Outside Air Temperature
K = Kelvin, K TP = Total Pressure
Kv = Flow constant (SI) Tra = Return Air Temperature
kg = Kilogram TS = Tip Speed (fpm) IP, (m/s) SI
kJ = Kilojoule U = Heat Transfer Coefficient
kPa = Kilopascal = viscosity, dynamic
kW = Kilowatt = 1000 Watts V = Velocity
l = Liter (Litre) VP = Velocity Pressure
l/s = Volumetric Flow: Liters Per Second W = Watt
lb = Pounds WD = Width (in) IP, (mm) SI
lm = Lumens wg = wc = water gauge = water column
ln = natural log WHP = Water Horsepower (IP)
LG = Length (in) IP, (mm) SI WP = Water Power (SI)
lx = Lux = Humidity Ratio (lb or grains of water/lb of dry air) (g H2O/kg dry air)

Approved NEBB - May 11, 2016 Page 1 of 8 Version 1.2

 NEBB Fundamental Formulas

Airflow & Velocity Equations

Q=VA Q =VxA

TP(in wg) = VP + SP TP(Pa) = VP + SP

V( std air) = 4005 VP V(std air) = (1.66 VP)

VP VP
V = 1096 ( ) V = 1.414 ( )

Q 60 Q 3600
ACH = ACH =
(LG x WD x HT ) (LG x WD x HT )

d 2 d 2
( ) 2 ( ) 2
2 = ( r ) AreaRound = 2 = ( r )
AreaRound =
144 144 1,000,000 1,000,000
(HT WD) (HT WD)
Area(square/rectangular) = Area(square/rectangular) =
144 1,000,000
HT 2 ((HT WD) + ( (HT) ))
2
((HT x WD) + ( ( ) ))
2 2
AreaOval = AreaOval =
144 1,000,000
Air Temperature Equations
= (1.8 ) + 32 = ( 32) 1.8

R = ( + 460) K = ( + 273)

Tma = (%oa Toa ) + (%ra Tra ) hma = (%oa hoa ) + (%ra hra )

(Tra Tma ) (hra hma )

%oa = ( ) 100 %oa = ( ) 100
(Tra Toa ) (hra hoa )

Heat Transfer Calculations

Qtotal = 4.5 CFM h Qtotal = 1.2 ls h

Qsensible = 60 Cp CFM Tair Qsensible = Cp ls Tair

Qsensible = 1.08 CFM Tair Qsensible = 1.23 ls Tair

Qlatent = 0.69 CFM gr of H2O

lb dry air
Qlatent = 3.0 ls g H2O
kg dry air
Qlatent = 4840 CFM lb of H2O
lb dry air

SHR = Qsensible Qtotal Qtotal = Qlatent + Qsensible

Fan Equations

CFM2 RPM2 l m3 rad

s2 s s2
= = 3 s=
CFM1 RPM1 l m rad
s1 s1 s1
2
P2 CFM2 2 P2 l 2 m3
s2 s
=( ) =( ) = ( 3 2)
P1 CFM1 P1 l m s1
s1
3 3
l m 3
BHP2 CFM2 3 kW2 s s
=( ) = ( 2) = ( 3 2)
BHP1 CFM1 kW1 l m
s1 s1
( d rpm) ( d rpm)
Tip Speed = TP = Tip Speed = TP =
12 60

Approved NEBB - May 11, 2016 Page 2 of 8 Version 1.2

 NEBB Fundamental Formulas

Sheave Equations
PDmotor RPMfan PDmotor
RPMfan = ( ) RPMmotor =
PDfan RPMmotor PDfan
2
(PDlarge PDsmall )
Fan Belt Length = ( 2) + (1.57 (PDlarge + PDsmall )) + ( )
4

Electrical Equations
Power(Watts) = E I 1 kW = 1000 Watts

I=E =EI

1 HP = 746 Watts 1 Watt = 3.413 Btu/hr

Power Equations

(E I PF Eff) (E I PF)
BHP1 phase = kW1 phase =
746 1000
PF=Power Factor PF=Power Factor

(E I PF Eff 1.732) (E I PF 1.732)

BHP3 phase = kW3 phase =
746 1000
PF=Power Factor = 0.8 & Eff=0.9; if not given

(Iactual (NLA 0.5)

BHP = HP ( )
(FLA (NLA 0.5)

(FLAtag Etag )
FLAactual =
Eactual
(CFM TP SpGr)
Fan HP =
(6356 Eff)

Resistance
Series Circuit: total resistance: = R total Parallel Circuit: total resistance: = R total

1 1 1 1
R TotalSeries = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + + R n = + + +
R TotalParallel R1 R 2 Rn

Eprimary Iprimary = Esecondary Isecondary Voltage Drop = I R Total

Conversions

kilowatts (Kw) Btu / hr 413

horsepower (HP) Btu / hr 2545
joules Btu / hr 0.000948
kilogram calories Btu / hr 3.968
tons of cooling (chiller) Btu / hr 12000
tons of cooling (cooling tower) Btu / hr 15000
gallons U.S. (water) pounds U.S. (lb.) 8.33
millimeters inches U.S. 25.4
centimeters inches U.S. 2.54
bar pounds per square inch (PSI) 14.5
inches of water pounds per square inch (PSI) 0.036
inches of Mercury (Hg) pounds per square inch (PSI) 0.491

Approved NEBB - May 11, 2016 Page 3 of 8 Version 1.2

 NEBB Fundamental Formulas

Hydronic
Pump Equations

GPM2 RPM2 l m3 rad

s2 s s2
= = 3 2 =
GPM1 RPM1 l m s1 rads1
s1

GPM2 dimp2 m3
s2 dimp2
= =
GPM1 dimp1 m3 dimp1
s1
2
m3 rad 2
H2 GPM2 2 H2 h2 s2
=( ) =( 3 ) =( )
H1 GPM1 H1 m rad
h1 s1
3 3
BHP2 GPM2 3 BP2 m3 rad
s2 s2
=( ) =( 3 ) =( )
BHP1 GPM1 BP1 m rad
s1 s1
(GPM H SpGr) 3
WPkW = 9.81 m s Hm SpGr
WHP =
3960
(ls HPa SpGr)
SpGr = 1.0, unless given, EP use 0.7 if not given WPW =
1002
(GPM H SpGr)
BHP = WP
(3960 EP) BP =
EP
SpGr = 1.0, unless given, EP use 0.7 if not given
(WHP 100) (WP 100)
EPin % = EPin % =
BHP BP

Hydronic Calculations
P2 3 3 P2
Coil P: GPM2 = GPM1 ( ) Coil P: m h = m h ( )
P1 2 1 P1
GPM m3
Cv = h
SpGr Kv =
(P ) SpGr
(
psi PBar )

Ppsi m3 = K (PBar )
GPM = Cv ( ) h v
SpGr SpGr
SpGr = 1.0, unless given, EP use 0.7 if not given SpGr = 1.0, unless given, EP use 0.7 if not given
2 2
GPM m3
Ppsi = SpGr ( ) h)
Cv PBar = SpGr (
Kv
SpGr = 1.0, unless given, EP use 0.7 if not given SpGr = 1.0, unless given, EP use 0.7 if not given

V2
NPSHA = Pa Ps + ( ) Pvp Pf
2g

Heat Transfer Calculations

= =
3
= 4190
= 500
= 4190

Boiler Calculations
Input Btu
Output Btu = Input Btu %Eff Fire Rate =
Fuel Btu gal
hr

Boiler Operating Cost = Fire Rategal hrs Burned $Costgal Btu = lb of water 500 Twater
hr

Approved NEBB - May 11, 2016 Page 4 of 8 Version 1.2

 NEBB Fundamental Formulas

Metric Equivalents

acceleration m/s2 meters per second squared 1m/s2 = 3.281 ft/sec2

m3/s cubic meters per second 1 m3/s = 2118.88 cfm
airflow volumetric
l/s liters per second 1 l/s = 2.12 cfm
flow rate
m3/hr cubic meters per hour 1 m3/hr = 0.589 cfm
m2 square meter 1 m2 = 10.764 ft2
area
mm2 square millimeters 1 mm2 = 0.0016 in2
atmospheric kPa kiloPascals 101.325 kPa = 29.92 in Hg = 14.696 psi
pressure Bar Barometers 1 Bar = 100kPa = 29.53 in Hg = 14.504 psi
m meter 1 m = 3.281 ft
distance. length, or
m meter 1 m = 39.370 in
distance
mm millimeter 1 mm = 0.039 in
lx Lux 1 lx = 0.093 fc
lighting intensity
lm/m2 Lumens/square meter 1lm/m2 = 0.0931 fc
kPa kiloPascals = 1000 Pascals 1 kPa = 0.296 in Hg = 0.145 psi
pressure
Pa Pascals 1 Pa = 0.004 in wg
temperature C degrees Celsius C = (F - 32) / 1.8
velocity m/s meters per second 1 m/s = 196.9 fpm
volume m3 cubic meters 1 m3 = 35.31 ft3

1 Btu = Energy required to heat 1 lb of H2O from 39 F to 40 F

1 CCF = 100000 Btu
1 ft = inches 12
1 ft wc = 0.434 psi
1 ft Hg = 5.89 psi
inches = ft x 12
1 mm Hg = 0.535 in wc
1 in Hg = 1.133 ft
1 kW/hr = 3413 Btu
1 lb(moisture) = 7000 grains
1 psi = 2.307 ft wc
1 psi = 27.681 in wc
1 psi = 2.036 in Hg
1 Ton refrigeration = 12000 Btu/hr
Atmospheric. Press = 29.92 in Hg or 14.69 psi
Density of Air (Std) = 0.075 lb/ft3
Density of Water (Std) = 62.4 lb/ft3 or 7.49 gal/ft3 or 8.33 lb/gal
One foot of mercury (Hg) column = 5.89 lb/in2 (psi)
One inch of mercury (Hg) column = 13.6 inches (in wg) = 1.13 ft wg
Specific Heat (Cp) of dry air = 0.24 Btu/lb x F @ 68F
Specific Heat (Cp) ice = 0.50 Btu/lb x F @ 68F
Specific Heat (Cp) vapor = 0.45 Btu/lb x F @ 68F
Specific Heat (Cp) water = 1.00 Btu/lb x F @ 68F
Specific Volume of Air (Std) = 13.33 ft3/lb

Approved NEBB - May 11, 2016 Page 5 of 8 Version 1.2

 NEBB Fundamental Formulas
55 60
210
70

90
50 200
1.3

15.5
190
85
85

15.0
1.2
180
45
65

85 170
W
ET 1.1
BU
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART LB
160
80 TE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 29.921 inches of Mercury M 80
40 PE
RA

IR
TU 1

YA
RE 150

DR
- 60

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

F
- 80

OF
1.0 1.0
140

ND
0.8

OU
.9

F
5000
2.0 75
SENSIBLE HEAT Qs -2000 35

RP
75

E-
4.0

VAPOR PRESSURE - INCHES OF MERCURY

0.6 TOTAL HEAT Qt 130

ENTHALPY - BTU PER POUND OF DRY AIR

- 8. -10

R
PE
300 00
-4-8.0

TU

14.5
0.5
0
.0

TU

RA
-2
0.4

-B
.0
-1.

PE
0.0 120 .8
-0.54
0.3

75
-0..3

0
-0
-0.2
-0.1

PY
0.2

EM
20
0
0.1

%
00

AL
55

25
NT
70

TH
30
50

110 70

TIO
.0
150

EN

RA
0

1000

.7

TU
ENTHALPY h
100

SA
HUMIDITY RATIO W 70
65
65
90 .6
25

65 50

14.0
60 80

%
60
90
20

SPEC
.5
70
%

%
IFIC
80

60

15
55
55

VOLU
15
%

60
70

.4

ME ft
50 55
50
%

45

/lb O
60

50
13.5

10 45 50

F
% 45 .3
50

DRY
40
40
45 8%

AIR
% 40
40
35
5 40 30 35 .2
6%

DEW POINT - F
30 %
30
13.0

35 30
25 20 40
30 4% 25
20 20%
0 25 20 .1
15 ITY
HUMID
12.5

20
10 LATIVE 10
0
5 15 10% RE 2% 10
-5 10
5 0
12.0

0
-20
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F

35
10 15 20 25 30

Approved NEBB - May 11, 2016 Page 6 of 8 Version 1.2

 NEBB Fundamental Formulas
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO = Qs / Qt 0.40
15 16 17 18
0 0 0 0
14
0
47.0

40 46.0

0.98
13 45.0
0

1.00

1.02
44.0
38
43.0
35 0.45
42.0 35
12
0 36
41.0
18
40.0 0
35
W 34 39.0
11 ET
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART - METRIC 0

0.96
BU
LB 38.0
NORMAL TEMPERATURE TE 32 37.0
SI Units M 0.50
PE 17
RA 36.0 0
SEA LEVEL 10 TU
0 RE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 101.325 kPa 30 35.0
-
C 34.0
33.0
90 28
30 32.0 0.55 16
30 0

0.94
31.0

ENTHALPY - KJ PER KILOGRAM OF DRY AIR

26
- 30.0

VAPOR PRESSURE - MM OF MERCURY

1.0 1.0

IR
80 30

YA
29.0

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE - C

25%
0.8
0.60

DR
24
11.7
SENSIBLE HEAT Qs
2.0
-4.6 28.0 15
0

OF
4.0
0.6 TOTAL HEAT Qt
- 8.0 -2.3 27.0

AM
7.0
0.5 -4-8.0 70 26.0
.0
GR 22

0.92
-2
0.4

.0

25.0 0.65
-1.

ILO
0.0
-00.5.4
0.3

- .3

0
-0
-0.2
-0.1
0.2

25
4.7
0 24.0
0.1

RK

20 25 14

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAMS MOISTURE PER KILOGRAM DRY AIR

0
PE

60 23.0
1.2

KJ
3.5

22.0 0.70
25
Y-

18
2.3

21.0
LP

ENTHALPY h
HA

20.0

0.90
HUMIDITY RATIO W 50 0.75
T

16 13
EN

19.0 0
20 18.0
0.80 20
90%

%
17.0

15
40 14
20 16.0
%

0.85

0.88
80

15.0 12
12 0
14.0 0.90
VOL
%

30 TY
70

15 I 13.0
UME ID 15
M 0.95
HU 10 12.0
%

VE
60

15
- CU
0.86

TI 11.0 1.00
LA 11
RE

SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO = Qs / Qt

0
BIC

20 10.0
%

10 8
8%
50

9.0 10
MET

10 10 % 8.0
40
0.84

ER P

6
5 6% 7.0
0 5
ER K

% 6.0
5 30 10
0
-1
0.82

0 0 4 5.0
4%
G DR

0
-2
0 20% 4.0
ITY
0.80

-5
Y AIR

TIVE HUMID 3.0 -5

-3 -10 -5 RELA 2% 2
0 10%
0.78

2.0 -10
-15 -10
-20 90
0.76

-25 -15 1.0

-30
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - C

80
-3 -2 -1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0 0 0

Approved NEBB - May 11, 2016 Page 7 of 8 Version 1.2

 NEBB Fundamental Formulas

AirDensityCorrectionFactors(USUnits)StandardAirDensity(SeaLevel&70F)=0.075lb/ft3@29.92inHg
Altitude(ft) SeaLevel 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Barometer(inHg) 29.92 28.86 27.82 26.82 25.84 24.90 23.98 23.09 22.22 21.39 20.58
(inwg) 407.50 392.80 378.60 365.00 351.70 333.90 326.40 314.80 302.10 291.10 280.10
AirTemperatureF 40 1.26 1.22 1.17 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87
0 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.03 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79
40 1.06 1.02 0.99 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.73
70 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.08 0.74 0.71 0.69
100 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.65
150 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60
200 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.06 0.57 0.55
250 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.51
300 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48
350 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.05 0.45
400 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42
450 0.55 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.40
500 0.58 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38
550 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.52 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.36
600 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34
700 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32
800 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29
WaterTemperatureF 60 150 200 250 300 340
FeetheaddifferentialperinchHgdifferential 1.046 1.070 1.090 1.110 1.150 1.165

3
AirDensityCorrectionFactors(MetricUnits)StandardAirDensity(SeaLevel&20C)=1.204kg/m @101.325kPa
Altitude(m) SeaLevel 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2500 3000
Barometer(kPa) 101.33 98.30 96.30 93.20 90.20 88.20 85.10 83.10 80.00 76.00 71.90
AirTemperatureC 0 1.08 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.81 0.76
20 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.71
50 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.68 0.64
75 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.63 0.60
100 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.59 0.56
125 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.55 0.52
150 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.49
175 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.49 0.46
200 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.44
225 0.59 0.56 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.42
250 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.42 0.40
275 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.40 0.38
300 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.38 0.36
325 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.35
350 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.33
375 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32
400 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.31
450 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.29
500 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27
WaterTemperatureC 15.5 65.5 93.2 121 148.7 170.9

Approved NEBB - May 11, 2016 Page 8 of 8 Version 1.2