International Journal of Engineering Vol.3., Issue.5.

,
Research-Online A Peer 2015
Reviewed International Journal (Sept.-Oct.)
Articles available online
http://www.ijoer.in

RESEARCH ARTICLE
ISSN: 2321-7758

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT

RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES
1
MAHEBOOB.M ,
2
KASHINATH B R
1
P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Government
Engineering College, Haveri, Karnataka, India
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College,
Haveri, Karnataka,
Indi
a

ABSTRA
CT
Concrete is an important and successful material in
the construction industry for a long time. It has so many
applications and utilization in the construction field. Due to
advancement in technology and constantly increasing economy,
construction industry develops in everlasting leaps and bound day
by day. Ferrocement as a retrofitting material can be pretty useful
because it can be applied quickly to the surface of the damaged
element without the requirement of any special bonding material
and also it requires less skilled labour, as compared to other
retrofitting solutions presently existing. The ferrocement
construction has an edge over the conventional reinforced
concrete material because of its lighter weight, ease of
construction, low self weight, thinner section as compared to RCC
& a high tensile strength which makes it a favourable material for
prefabrication also. In the present thesis RC beams initially
stressed to a prefixed percentage of the safe load are retrofitted
using increase the strength of beam in both shear and flexure, the
chicken mesh. Place the moulds on the vibrating table and put the
wet concrete mix inside the moulds in three layers. Put the button
of vibrating table and along with that tamping has to be done
using standard tamping rod. Vibration should not be more,
otherwise segregation will take place. After filling the moulds with
wet concrete, level the surface and give the designation. Demould
the specimen after 24 hours, Keep all specimen for curing of 28
days. After curing for

1 MAHEBOOB.M,
KASHINATH B R
 28 days remove all specimen from curing tank then start
retrofitting work. Before retrofitting chipping should be done. Then
rough layer of motar is applied on the surface of beam Then
retrofit all beam with different techniques like HFRC, FRC, SIFCON,
SIMCON, Ferrocement. Take slurry infiltrate mat concrete and
cover to full beam then mortar will be applied to full beam. Take
slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (steel fibre) mixed with mortar and
applied over a surface of beams and same process will be done
with polypropylene fibre. Hybrid fibre reinforcement concrete
method is also same as SIFCON but polypropylene fibre and steel
fibre both will mix at same time with different percentage in
mortar. In ferrocement retrofitting welded and chicken mesh are
used which is cover to beams and then mortar is applied over the
surfaces. Keep all beams again for 28 days curing. Then after
completion of curing period flexural strength test will be
conducted.
Key words: Ferrocement, wire mesh, SIFCON, SIMCON, flexural
strengthening, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Polypropylene Fibers.
KY PUBLICATIONS

2 MAHEBOOB.M,
KASHINATH B R
 International Journal of Engineering Vol.3., Issue.5.,
Research-Online 2015
A Peer Reviewed International (Sept.-
I. found to be 2.66. The sieve separation of
INTRODUCTI compound substant data base of fine
ON aggregates used tabulated.
The cost of civil infrastructure Table 4.2: Properties of coarse
constitutes a major portion of the national aggregate
wealth. Its rapid deterioration has thus Proper Resul
created an urgent need for the ty Size
Particle shape, Angularts
20mm
development of novel, long - lasting and Down
cost - effective methods for repair and Size
Fineness Modulus of 6.87
retrofit. In the present days life extension
20mm aggregate
of structures through strengthening is
Specific Gravity 2.66
becoming an essential activity. A host of
strengthening systems has to be devised
and adopted over the years. The choice of
the strengthening system depends on the
specific performance requirements. As
the number of civil infrastructure systems
increases worldwide, the number of
deteriorated buildings and structures also
Fig 4.2: Locally available
increases. crushed aggregates
A structure when designed properly 4.2.3 Fine aggregate
and constructed requisite standards of
Commonly usable sand confirming zone 2 of IS:
workmanship and proper specification
383:1970 is using for the project work.
adopted and material used are of good
The specific gravity of the fine aggregate
quality that is, if all the parameter are
was found to be 2.64.
related to the construction of the structure
are in ideal conditions, its life can be
predicated and the load bearing capacity
of the structures.
II Materials
used:
4.2.1 Cement: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
43 grade conforming to IS: 8112 1989 was
used. The cement with brand name
VIJAYASHAKTHI Super cement was used.
Table 4.1: Properties of Fig.4.3: Natural river sand
cement
Properties OPC 43(G) Table 4.3: aggregate properties
Specific gravity 3.1
Finenes 5
4.0
Normal s %
32.0
consistency
Initial setting time %
45mi
Final setting time 5 hrn45 min

Fig 4.1: OPC 43

grade cement
4.2.2 Coarse aggregate
Locally available crushed aggregates confirming to IS:
 IS sieve Cumulati Specifications for Zone II as
size ve per IS:383-
percent 197
age 0

International Journal of Engineering passing

of fine Vol.3., Issue.5.,
Research-Online aggrega
2015
4.75mm 96. 90-
A Peer Reviewed International
2.36mm 1
88. (Sept.-
100
75-
3831970 are used in this project work of size 1.18mm 2
76. 100
55-
20 mm below. The specific gravity of coarse 2 90
600 52. 35-
aggregate was 5 59
micron
s
300 5.9 8-
micron 5 30
s 150 0.5 0-
micron 10
s
Pan 0 0
Specific
gravity=2.64
4.2.4 Water: Water used in the concrete mix
satisfies the IS norms. The main function
of mixing of water in the sand, cement,
water freshly take reaction with
chemically and produe a pasted form of
cement with all ingredient are to be take
place.
4.1.6
Fibres
The fibres used in work are steel Fig 4.8 Welded mesh
fibres and polypropylene fibres. 4.1.5.2. Chicken mesh:
4.1.6.1 Steel Chicken mesh having hexagonal opening
fibres with 15mm diameter is used.
In the present work flat crimped steel
fibres of 1mm thickness and 35mm length
giving aspect ratio of 35 are used. The
density is found to be 7850kg/m3.

Fig 4.9 chicken mesh

III.METHODOLOGY
Calculate the material required
for 21 beams, 3 bream for without
Fig 4.4 Steel fibres
retrofitting, 3 for SIFCON, 3 for SIMCON,
4.1.6.2
3 for HFRC, 6 for FRC & 3 for Ferrocement
Polypropylene fibres
specimens using the mix proportion by
Polypropylene fibres are readily available
volume as discussed above and W/C of
in the market in the standard dimensions.
0.45.
The fibres to be used here are of length
The following procedure is adapted to
12mm which is prescribed by the
cast the specimens.
manufacturers for the concrete work. The
density of PPF is found to be 930kg/m3 . Place the moulds on the vibrating
table
put the and
wet concrete mix inside the
moulds
in three layers.
Put the button of vibrating table
and along
with that tamping has to be
Figure 4.5 Polypropylene fibres
done
standardusing
tamping rod.
4.1.5 Meshes Vibration should not be more,
While casting the specimens two types of otherwise
segregation will take place.
meshes are
used. After filling the moulds with wet
4.1.5.1. Welded mesh: concrete,
level the surface and give the
Square welded mesh of opening designation
it as shown into fig.
12.5mm12.5mm
(1/2inch) is used in the experimentation. The Demould the specimen after 24
welded hours as shown in figure.
mesh have small diameter bars (16 Keep all specimen for curing of 28
gauges) kept closely in both directions days
After curing for 28 days remove all
specimen
from curing tank then start
retrofitting work.
147 MAHEBOOB.M,
KASHINATH B R
 Before retrofitting chipping should be and note that as failure load as
done.
Then rough layer of motar is shown
figure in
applied on the surface of beam Computation of the flexural strength was
as follows.
Then retrofit all beam with Flexural strength = X
P = Load in kN
different
techniques like HFRC, FRC, SIFCON, Where, 1000
SIMCON,
Ferrocement.
Take slurry infiltrate mat concrete L = Effective length of beam =
and cover
400 mm b = Width of the beam =
to full beam then mortar will be 100 mm
applied to full beam. d = Depth of the beam = 100 mm.
Take slurry infiltrated fibre
concrete (steel fibre) mixed with
mortar and applied over a surface
of beams and same process will be
done with polypropylene fibre.
Hybrid fibre reinforcement concrete
method is also same as SIFCON but
polypropylene fibre and steel fibre
both will mix at same time with
different percentage in mortar.
Fig 4.14: Line diagram of flexural test
In ferrocement retrofitting on beams
welded and chicken mesh are
used which is cover to beams and
then mortar is applied over the
surfaces.
Keep all beams again for 28 days
curing.
Then after completion of
curing period flexural strength test
will be conducted.
Flexural strength test
The following procedure is adopted to
conduct the flexural strength test.
Brush the beam clean. Turn the
beam on its side, with respect to its
position as molded, and place it in
the breaking machine. The size of
the beam specimen is 100 x 100 x
500 mm.
Set the bearing plates square with
Fig 4.15: Flexural test on
the beam and adjust for distance beams
by means of the guide plates IV.RESULTS AND COMPARISIONS
Place a strip of leather or similar Flexural strength test results: Following
material
under the upper bearing plate to tables
flexuralgives
strength test result for concrete
assist in
distributing the load. beams retrofitting and with retrofitting by
without
Bring the plunger of the jack into various
techniques.
contact
with the ball on the bearing bar by Table 4.5: Flexural strength of
turning
the screw in the end of the plunger. concrete beam
without retrofitting
After contact is made and when
only
fingerfirm
pressure has been applied, Specime Failu Flexur Avera
n re al ge
adjust the
needle on the dial gauge to 0. identifca load streng flexur
Here we are applying two point tion (KN) th al
loading
the beam onspecimen, apply load till it 14 (MPa)
5. streng
breaks 6
 Table
A14.9: Flexural strength of concrete beam retrofitted with hybrid fibre
reinforcement concrete
A1 15 6 5.88 (SF+PPF)

A1 15 6 Specime Failu Flexur Avera

n re al ge
Table 4.6: Flexural strength of identifc load stren flexur
concrete beam atio n (KN) gt h al
retrofitted with (MPa streng
ferrocement ) th
A1 21 4.
9
Specime Failu Flexur Avera A2 22.5 5. 10.07
n re al ge 2
identifcat load streng flexur A3 21 4.
ion (KN) th al 9
(MPa) streng
A2 25.5 5.
9 Table 4.10: Flexural strength of
A2 24 5. 11.45 concrete beam retrofitted with
6 polypropylene fibre reinforcement
A2 24 concrete
5.
6 Avera
Table 4.7: Flexural strength of concrete Specime Failu Flexur ge
beam n re al flexur
retrofitted with SIFCON identifcat load streng al
Specime Failu Flexur Avera ion (kN) th streng
n re al ge A1 20 4.
identifcat load streng flexur 6
ion (KN) th al 8.80
A2 18 4.
(MPa) streng 2
A3 24.5 5. A3 18 4.
7 2
A3 22.5 5. 10.88
2
Table 4.11: Flexural strength of concrete beam
A3 21.5 retrofitted
5. with SIMCON
0
Specime Failu Flexu Avera
Table 4.8: Flexural strength of
n re ra l ge
concrete beam with
identifc load stren flexur
steel fibre reinforcement atio n (KN) gt h al
concrete (MPa stren
) gt h
Specime Failu Flexur Avera (MPa)
n re al ge A1 14 3.
identifcat load streng flexur
2
ion (KN) th al 6.83
A2 15.5 3.
(MPa) streng
6
A4 22 5. A3 18 4.
1 2
A4 24 5. 10.65
6
A4 25.5 5.
Overall result of flexural strength
149 9 MAHEBOOB.M,
KASHINATH B R
Following table gives the flexural strength test result for concrete beams without retrofitting
and with retrofitting by various techniques. Also it gives the
percentage increase of flexural
strength with respect

150 MAHEBOOB.M,
KASHINATH B R
to the beam without retrofitting. The shown in the figure.
variation of
flexural strength is depicted in the form of
graph as
Table 4.12: Overall result of flexural strength

Retrofitting Flexural Percentage increase

techniques strength of flexural strength
(MPa with respect to the
) beam without
Beam without 5.8 retrofitting
0
retrofitting
Beam retrofitted with 8
8.8 49.6
Polypropylene FRC 0 5
Beam retrofitted with 10.6 81.1
Steel 5 2
FRC
Beam retrofitted with 11.4 94.8
Ferrocement 6 9
Beam retrofitted with 6.8 16.1
SIMCON 3 5
Beam retrofitted with 10.0 71.2
HFRC 7 5
(SF+PPF)
Beam retrofitted with 10.8 85.0
SIFCON 8 3

14

12

10

4
Series1
2

Fig 30: Variation in flexural strength for different retrofitting

techniques

150 MAHEBOOB.M,
KASHINATH B R
V.CONCLUSI and structural engineering, Volume 5,
ONS Issue
Following conclusion may be drawn based 12, December (2014).
on the experimentation conducted on the [3]. Balamuralikrishnan.R and
comparative evaluation of different Antony Jeyasehar.C Retrofitting of
retrofitting technique for concrete beam. RC Beams with Externally
Bonded Simcon Laminates

15 MAHEBOOB.M,
1 KASHINATH B R
 yields
Thus ithigher
can beflexural
concluded strength
that the and Concrete
(2009), (2014)
Vol.3 The , Vol.
Open 52, Civil
2008, pp.
1115
the percentage
concrete
beam retrofitted within the flexural
ferrocement Engineering
Journal, 2009, 34-40.
1120.
strength
yields as compared to the beam [4]. Mohite
higher flexural strength and the [9]. Vikrant P M Experimental
S. Vairagade, Kavita S. Kene
without
percentage
in retrofitting is found
the flexural strength as compared to be evaluation of
reinforced concrete beam
Experimental Investigation on
49.65%.
to the without retrofitting is found retrofitted with
ferrocement
beam Hybrid Fiber(2013), Vol.2 Concrete
Reinforced No-3
Thusto itbe can be concluded that the Aug 2013
ISSN:2319-6009.
94.89%. (2014)
concrete beam retrofitted with SIMCON
Thus it can be concluded that the [5].
[10]. Prem AntonyPal Bansal,and Maneek
Jeyasehar.C
yields higher flexural strength and the Kumar,
concrete
beam retrofitted with SIFCON yields higher S.K.Kaushi Effect
Balamuralikrishnan. Of Mes
percentage in the flexural strength as k Wire h by
flexural strength and the percentage in the R Strengthening
Orientatio On of Structures
Strength Beam
compared to the beam without HFRC
flexural strength as iscompared to 16.15%.
the beam Retrofitted Using Ferrocement
retrofitting found to be laminates Asian Journal
Journal of Civil
without retrofitting is found to be (2007) Vol 31
International on
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behavior of slurry infiltrated fibrous (201 2)
yields
flexuralhigher
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Performances of Chicken Mesh on
concrete (sifcon) (2013)
percentage
flexural strengthin theas compared to & Strength
of Beams Retrofitted Using
International Journal of Computer
the beam
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Organization Trends Volume
81.12%.
Issue Volume
Issue 2, 2012), PP
7(July
Thus it5 can be concluded that the
Number 1 beam
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[2]. flexuralArun Aniyan
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Strength
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15 MAHEBOOB.M,
1 KASHINATH B R