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BulkCarriers(ADetailedSyno
OreCarrierBergeStahl(Copy
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Wheneverthewordshipcomestoourmind,wemayinvariablythinkoflavishyachtsandpassengerferriesliketheTitanic,therobust DesignofOffshoreStructures
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shareofourfleettravelingaroundtheglobeiscomprisedoftheshipsknownasBulkCarrierswhicharealsotermedasworkhorsesof madeupofwater.So,withthe
maritimetrade.Over1517%ofourmerchantvesselsarecomprisedoftheseamazingbulkcarriers. needsoftheoftheeverincrea
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Asof1999,theInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSeadefinesabulkcarrierasashipconstructedwithasingledeck,top
sidetanksandhoppersidetanksincargospacesandintendedtoprimarilycarrydrycargoinbulkanorecarrieroracombination What'swiththeBulb?PartTh
carrier.But,letusnotgetintothetechnicallingofirst,abulkcarrierasageneralpurposecargocarryingshipwhichisemployedtocarry Ifyouareabeginner,readthe
enormousamountsofbulkunpackaged(note:theyarenotlikecontainervessels)cargoinitssingledeckstructure.Broadlytheremay secondpartofthisseries.
be2typesofcargo:
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Differenttypesofbulkcarrierbasedoncargoarrangement.
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(Copyright:ShipConstruction,D.J.Eyres)
BulkCarriers(ADetailedSynopsis)
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Planviewofabulkcarrier(MainDeckPlan)

Now,letmecometothepoint.Asimplebulkcarrierisasingledeck,highcapacitycargoshipmainlyintendedforcarryingunpackaged
bulkcargo.Itnormallyhasacomplexinternalhullstructuredesignedtomeetitsefficiency,capacityandstorage,strengthaswellas
safety.

TypesofBulkCarriersDependingonSizeandCapacity

Therearevarioustypesofbulkcarriersbasedontheircontainmentcapacityordeadweight,sizesanddimensionsandsometimes
businessandcorporalstandards.Someofthecommontypesofbulkcarriersare:

MINIBULKERS:Deadweight(dwt)capacity<10000tons.

SMALLHANDYSIZECARRIERS:2000028000tonsDWT.

HANDYSIZECARRIERS:2800040000tonsDWT.

HANDYMAX:4000050000tonsDWT.

SEAWAYMAX:ItisadesignspecifiedtypemadetocrosstheSt.LawrenceSeawayandhasthebeamrestrictedtowithin
23.16m.

AFRAMAX:75000115000tonsDWT.

SUEZMAX:SpeciallydesignedtopasstheSuezCanalandhastheloadcapacityupto150000tonsDWT.

PANAMAX:DesignedspecificallytotraversethePanamaCanalwithbreadth/beamwithin32.2mandacapacityof65000
80000tons

CAPESIZE:ItisdesignedspecificallytomovethroughtheCapeofGoodHopeandCapeHorn.

VLBCorVeryLargeBulkCarriers:Thesearehugesized,withtonnagecapacityof80000120000tonsDWT.

Hullform

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Nowabulkcarrierhasthemainconcernofcarryinglargeamountsofloadedbulkcargoeconomicallyandsafelyfromoneplaceto
anotherinstipulatedtimeovervaryingdistances.So,thinkaboutit,theprimeconcerndrivingallthevesselsshouldbecapacityand
cargofriendlinessandnotspeedorluxury.So,inalltheshipswhichareessentiallyofdisplacementtype(slowspeed),ithasabroader
andfullerhullform.

Abroaderbeamhasafullerbowaswellasasterntoaccommodatelargeamountsofcargo,reducingitsconcernsonspeed.Intermsof
the body plan or the lines plan, the buttock lines or the curvature lines of the hull both fore and aft are far spaced accounting for its
fullness.

Nowthehullformofabulkerisgenerallycellguidedtoaccountforitslongitudinalstrength(forlargerships)andiswebframed(inshorter
ships)toaccountforitstransversestrength.Thebasicdesignofthehullformofbulkcarriersismainlycomprisedofathickdoubleshell
platingandgirdedbytanksinthesideways,bottom,andtopzones.

StrengthofTheHullGirder

The double bottom structure not only adds to strength of the hull girder and protect the bulk cargo inside from any kind of oceanic
disturbance.Italsoprovidesaprotectivelayeragainstaccidentalflooding,breakage,leakageorgroundingofaship.

Doublebottomstructure(SolidfloorandBracketfloorarrangement)
(Copyright:ShipConstruction,D.J.Eyres)

The elaborate arrangement of tanks with the double bottom tank below, lower hopper side tank or bilge tank at the bilge or the upper
hoppersidetankunderneaththecornersoftheupperweatherdeckmainlyaccountfortheballastingsystemsinships.Ballastingisan
operation done by the intake of some amount of freshwater or seawater in the tanks for the purpose of maintaining the stability and
buoyancyoftheship(hencemaintainingitscentreofgravityindiverseseaconditions).Thetanksalsohavemanholesforthepurposeof
surveying,discharging,repairingandmaintenance.

The deck and hull elements have an elaborate arrangement of girders and stiffeners for providing longitudinal strength.These may be
weldedorriveteddependingontheirlocationbothintransverseandlongitudinaldirection.

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MidshipSectionofasingleskinbulkcarrier.(Copyright:ShipConstruction,D.J.Eyres)

MidshipSectionofdoubleskinnedbulkcarrier.
(Copyright:D.J.Eyres)

CargoHandling

Bulkamountsofcargoinbulkcarriersmaybeloadedandunloadedbythevirtueoflargeopeningsinthedeckknownashatchopenings.
These openings are generally less than half of the beam (< B/2), generally onethird in single hatch ships and 0.75 in double or more
hatches.Thesehatchesarecoveredbyhatchcoversandhavecoamingswhichprotectthecargofromfloodinganddamageinhighseas
andalsoaccountsforcompensationoflossofstrengthofthedeckduetotheopenings.

Thehatchcoversmayslide,fold,rollorbeguidedbyhydraulicliftingsystems.Somespecialtechniquesasinthepontoondecksmay
beadopted.Allsuchdesignationsareincongruencewiththeloadoutlinesandthestructuralnecessitiesofaship.

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Folding,SinglePullandDirectPullhatchcovers.
(Copyright:ShipConstruction,D.J.Eyres)

Rollinghatchcovers.
(Copyright:ShipConstruction,D.J.Eyres)

Specialized cranes and derricks may be used for loading and unloading. A crane's discharge rate is limited by the bucket's capacity
(from 6 to 40 tons) and by the speed at which the crane can take a load, deposit it at the terminal, and to return to take the next. For
modern gantry cranes, the total time of the grabdepositreturn cycle is about 50 seconds. It may also be of selfloading or self
dischargingtypewheretheprocessofloadingandunloadingmaybebytheuseofconveyorbeltswheretheloadingandunloadingrates
mayrangefrom100to700tonsperhourwherethemostadvancedportshavearangeofupto16,000tons.

Cargohandlingarrangementonabulkcarrierwith4cargoholds.
(Notehowonederrickisusedtooperateontwoholds)

Cargohandlingarrangementofthesamebulkcarrierabove,inplanview.
(Notehowonederrickisusedtooperateontwoholds)

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Propersurveillanceandcheckingmethodologiesareadoptedforthecargobothensuringitsqualityandthestabilityandsafetyfactorsof
aship.Grainshiftingisanawkwardandoftendangerousproblemincaseofdrybulk,wheretheunpackagedorloosenedcargoposethe
problemofshiftingwhenexceedingtheangleofreposemostlyduetolackoflevellingortheheavyseaconditions.Itleadstothelossof
stabilityandprecariousrollingmotion.

Ifyouobservetheslopeofthewingtankplating,ithasareason.Thisanglediffersindifferentbulkcarriers,matchingtheangleofrepose
of the cargo that is to be carried. If the angle of the wing tank plating matches the angle of repose of the cargo, then cargo shifting is
considerablyprevented.

Machinery(InBrief)

Themachineryandtheengineroomisaftnearthesternforpropercontrolandalsoformaintainingthetrim.Mostofthecommonbulkers
likethePanamaxorHandymaxhave2strokeheavydutydieselengineattachedtoafixedpitchpropeller.Smallervesselsusuallyhave
oneortwo4strokeenginesattachedtothefixedorcontrollablepitchpropellerviaareductiongearbox.

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EngineRoomArrangementatthreefloorlevelsabovebottomline.

RecentDevelopments

BulkCarriers,beingtheworkhorsesofthemaritimeeconomyhavecomealongwaythroughdisasters,losses,andhazards.So,withthe
passage of time, especially after the tragic loss of MV Derbyshire, the IMO, and the other International Safety Organizations have
becomemorecautiousaboutsafetymeasurestobetakeninabulkcarrier.Though,itlistsouttobehuge,someofthemare:

Astrongerdoublebottomaccountingformorestablestructure.

Atleasttwoormoreholdswatertightarenecessarytoavoidheavytrimincaseofaccidentalfloodingorleakage.

Improvinghatchstructuresandcoamings,sothatwaterdoesnotentertheholdseveninheavyseas.

Generallyitisdifficulttoassessloadingconditionsandheavyliftingoperationsareusuallyslow(itcantakeoveranhourjust
tohalttheoperation),occasionallyresultinginoverloadingtheship.Sometimes,unexpectedshocks,overtime,candamage
thehull'sstructuralintegrity.

Muchmorecareistakenandadvancedtechniquesareadoptedformaintainingproperangleofreposeandpreventinggrain
shiftingandalsotokeepthecargoevenedout.

Corrosion,duetoalackofmaintenance,affectedthesealsofthehatchcoversandthestrengthofthebulkheadswhich
separateholds.Thecorrosionisdifficulttodetectduetotheimmensesizeofthesurfacesinvolved.Somorecareistakento
preventcorrosionandpreventlifespanoftheships.

Improvedballastingtechnologies.LSD

ArticleBy:SubhodeepGhosh

PostedbyLearnShipDesignat11:52 +4 Recommend this on Google

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