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Chapter Lesson 19. Because one has two equal sides and the
other does not. (One is isosceles, the other
Set I (pages ) scalene.)
9. Subtraction. 32.
10. Substitution.
11. Addition.
33.
12. Division.
Deceiving Appearances.
13. Isosceles. (Also acute.)
14. AB > BC.
15. Substitution.
34. A 83, B 56, C 41.
16. Scalene. (Also acute.)
35. A > B > C.
17. DF < DE.
36. Yes. The order corresponds to the order of
18. The transitive property. the lengths of the opposite sides.
Chapter Lesson
41. That the line is upright (contains the Almost without exception people agree that
center of the earth). their own decision processes ought to be logical
Moreover formal theories of decision making
42. The sides of one angle must be opposite assume logical consistency: Preferences among
rays to the sides of the other angle. (It must objects ought to be consistent with one another
also be true that two angles are equal if they If A is preferred to B and B to C then logically A
are vertical angles.) should be preferred to C Transitivity of this sort
is a basic property that just ought to hold
43. Yes: 1 and 2 are not vertical angles. If anytime different objects are compared to one
they were vertical angles, they would be another
equal. Because AB = AC, 2 = 3 (if two
These three rules constitute a sensible set of
sides of a triangle are equal, the angles
postulates about decision behavior Indeed if the
opposite them are equal). But 1 < 3;
rules are described properly so that the math
(2) Subtraction.
transitive paradoxes in one of his Mathematical
(3) Given. Games columns It is included in his Time Travel
(4) Substitution. and Other Mathematical Bewilderments (W H
(5) Addition. Freeman and Company )
Optics Figure. 1. If you prefer an apple to a banana and a
47. (1) Given. banana to a cookie, then you prefer an apple
(2) Betweenness of Rays Theorem. to a cookie.
(3) Protractor Postulate. 2. The transitive property.
(4) The whole greater than part theorem.
3. If you have no preference between an apple
48. Proof. and a banana or between a banana and a
(1) A-B-C. (Given.) cookie, then you have no preference be-
(2) AB + BC = AC. (Betweenness of Points tween an apple and a cookie.
Theorem.)
(3) AC > AB. (Whole greater than part.) 4. Substitution.
(4) ADB = DAB. (Given.)
Chapter Lesson
5. If you have no preference between an apple 13. No. The exterior angles at each vertex are
and a banana and you prefer a cookie to vertical angles and vertical angles are equal.
nothing at all, then you would prefer having
an apple and a cookie to having just a 14. Example figure:
banana.
6. Yes.
If C > 0, then A + C > A. (Addition.)
But A = B, so A + C > B. (Substitution.)
Chapter Lesson
Set I (pages )
15. Example figure:
Aristotle included a section on the causes of the
rainbow in De Meteorologia According to Carl
Boyer Aristotles work is the first truly systematic
theory of the rainbow that has come down to us
Boyer comments on the soundness of some of
Aristotles geometrical arguments and says: Had
his successors continued his work at the same
high level the story of the rainbow might not
have been such a tale of frustration as it was
destined to be 16. Two.
Garage Door. 17. Two.
1. BCY, BAX, CAD(YAD). 18. Six.
2. It gets larger. Rainbow.
3. It gets smaller. 19. ROS.
7. Vertical angles are equal. 24. RCA > SRC, RCA > S, RCA > ORC,
RCA > ROC.
8. They are always equal. Because B = BAY
and BAY = DAX, B = DAX by 25. No. It does not form a linear pair with an angle
of the triangle.
substitution.
Lines and Angles.
Exterior Angles.
26. 360.
9. 2, 5, 8.
27. 1,080. (3 360 = 1,080.)
10. Two.
28. 180.
11. Six.
29. 180.
12. Yes. If the triangle is equiangular, its exterior
angles must all be equal because they are 30. 720. (1,080 180 180 = 720.)
supplements of equal angles.
31. It indicates that the sum is 720.
Chapter Lesson
Set II (pages ) 47. APC > AXC and AXC > B because an
exterior angle of a triangle is greater than
We are indebted to Proclus for his commentary either remote interior angle. So APC > B
on the first book of Euclids Elements It and the by the transitive property.
work of Pappus are our two main sources of
information on the history of Greek geometry Procluss Proof.
Proclus defended Euclid from the charge that he
48. If two sides of a triangle are equal, the
proved things that had no need of proof (More
angles opposite them are equal.
on this is included in Lesson of this chapter )
Exterior Angle Theorem. 49. 1 = C and 2 = A.
32. A line segment has exactly one midpoint. 50. The Exterior Angle Theorem (1 is an
exterior angle of PBC and 2 is an exterior
33. The Ruler Postulate (or by Construction 1, angle of PBA.)
to copy a line segment).
51. Indirect.
34. SAS.
Set III (page )
35. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are equal. In his History of Mathematics David Eugene
Smith includes a paragraph on drumhead
36. Vertical angles are equal. trigonometry He wrote: The continual warfare
37. The whole greater than part theorem. of the Renaissance period shows itself in many
ways in the history of mathematics One of
38. Substitution. them is related to the subject now under
Angle Sum. consideration Several writers of the th century
give illustrations of the use of the drumhead as a
39. Two points determine a line. simple means of measuring angles of elevation in
computing distances to a castle or in finding the
40. An angle is an exterior angle of a triangle if height of a tower The illustration is from
it forms a linear pair with an angle of the S Bellis Libro del Misvrar con la Vista (Book of
triangle. Measuring with Eyesight) published in Venice in
41. The angles in a linear pair are
supplementary. Drumhead Geometry.
42. If two angles are supplementary, their sum 1.
is 180.
43. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater
than either remote interior angle.
44. Addition.
45. Substitution.
Angle in a Triangle.
2. (About 4 in; more precisely, about 4 in.)
46.
3. About 80 ft.
Chapter Lesson
Set I (pages )
There are now many more anamorphic artists
painting streets than pictures The idea in using
anamorphic figures as traffic markers is clearly
not to make them difficult to recognize but
Chapter Lesson
The exercises on the pairs of not quite equilateral 46. Betweenness of Rays Theorem.
triangles are more challenging than they first
47. The whole greater than part theorem.
appear Some comparable drawings (above) in
which the angles are
and
instead are 48. Substitution.
revealing (Although the triangles in the second
and third pairs are not congruent they are 49. If two angles of a triangle are unequal, the
obviously similar We will return to these figures sides opposite them are unequal in the same
in the chapter on similarity ) order.
Folding Experiment. 50. Because PXA is an exterior angle of PXY,
PXA > PYX. Because PX AB,
29. (Triangle cut out and folded).
PXA and PXY are right angles; so
30. BDE. PXA = PXY = 90. Therefore, in PXY,
90 > PYX (substitution) and PXY = 90;
31. BDE is an exterior angle of DEC. so PXY > PYX (substitution again). It
32. BDE > C. follows that PY > PX because, if two angles
of a triangle are unequal, the sides opposite
33. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the them are unequal in the same order.
angles opposite them are unequal in the
same order. Set III (page )
34. BE bisects ABC. The message says HELLO. (As Martin Gardner
explains, hold the page horizontally [with the
35. ABE DBE (SAS); so BDE = A bottom of the page] near the tip of your nose,
(corresponding parts of congruent triangles close one eye, and read the message on a sharp
are equal). slant.)
Not Quite Equilateral.
Chapter Lesson
36. Yes. They are congruent by ASA.
37. AC. Set I (pages
)
38. BD. In EuclidThe Creation of Mathematics
(Springer ) Benno Artmann quotes Proclus
39. They are equal because corresponding parts on the Triangle Inequality Theorem:
of congruent triangles are equal.
The Epicureans are want to ridicule this theorem
40. FG. say it is evident even to an ass and needs no proof
Chapter Lesson
. . .they make [this] out from the observation that 9. Not possible.
if hay is placed at one extremity of the sides an
ass in quest of provender will make his way along Spotter Problem.
the one side and not by way of the other two 10. PA + PB > 12, PA + PC > 12, and
sides PB + PC > 12.
Artmann adds some pertinent remarks of his 11. (PA + PB) + (PA + PC) + (PB + PC) > 36.
own:
(The Epicureans of today might as well add 12. 2PA + 2PB + 2PC > 36.
that one could see the proof on every campus 13. PA + PB + PC > 18.
where people completely ignorant of mathematics
traverse the lawn in the manner of the ass ) 14. It is more than 18 km.
Proclus replies rightly that a mere perception of
SAT Problem.
the truth of a theorem is different from a
scientific proof of it which moreover gives reason 15. No. The sides of the triangle cannot be 2, 7,
why it is true In the case of Euclids geometry and 3, because 2 + 3 < 7.
the triangle inequality can indeed be derived
from the other (equally plausible) axioms On the 16. One triangle. The only integer that will
other hand the Epicureans win in the modern work for x is 6.
theory of metric spaces where the triangle Distance and Collinearity.
inequality is the fundamental axiom of the whole
edifice 17. A, B, and C are not collinear.
The transits of Venus (the occasions when 18. In ABC, AB + BC > AC. The sum of any
Venus is between the sun and Earth) are few and two sides of a triangle is greater than the
far between In fact there have been only six of third side.
them since the invention of the telescope (
) The next transits will 19. AB + BC = AC.
be on June
and June
In the past 20. A, B, and C must be collinear.
these alignments were used to determine the
distance between Earth and the sun by timing the The Third Side.
beginning and ending of a transit from widely 21. Yes. Because the triangle is isosceles, the
separated geographical locations but such length of the third side must be either 4 or 9.
methods are now obsolete More information It cant be 4, because 4 + 4 < 9; so it must be
on the transits of Venus can be found in June 9.
Venus in Transit by Eli Maor (Princeton
University Press
) 22. Yes. From the Triangle Inequality Theorem
we know that, if x is the length of the third
Donkey Sense. side, then 5 + 7 > x, and 5 + x > 7.
1. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is So 2 < x < 12.
greater than the third side.
23. If the length of the third side is x, then either
2. DP + PH > DH. x2 = 62 + 82 or 62 + x2 = 82. So either
x2 = 36 + 64 = 100 and x = 10 or 36 + x2 = 64
3. DH + HP > DP; PD + DH > PH.
so that x2 = 28 and x = 5.3.
4. A postulate.
Set II (pages
)
5. No.
Herons Proof.
Earth, Sun, and Venus.
24. An angle has exactly one line that bisects it.
6. They are collinear.
25. If an angle is bisected, it is divided into two
7. Yes; 160 million miles. (93 + 67 = 160.) equal angles.
8. Yes; 26 million miles. (93 67 = 26.)
Chapter Lesson
Chapter Review
Set I (pages
)
The Gateway Arch in St Louis at
ft is
approximately twice as tall as the Statue of
Liberty (
ft) and half as tall as the Empire State
Building (
ft) Designed by Eero Saarinen in
the shape of an inverted catenary the arch was
16. The midpoint of a line segment divides it
completed in The cross sections of its legs
into two equal segments.
are equilateral triangles with sides ft long at
ground level tapering to ft at the top Like the 17. Reflexive.
top
hat illusion in Lesson the arch gives the
impression of being taller than it is wide; the two 18. SSS.
dimensions are actually the same
19. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
1. In the tree trunk. are equal.
2. From the right edge at a sharp angle. 20. If the angles in a linear pair are equal, their
sides are perpendicular.
3. Diamond will scratch glass.
21.
4. The transitive property.
Gateway Arch.
5. The three possibilities property.
6. (Student answer.) (Most people see the arch
as looking taller than it is wide.)
7. Both dimensions are 2.5 in.
8. Each is 630 ft. (2.5 252 = 630.)
22. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the
Portuguese Theorem. angles opposite them are unequal in the
same order.
9. The Exterior Angle Theorem.
23. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater
than either remote interior angle.
Chapter Review
31. 1 + 3 < 5 and 2 + 4 = 6. For a triangle to be 46. If two angles of a triangle are unequal, the
possible, both of these sums would have to sides opposite them are unequal in the same
be greater than the third length. order.
50. Proof.
13. = = .
(1) XB = XC. (Given.)
(2) C = XBC. (If two sides of a triangle
are equal, the angles opposite them are 14. and and
equal.) , .
(3) ABC = ABX + XBC. (Betweenness
of Rays Theorem.) 15. and and .
,
(4) ABC > XBC. (The whole greater
than part theorem.)
(5) ABC > C. (Substitution.) 16. and , and .
(6) AC > AB. (If two angles of a triangle are
unequal, the sides opposite them are
unequal in the same order.) 17. and , and .
1. = = .
or .
3. = = .
4. = = .
5. = = .
6. = = .
7. = = .
8. = = .
9. = = .
10. = = .
11. = = .
12. = = .