Chapter
 Lesson 

Chapter
 Lesson  19. Because one has two equal sides and the
other does not. (One is isosceles, the other
Set I (pages ) scalene.)

A chapter of Lawrence Wrights Perspective in Perspective Inequalities.

Perspective (Routledge & Kegan Paul ) is 20. APB > HPI.
titled Grand Illusions and concerns various tricks
played by architects with perspective Plato 21. BPC > CPD.
mentions the use of such tricks in the design of
Greek temples such as the Parthenon Giottos 22. PIH < PBA.
campanile in Florence is unusual in its use of 23. PHG < PGF.
counter
perspective The tower widens
measurably upward and the upper levels 24. PHI > PGH and PGH > PFG; so
become successively taller toward the top PHI > PFG.
From the ground they can look almost equal
25. So that the upper levels would appear to be
Hat Illusion. the same height when viewed from the
ground.
1. Either h > w, h = w, or h < w.
2. The three possibilities property. Set II (pages )
3. (Student answer.) (For most people, the hat SAT Problem.
appears to be taller than it is wide, and so 26. Transitive.
h > w.)
27. Addition.
4. The hat is 1.7 cm high and its brim is 1.8 cm
wide. 28. Substitution. (Substituting AC for AB + BC
and CE for CD + DE in exercise 27.)
Pecking Order.
29. Could be false. (To see why, imagine that
5. Hen A will always peck hen C.
DE is much longer than it is.)
6. The transitive property.
30. The whole greater than part theorem.
Equalities and Inequalities.
31. Transitive. (AB < BC is given and BC < BD
7. The three possibilities property. in exercise 30.)
8. Multiplication. Scalene Triangle.

9. Subtraction. 32.

10. Substitution.
11. Addition.
33.
12. Division.
Deceiving Appearances.
13. Isosceles. (Also acute.)
14. AB > BC.
15. Substitution.
34. A 83, B 56, C 41.
16. Scalene. (Also acute.)
35. A > B > C.
17. DF < DE.
36. Yes. The order corresponds to the order of
18. The transitive property. the lengths of the opposite sides.
 Chapter
 Lesson 


Rectangle Inequalities. (5) AB = DB. (If two angles of a triangle are

37. 9 units. (2 4 + 2 0.5 = 9.)
38. Yes. The whole greater than part theorem.
39. 2 square units. (4 0.5 = 2.)
40. No. This area problem shows why: 4 > 0 and
0.5 > 0, but 4 0.5 = 2 < 4.
Vertical Lines and Angles.
equal, the sides opposite them are equal.)
(6) AC > DB. (Substitution.)
Set III (page )
In Human Information Processing Peter H
Lindsay and Donald A Norman deal with the
logic of choice Concerning the three statements
of the Set III exercises they write:

41. That the line is upright (contains the
center of the earth).
42. The sides of one angle must be opposite
rays to the sides of the other angle. (It must
also be true that two angles are equal if they
are vertical angles.)
43. Yes: 1 and 2 are not vertical angles. If
they were vertical angles, they would be
equal. Because AB = AC, 2 = 3 (if two
sides of a triangle are equal, the angles
opposite them are equal). But 1 < 3;
Almost without exception people agree that
their own decision processes ought to be logical
Moreover formal theories of decision making
assume logical consistency: Preferences among
objects ought to be consistent with one another
If A is preferred to B and B to C then logically A
should be preferred to C Transitivity of this sort
is a basic property that just ought to hold
anytime different objects are compared to one
another
These three rules constitute a sensible set of
postulates about decision behavior Indeed if the
rules are described properly so that the math

so 1 < 2 (substitution). ematical framework is removed they simply

44. No. Because 2 = 3 (AB = AC) and sound like common sense Those who study
2 = 4, 3 = 4. The fact that two angles decision making however have discovered that
are equal does not mean, however, that they there is a difference between the rules that
are necessarily vertical angles. people believe they follow and the rules that they
actually do follow Thus although these three
45. (1) Given. assumptions form the core of most decision
(2) Addition. theories it is also realized that they do not
(3) Given. always apply There are some clear examples of
(4) Addition. instances in which each rule is violated
(5) Transitive (steps 2 and 4). (The authors then give anecdotal examples of
violations for each of the three rules )
46. (1) Given.
Martin Gardner treated the subject of non

(2) Subtraction.
transitive paradoxes in one of his Mathematical
(3) Given. Games columns It is included in his Time Travel
(4) Substitution. and Other Mathematical Bewilderments (W H
(5) Addition. Freeman and Company )
Optics Figure. 1. If you prefer an apple to a banana and a
47. (1) Given. banana to a cookie, then you prefer an apple
(2) Betweenness of Rays Theorem. to a cookie.
(3) Protractor Postulate. 2. The transitive property.
(4) The whole greater than part theorem.
3. If you have no preference between an apple
48. Proof. and a banana or between a banana and a
(1) A-B-C. (Given.) cookie, then you have no preference be-
(2) AB + BC = AC. (Betweenness of Points tween an apple and a cookie.
Theorem.)
(3) AC > AB. (Whole greater than part.) 4. Substitution.
(4) ADB = DAB. (Given.)

 Chapter
 Lesson 

5. If you have no preference between an apple 13. No. The exterior angles at each vertex are
and a banana and you prefer a cookie to vertical angles and vertical angles are equal.
nothing at all, then you would prefer having
an apple and a cookie to having just a 14. Example figure:
banana.
6. Yes.
If C > 0, then A + C > A. (Addition.)
But A = B, so A + C > B. (Substitution.)

Chapter
 Lesson 
Set I (pages )
15. Example figure:
Aristotle included a section on the causes of the
rainbow in De Meteorologia According to Carl
Boyer Aristotles work is the first truly systematic
theory of the rainbow that has come down to us
Boyer comments on the soundness of some of
Aristotles geometrical arguments and says: Had
his successors continued his work at the same
high level the story of the rainbow might not
have been such a tale of frustration as it was
destined to be 16. Two.
Garage Door. 17. Two.
1. BCY, BAX, CAD(YAD). 18. Six.
2. It gets larger. Rainbow.
3. It gets smaller. 19. ROS.

4. It gets smaller. 20. ROA > SRO and ROA > S.

5. If two sides of a triangle are equal, the 21. ROC.

angles opposite them are equal.
22. ROS > ORC and ROS > RCO(RCS).
6. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater
than either remote interior angle. 23. RCS and RCO.

7. Vertical angles are equal. 24. RCA > SRC, RCA > S, RCA > ORC,
RCA > ROC.
8. They are always equal. Because B = BAY
and BAY = DAX, B = DAX by 25. No. It does not form a linear pair with an angle
of the triangle.
substitution.
Lines and Angles.
Exterior Angles.
26. 360.
9. 2, 5, 8.
27. 1,080. (3 360 = 1,080.)
10. Two.
28. 180.
11. Six.
29. 180.
12. Yes. If the triangle is equiangular, its exterior
angles must all be equal because they are 30. 720. (1,080 180 180 = 720.)
supplements of equal angles.
31. It indicates that the sum is 720.
 Chapter
 Lesson 


Set II (pages )
We are indebted to Proclus for his commentary
on the first book of Euclids Elements It and the
work of Pappus are our two main sources of
information on the history of Greek geometry Procluss Proof.
Proclus defended Euclid from the charge that he
proved things that had no need of proof (More
47. APC > AXC and AXC > B because an
exterior angle of a triangle is greater than
either remote interior angle. So APC > B
by the transitive property.
48. If two sides of a triangle are equal, the
angles opposite them are equal.
on this is included in Lesson  of this chapter )
Exterior Angle Theorem. 49. 1 = C and 2 = A.

32. A line segment has exactly one midpoint.
33. The Ruler Postulate (or by Construction 1,
to copy a line segment).
34. SAS.
50. The Exterior Angle Theorem (1 is an
exterior angle of PBC and 2 is an exterior
angle of PBA.)
51. Indirect.
Set III (page )
35. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are equal. In his History of Mathematics David Eugene
Smith includes a paragraph on drumhead
36. Vertical angles are equal. trigonometry He wrote: The continual warfare
37. The whole greater than part theorem. of the Renaissance period shows itself in many
ways in the history of mathematics One of
38. Substitution. them is related to the subject now under
Angle Sum. consideration Several writers of the th century
give illustrations of the use of the drumhead as a
39. Two points determine a line. simple means of measuring angles of elevation in
computing distances to a castle or in finding the
40. An angle is an exterior angle of a triangle if height of a tower The illustration is from
it forms a linear pair with an angle of the S Bellis Libro del Misvrar con la Vista (Book of
triangle. Measuring with Eyesight) published in Venice in
41. The angles in a linear pair are 

supplementary. Drumhead Geometry.
42. If two angles are supplementary, their sum 1.
is 180.
43. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater
than either remote interior angle.
44. Addition.
45. Substitution.
Angle in a Triangle.
2. (About 4 in; more precisely, about 4 in.)
46.
3. About 80 ft.

Chapter
 Lesson 
Set I (pages )
There are now many more anamorphic artists
painting streets than pictures The idea in using
anamorphic figures as traffic markers is clearly
not to make them difficult to recognize but
 Chapter
 Lesson 

rather just the opposite The driver of a moving 16.

car who is looking far ahead sees the markers
from a sharp angle and hence sees them regain
their normal shape An entire Mathematical
Games column focuses on various types of
anamorphic art (Scientific American January

) It is included in Martin Gardners Time
Travel and Other Mathematical Entertainments
(W H Freeman and Company ) 17. Obtuse. (Also, scalene.)
Triangles in perspective is an interesting
topic Suppose we have some wire
frame models 18. A 29, B 104, C 47.
of triangles of various shapes What kinds of Triangle Drawing 2.
shadows can they cast? Can the shadow of an
equilateral triangle look scalene? Can the shadow 19. DE.
of an isosceles triangle look equilateral? Can the
20. DF.
shadow of an obtuse triangle look acute? Does
the shadow of a triangle always look like a 21.
triangle? What determines the smallest shadow
that a triangle can cast?
1. Bicycle lane.
2. So that it can be seen more easily to a driver
viewing it on edge.
3. Each is the converse of the other. 22. DF 4.5 cm, EF 5.4 cm.
4. BC < AC. Triangle in Perspective.
5. The three possibilities property. 23. X > Y.
6. A = B. 24. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the
angles opposite them are unequal in the
7. If two sides of a triangle are equal, the same order.
angles opposite them are equal.
25. Z > Y.
8. A > B.
26. Z > X (given) and X > Y (exercise 23);
9. A < B. so Z > Y by the transitive property.
10. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the 27. XY > XZ.
angles opposite them are unequal in the
same order. 28. If two angles of a triangle are unequal, the
sides opposite them are unequal in the same
11. A > B. order.
12. BC > AC.
13. Indirect.
Triangle Drawing 1.
14. B.
15. A.
 Chapter
 Lesson  

Set II (pages ) 41. GH.

42. FG < GH because both are sides of FGH in
which GH is the longest side.
43. No. They cant be congruent because FG
and GH are corresponding parts of the
triangles but they are not equal.
44. Yes. They are not congruent, because the
shortest side of IJK is IJ and the shortest
side of JKL is JK. IJ < JK because they are
both sides of IJK in which IJ is the shortest
side. As with the preceding pair of triangles,
these triangles cannot be congruent, because
IJ and JK are corresponding parts of the
triangles but they are not equal.
45. An equilateral triangle is equiangular.

The exercises on the pairs of not quite equilateral 46. Betweenness of Rays Theorem.
triangles are more challenging than they first
47. The whole greater than part theorem.
appear Some comparable drawings (above) in
which the angles are     and  instead are 48. Substitution.
revealing (Although the triangles in the second
and third pairs are not congruent they are 49. If two angles of a triangle are unequal, the
obviously similar We will return to these figures sides opposite them are unequal in the same
in the chapter on similarity ) order.
Folding Experiment. 50. Because PXA is an exterior angle of PXY,
PXA > PYX. Because PX AB,
29. (Triangle cut out and folded).
PXA and PXY are right angles; so
30. BDE. PXA = PXY = 90. Therefore, in PXY,
90 > PYX (substitution) and PXY = 90;
31. BDE is an exterior angle of DEC. so PXY > PYX (substitution again). It
32. BDE > C. follows that PY > PX because, if two angles
of a triangle are unequal, the sides opposite
33. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the them are unequal in the same order.
angles opposite them are unequal in the
same order. Set III (page )
34. BE bisects ABC. The message says HELLO. (As Martin Gardner
explains, hold the page horizontally [with the
35. ABE DBE (SAS); so BDE = A bottom of the page] near the tip of your nose,
(corresponding parts of congruent triangles close one eye, and read the message on a sharp
are equal). slant.)
Not Quite Equilateral.
Chapter
 Lesson 
36. Yes. They are congruent by ASA.
37. AC. Set I (pages   )
38. BD. In EuclidThe Creation of Mathematics
(Springer ) Benno Artmann quotes Proclus
39. They are equal because corresponding parts on the Triangle Inequality Theorem:
of congruent triangles are equal.
The Epicureans are want to ridicule this theorem
40. FG. say it is evident even to an ass and needs no proof
 Chapter
 Lesson 

. . .they make [this] out from the observation that 9. Not possible.
if hay is placed at one extremity of the sides an
ass in quest of provender will make his way along Spotter Problem.
the one side and not by way of the other two 10. PA + PB > 12, PA + PC > 12, and
sides PB + PC > 12.
Artmann adds some pertinent remarks of his 11. (PA + PB) + (PA + PC) + (PB + PC) > 36.
own:
(The Epicureans of today might as well add 12. 2PA + 2PB + 2PC > 36.
that one could see the proof on every campus 13. PA + PB + PC > 18.
where people completely ignorant of mathematics
traverse the lawn in the manner of the ass ) 14. It is more than 18 km.
Proclus replies rightly that a mere perception of
SAT Problem.
the truth of a theorem is different from a
scientific proof of it which moreover gives reason 15. No. The sides of the triangle cannot be 2, 7,
why it is true In the case of Euclids geometry and 3, because 2 + 3 < 7.
the triangle inequality can indeed be derived
from the other (equally plausible) axioms On the 16. One triangle. The only integer that will
other hand the Epicureans win in the modern work for x is 6.
theory of metric spaces where the triangle Distance and Collinearity.
inequality is the fundamental axiom of the whole
edifice 17. A, B, and C are not collinear.

The transits of Venus (the occasions when 18. In ABC, AB + BC > AC. The sum of any
Venus is between the sun and Earth) are few and two sides of a triangle is greater than the
far between In fact there have been only six of third side.
them since the invention of the telescope (
    ) The next transits will 19. AB + BC = AC.
be on June    and June    In the past 20. A, B, and C must be collinear.
these alignments were used to determine the
distance between Earth and the sun by timing the The Third Side.
beginning and ending of a transit from widely 21. Yes. Because the triangle is isosceles, the
separated geographical locations but such length of the third side must be either 4 or 9.
methods are now obsolete More information It cant be 4, because 4 + 4 < 9; so it must be
on the transits of Venus can be found in June  9.
 Venus in Transit by Eli Maor (Princeton
University Press  ) 22. Yes. From the Triangle Inequality Theorem
we know that, if x is the length of the third
Donkey Sense. side, then 5 + 7 > x, and 5 + x > 7.
1. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is So 2 < x < 12.
greater than the third side.
23. If the length of the third side is x, then either
2. DP + PH > DH. x2 = 62 + 82 or 62 + x2 = 82. So either
x2 = 36 + 64 = 100 and x = 10 or 36 + x2 = 64
3. DH + HP > DP; PD + DH > PH.
so that x2 = 28 and x = 5.3.
4. A postulate.
Set II (pages   )
5. No.
Herons Proof.
Earth, Sun, and Venus.
24. An angle has exactly one line that bisects it.
6. They are collinear.
25. If an angle is bisected, it is divided into two
7. Yes; 160 million miles. (93 + 67 = 160.) equal angles.
8. Yes; 26 million miles. (93 67 = 26.)
 Chapter
 Lesson  

26. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater Work Triangle.

than either remote interior angle.
44. 5.5 m. (7 1.5 = 5.5.)
27. Substitution.
45. (5.5 x) m.
28. If two angles of a triangle are unequal, the
sides opposite them are unequal in the same 46.
order.
29. Addition.
30. Betweenness of Points Theorem.
31. Substitution.
Quadrilateral Inequality.
47. (1) x + 1.5 > 5.5 x; so 2x > 4, and so x > 2.
32. (2) x + (5.5 x) > 1.5; so 5.5 > 1.5 (which
doesnt tell us anything about x).
(3) 1.5 + (5.5 x) > x; so 7 x > x; so 7 > 2x,
and so x < 3.5.
48. It should be more than 2 m but less than
3.5 m.
Proof.
(1) ABCD is a quadrilateral. (Given.)
Set III (page 
)
(2) Draw AC. (Two points determine a line.) We are of course assuming that our plane
(3) AB + BC > AC and AC + CD > AD. geometry is a reasonably good approximation for
(The sum of any two sides of a triangle what is actually a problem in spherical geometry
is greater than the third side.) The distances in this problem are air distances
(4) AB + BC + CD > AC + CD. (Addition.) as reported in the World Almanac The incorrect
(5) AB + BC + CD > AD. (Transitive.) number is the distance between Paris and Rome;
it is actually  miles
Light Path.
1. (London, Paris, and Cairo)
33. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is
greater than the third side.
34. Betweenness of Points Theorem.
35. Substitution.
36. SAS.
37. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles 2. (London, Rome, and Cairo)
are equal.
38. Substitution.
39. Vertical angles are equal.
40. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are equal.
41. Substitution.
42. AY + YB > AX + XB (the statement in
exercise 38).
43. 1 = 3 (the statement in exercise 41).
 Chapter
 Lesson 

3. (Paris, Rome, and Cairo) 10. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater

4. The London-Paris-Rome triangle, because
214 + 590 = 804 < 895.
The Paris-Rome-Cairo triangle, because
590 + 1,326 = 1,916 < 1,998.
5. The length that the two impossible triangles
have in common is 590, which suggests that
the distance between Paris and Rome is
wrong.
than either remote interior angle.
11. An exterior angle of a triangle is an angle
that forms a linear pair with an angle of the
triangle.
12. One angle has a measure of 179 and the
other two angles are each less than 1.
13. One angle is a right angle and the other two
angles are acute.
14. Every triangle has several exterior angles
that are obtuse; so this doesnt tell us
anything.
Soccer Angle.
15.

Chapter
 Review
Set I (pages   )
The Gateway Arch in St Louis at  ft is
approximately twice as tall as the Statue of
Liberty (
ft) and half as tall as the Empire State
Building (
ft) Designed by Eero Saarinen in
the shape of an inverted catenary the arch was
16. The midpoint of a line segment divides it
completed in 
The cross sections of its legs
into two equal segments.
are equilateral triangles with sides
 ft long at
ground level tapering to  ft at the top Like the 17. Reflexive.
top
hat illusion in Lesson  the arch gives the
impression of being taller than it is wide; the two 18. SSS.
dimensions are actually the same
19. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
1. In the tree trunk. are equal.

2. From the right edge at a sharp angle. 20. If the angles in a linear pair are equal, their
sides are perpendicular.
3. Diamond will scratch glass.
21.
4. The transitive property.
Gateway Arch.
5. The three possibilities property.
6. (Student answer.) (Most people see the arch
as looking taller than it is wide.)
7. Both dimensions are 2.5 in.
8. Each is 630 ft. (2.5 252 = 630.)
22. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the
Portuguese Theorem. angles opposite them are unequal in the
same order.
9. The Exterior Angle Theorem.
23. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater
than either remote interior angle.
 Chapter
 Review 

24. Transitive. 40. (1) If the triangle is equilateral, all three

25. If two angles of a triangle are unequal, the
sides opposite them are unequal in the
same order.
Roman Column.
26. The small angles each appear to be equal
to 10.
27. They increase as you look upward.
28. So that the sections would look equal to
someone standing at the base of the column.
29. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater
than either remote interior angle.
30. Transitive.
sides can be 10.
(2) If the triangle has exactly two equal
sides and the side of length 10 is one of
them, then the second side is 10 and the
third side is less than 20.
(3) If the triangle has exactly two equal
sides and the side of length 10 is not one
of them, then each of the other sides
must be more than 5.
Screen Display.
41. SSS.
42. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are equal.
43. Betweenness of Rays Theorem.

Set II (pages   ) 44. The whole greater than part theorem.

Integers and Triangles. 45. Substitution.

31. 1 + 3 < 5 and 2 + 4 = 6. For a triangle to be 46. If two angles of a triangle are unequal, the
possible, both of these sums would have to sides opposite them are unequal in the same
be greater than the third length. order.

32. They are collinear. SAT Problem.

33. Example figure: 47. x + (x 2) > 7 x.

x + (7 x) > x 2.
(x 2) + (7 x) > x.
48. 2x 2 > 7 x, so 3x > 9; so x > 3.
7 > x 2; so 9 > x, and so x < 9.
5 > x; so x < 5.
Therefore, 3 < x < 5.
49. Proof.
34. n > 2. (2n + 2 > n + 4, n > 2.) (1) AB > AC. (Given.)
(2) C > B. (If two sides of a triangle are
35. Yes. Weve just shown that a triangle is unequal, the angles opposite them are
possible as long as n > 2. unequal in the same order.)
36. An equilateral triangle. (3) A and B are complementary. (Given.)
(4) A + B = 90. (The sum of two
Different Definition. complementary angles is 90.)
37. One. (5) A + C > A + B. (Addition.)
(6) A + C > 90. (Substitution.)
38. Our definition says that a triangle is isosceles
if it has at least two equal sides; so the third
side could also be equal.
39. Yes.
 Chapter
 Review

50. Proof.
13. = = .
(1) XB = XC. (Given.)
(2) C = XBC. (If two sides of a triangle
are equal, the angles opposite them are 14. and and
equal.) , .
(3) ABC = ABX + XBC. (Betweenness
of Rays Theorem.) 15. and and .
,
(4) ABC > XBC. (The whole greater
than part theorem.)
(5) ABC > C. (Substitution.) 16. and , and .
(6) AC > AB. (If two angles of a triangle are
unequal, the sides opposite them are
unequal in the same order.) 17. and , and .

Algebra Review (page  ) 18. or and

1. = = .
or .

2. = = . 19. and and .

,

3. = = .

4. = = .

5. = = .

6. = = .

7. = = .

8. = = .

9. = = .

10. = = .

11. = = .

12. = = .