08/10/2012

CHAPTER 3

Engr. Dr. Kok Boon Ching

2012@JEK/FKEE

Introduction
er 3

Voltage Ranges
42803 Chapte

Definition of Voltage Drop

Cable Impedances
Transformer Voltage Drop
Voltage Drop Due to Motor Starting
BEX 4

Symmetrical
S l and
dAAsymmetricall Faultl C
Currents
Equivalent System Impedance
Short Circuit Analysis in Three-phase Systems
Short Circuit Analysis in Single-phase Systems
2

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Voltage drop on electrical power distribution

er 3
systems is mainly caused by cables,
cables

BEX 42803 Chapte

transformers, and motors.
Voltage drop happens when load current (Ib)
flows through a conductor or transformer
having a finite impedance.
Severe voltage
g dropp will result in motor
failures, dimming of lamps, and CPU shutdown.
Voltage drop calculation is important to system
designer for maintaining nominal voltage at
servicing sides.
3

According to 17th Edition of IEE Wiring Regulations

er 3

(BS7671: 2008, Table 12A), the voltage drop

42803 Chapte

between the origin of an installation and any load

point should not be greater than the values in Table
12A expressed with respect to the value of the
nominal voltage of the installation. Max. 100m only.
Increase 0.005% per meter if beyond 100m.
BEX 4

T bl 12 A Voltage
Table V lt d
drop
Lighting Other uses
i. Low voltage installation supplied
directly from a public low voltage 3% 5%
distribution system
ii. Low voltage installation supplied
6% 8%
from private LV supply 4

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er 3
VD(R)

BEX 42803 Chapte

VD(X)

VSEND

VREC jXSIA
IARA
IA

Approximation method:
er 3

Vdrop I b [R L cos X L sin ]

42803 Chapte

RL = circuit resistance in Ohms

XL = circuit reactance in Ohms
Ib = design current/ line current
BEX 4

= phase
h angle
l off line
l current
If VA = system voltage,

Vdrop
%Vdrop = 100%
VA
6

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Determine the percentage voltage drop along

er 3
a 415V,
415V three-phase feeder,
feeder 85ft in length,
length

BEX 42803 Chapte

consisting of one 400 THW (Thermoplastic
Heat and Water Resistant Insulated Wire)
copper conductor per phase. The current is
350A at 0.85 PF lagging. Assume steel
conduit.

From the table of 600V cables, resistance =

er 3

0 035/1000ft reactance = 0.049/1000ft.

0.035/1000ft, 0 049/1000ft
42803 Chapte

0.035
RL = 85 = 0.002975
1000
0.049
XL = 85 = 0.004165
1000
= cos 1(0.85) = 31.79
Vdrop = 350 A [0.002975 cos((31.79) 0.004165 sin(( 31.79)] = 1.65V
BEX 4

1.65V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.69%
239.6V

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Tabulated mV/A/m values:

er 3
tabulated (mV/A/m) z I b l
Vdrop = volts

BEX 42803 Chapte

d
1000

Taking account of load power factor (for AC

circuits using conductors of 16mm2 or less),
tabulated (mV/A/m) z I b l cos
Vdrop = volts
1000

For AC circuits using conductors of 25mm2 or

greater
greater,
[tabulated (mV/A/m)r cos + tabulated (mV/A/m)x sin ] I b l
Vdrop = volts
1000

Note: Refer to Tabulated Table of Voltage Drop (17th IEE Regulations)

A 415V three-phase AC circuit is wired in a

er 3

four-core armoured cable to BS5467 having

42803 Chapte

XLPE insulation and aluminum conductors of

35mm2 cross-sectional area. If Ib = 120A,
length = 27m, and (mV/A/m)z = 1.95, what is
the percentage voltage drop?
BEX 4

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1.95 120 27
Vdrop = V = 6.32V

er 3
1000

BEX 42803 Chapte

6.32
%Vdrop = 100% = 2.64%
415 / 3

11

Three-phase voltage drop calculations is

er 3

referred to as the one-way impedance

one-way impedance.
42803 Chapte

The ohmic cable impedances:

Resistance in Ohms/1000ft
RL = (Cable length in ft)
1000
Reactance in Ohms/1000ft
XL = (Cable length in ft)
1000
BEX 4

12

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Single-phasevoltage drop considers the load

er 3
current flowing from the source to the load

BEX 42803 Chapte

and back to the source. Thus, the ohmic
cable impedances are calculated as:
Resistance in Ohms/1000ft
RL = 2 (Cable length in ft)
1000
Reactance in Ohms/1000ft
XL = 2 (Cable length in ft)
1000

13

Determine the voltage drop along a 240V,

er 3

length
single-phase branch circuit 135ft in length,
42803 Chapte

consisting of #10 AWG THW copper

conductor. The load current is 13-25A.
Assume PVC conduit.
BEX 4

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From the table of 600V cables, resistance =

er 3
1.2/1000ft,
1 2/1000ft reactance = 0.050/1000ft.
0 050/1000ft

BEX 42803 Chapte

1. 2
RL = 2 135 = 0.324
1000
0.050
XL = 2 135 = 0.0135
1000
Vdrop = 13 A [0.324 cos(25) 0.0135 sin(25)] = 3.89V
3.89V
%Vdrop = 100% = 1.62%
240
240V

15

The voltage drop through the transformer

er 3

is
using approximation method is,
42803 Chapte

Vdrop I LS [R TR cos X TR sin ]

In percentage,
Vdrop
BEX 4

%Vdrop = 100%
VLS

16

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Three-phase transformer impedances

er 3
reflected to the low-voltage side are given by,
by

BEX 42803 Chapte

1 (%R)(Secondary line voltage)2
R TR =
100 Transformer voltampere rating

1 (%X)(Secondary line voltage)2
X TR =
100 Transformer voltampere rating

If given in %ZTR and X/R ratio,

ratio
= tan -1(X/R)

%R TR = %ZTR cos
%X TR = %ZTR sin

17

Determine the voltage drop through a

er 3

115kVA
115kVA, 3300-415Y V
V, three-phase
42803 Chapte

transformer having an impedance of 4%, and

an X/R ratio of 1.8. The transformer is
operating at full load, 0.82 lagging power
factor.
BEX 4

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The impedance angle,

er 3
= tan-1 (1.8)
(1 8) = 60
60.95
95

BEX 42803 Chapte

Transformer %RTR and %XTR,
%RTR = 4% x cos(60.95) = 1.94%
%XTR = 4% x sin(60.95) = 3.50%
RTR and XTR,
1 (1.94%)(415V ) 2
RTR = = 0.02905
100 115kVA
1 (3.50%)(415V ) 2
X TR = = 0.05242
100 115kVA
19

Full-load current of the transformer,

er 3

115kVA
42803 Chapte

I LS = cos 1 (0.82) = 160 34.92 A

3 415V

Voltage drop,
Vdrop = 160 A [0.02905 cos(34.92) 0.05242 sin( 34.92)] = 8.61V
8.61V
%Vdrop = 100% = 2.07%
415V
415V
BEX 4

20

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Voltage drop or voltage dips occurs due to

er 3
large motor starting.
starting

BEX 42803 Chapte

The voltage drop is large when starting large
motors applied to systems having a relatively
high source impedance.
2 common methods to determine voltage
dropp due to the motor starting:
g
Constant Impedance
Constant Current

21

A 50HP, 415V, code letter G induction motor

er 3

is to be started with full voltage applied

42803 Chapte

from a 415V/240V system whose equivalent

impedance is 0.01+j0.02 ohms/phase.
Assume a locked-rotor power factor of 35%
lagging. Calculate the percentage voltage
drop during starting using (a) the constant
BEX 4

i
impedance
d and
d (b) the
th constant
t t currentt
representations.

22

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(a) The locked-rotor kVA/HP is 6.3 (take the

er 3
worst case). The locked rotor kVA during
locked-rotor

BEX 42803 Chapte

starting,
kVALR = 6.3 kVA/HP x 50HP = 315 kVA
The locked-rotor current,
315kVA
I LR = = 438.23 A
3 415V
The
h active andd reactive power during
d starting,
P = (315kVA) x (0.35) = 110.25 kW
Q = (315kVA) x [sin(cos-1(0.35))] = 295.1kVAr

23

Locked-rotor R and X,
er 3

1 110.25kW

42803 Chapte

R= = 0.1913

3 438.232

1 295.1kVAr
X = = 0.5122
3 438.232

Voltage at motor terminal,

BEX 4

0.1913 + j 0.5122
VM = 2400 = 230.620.24V
0.1913 + j 0.5122 + 0.01 + j 0.02

Voltage drop,
240V 230.62V
%Vdrop = 100% = 3.91%
240V 24

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(b) Constant current,

er 3
IM = 438.23-69.51
438 23 69 51

BEX 42803 Chapte

Voltage drop (using approximation method),
Vdrop = 438.23 A [0.01 cos(69.51) 0.02 sin( 69.51)] = 9.74V
9.74V
%Vdrop = 100% = 4.05%
240V

25

In some cases, the locked-rotor power factor

er 3

(cos) of the motor may not be known.

known
42803 Chapte

In this case, it is possible to have an

approximation value of voltage drop due to
motor starting by assuming that the voltage
drop is in-phase with the source voltage.
For p
previous Examplep 5, the Vdrop,
BEX 4

Vdrop = I x Z = 438.23A x |0.01+j0.02| = 9.8V.

The %Vdrop,
%Vdrop = (9.8V/240V) x 100% = 4.08%

26

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Determine the voltage drop at the service

er 3
panel for the system below.
below The total load is

BEX 42803 Chapte

8kVA@0.85 lagging power factor.
415-240V
30kVA
R=1.8%
X=1.5% Service
#3/0 AWG aluminum
PVC conduit
120ft

40A

Service entrance panel

8kVA, 0.85 PF lagging 27

Step1 Determine all system impedances

er 3

Transformer:
42803 Chapte

1 (1.8%)(240V ) 2
RTR = = 0.03456
100 30kVA
1 (1.5%)(240V ) 2
X TR = = 0.0288
100 30kVA
BEX 4

C bl
Cable/Wire:
0.13
RL = 2 (120 ft ) = 0.0312
1000
0.042
X L = 2 (120 ft ) = 0.0101
1000
28

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Step2 Determine load supplied at the end

er 3
of each segment or portion of the system.
system

BEX 42803 Chapte

The loading is 8kVA@0.85 PF lagging.

Step
3 Determine the load current
magnitude and phase angle.
8kVA
I= = 33.33 A cos 1 (0.85) = 33.33 31.79 A
240V

29

Step4 Calculate the %Vdrop along each

er 3

segment of the circuit

circuit, starting at source
source.
42803 Chapte

Transformer:
Vdrop 33.33 A [0.03456 cos(31.79) 0.0288 sin( 31.79)] = 1.48V
1.48V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.62%
240V
BEX 4

Cable/Wire:
Vdrop 33.33 A [0.0312 cos(31.79) 0.0101 sin( 31.79)] = 1.06V
1.06V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.44%
240V

30

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Step 5 Add the %Vdrop along each segment,

er 3
starting at the source to the point of

BEX 42803 Chapte

interest.
The total voltage drop at the panel is:
Transformer : 0.62%
Cable/Wire : 0.44%
Total :11.06%
06%

31

Determine the %Vdrop at the Main Distribution

er 3

Panel (MDP) and at the end of the Service

42803 Chapte

Panel (SP) for the system shown below.

BEX 4

32

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Transformer TR1
800kVA
6600 1000V
R = 1.5%, X = 5%

er 3
30ft two 400 kcmil copper/phase, steel conduit

BEX 42803 Chapte

2000A
MDP
600kVA, 0.9 lagging PF 1500A

400A

250A

35ft #8 AWG aluminum, steel conduit

Transformer TR2
40kVA
1000 415V
R = 3.5%, X = 4%

12ft #12 AWG copper, aluminum conduit

150A
SP
100A 20kVA, 0.85 lagging PF

33

Step1 Determine all system impedances

er 3

Transformer (TR1):
42803 Chapte

1 (1.5%)(1000V ) 2
RTR1 = = 0.01875
100 800kVA
1 (5%)(1000V ) 2
X TR1 = = 0.0625
100 800kVA
BEX 4

C bl (400
Cable 00 kcmil):
k l
0.035
RL = (30 ft ) = 0.00105
1000
0.049
XL = (30 ft ) = 0.00147
1000
34

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Cable (#8 AWG):

er 3
1 .3

BEX 42803 Chapte

RL = (35 ft ) = 0.0455
1000
0.065
XL = (35 ft ) = 0.002275
1000

Transformer (TR2):
1 (3.5%)(415V ) 2
RTR 2 = = 0.1507
100 40kVA
1 (4%)(415V ) 2
X TR 2 = = 0.1722
100 40kVA
35

Cable (#12 AWG):

er 3

2 .0
42803 Chapte

RL = (12 ft ) = 0.024
1000
0.054
XL = (12 ft ) = 0.000648
1000

Step2 Determine load supplied at the end

BEX 4

of each segment or portion of the system.

system
Loading until MDP is 600kVA@0.9 lagging PF.
Loading from MDP until SP is 20kVA@0.85
lagging PF.
36

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Step
3 Determine the load current

er 3
magnitude and phase angle.
angle

BEX 42803 Chapte

Through Transformer TR1,
600kVA
I= = 346.41 cos 1 (0.90) A = 346.41 25.84 A
3 1000V

Through Cable (#8 AWG),

20kVA
I= = 11.55 cos 1 (0.85) A = 11.55 31.79 A
3 1000V

Through Transformer TR2,

20kVA
I= = 27.82 cos 1 (0.85) A = 27.82 31.79 A
3 415V 37

Summary of load currents:

er 3
42803 Chapte

Component Load Current (A)

Transformer (TR1) 346.41 25.84 A

Cable (400 kcmil) 173.21 25.84 A / conductor
Cable (#8 AWG) 11.55 31.79 A
Transformer (TR2) 27.82 31.79 A
BEX 4

Cable (#12 AWG) 27.82 31.79 A

38

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Step4 Calculate the %Vdrop along each

er 3
segment of the circuit
circuit, starting at source
source.

BEX 42803 Chapte

Transformer (TR1):
Vdrop 346.41A [0.01875 cos(25.84) 0.0625 sin( 25.84)] = 15.28V
15.28V
%Vdrop = 100% = 1.53%
1000V

Cable (400 kcmil):

Vdrop 173.21A [0.00105 cos(25.84) 0.00147 sin( 25.84)] = 0.27V
0.27V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.05%
577.35V

39

Cable (#8 AWG):

er 3
42803 Chapte

Vdrop 11.55 A [0.0455 cos(31.79) 0.002275 sin( 31.79)] = 0.46V

0.46V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.08%
577.35V

Transformer (TR2):
Vdrop 27.82 A [0.1507 cos(31.79) 0.1722 sin(31.79)] = 6.09V
BEX 4

6.09V
%Vdrop = 100% = 1.47%
415V

40

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Cable (#12 AWG):

er 3
BEX 42803 Chapte
Vdrop 27.82 A [0.024 cos(31.79) 0.000648 sin( 31.79)] = 0.58V
0.58V
%Vdrop = 100% = 0.24%
239.6V

41

Step 5 Add the %Vdrop along each segment,

er 3

interest
starting at the source to the point of interest.
42803 Chapte

The total voltage drop at service panel is:

Transformer (TR1) : 1.53%
Cable (400 kcmil) : 0.05%
BEX 4

Cable (#8 AWG) :00.08%

08%
Transformer (TR2) : 1.47%
Cable (#12 AWG) : 0.24%
Total : 3.37%
42

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er 3
BEX 42803 Chapte
Types of
current

Normal Overload Short-circuit Ground-fault

current current current current

43

Normal, or load, current may be defined as the

er 3

current specifically designed to be drawn by a

42803 Chapte

load under normal operating conditions.

Normal motor current varies from low values
(under light loading) to medium values (under
medium loading) to maximum values (under
maximum loading).
BEX 4

Normal current flows only in the normal circuit

path. The normal circuit path includes the
phase and neutral conductors. It does not
include equipment grounding conductors.
44

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Overload current is greater in magnitude than

er 3
full load current and flows only in the normal

BEX 42803 Chapte

circuit path.
It is commonly caused by overloaded
equipment, single-phasing, or low line voltage,
and thus is considered to be an abnormal
current.
Some overload currents, such as motor starting
currents (or locked-rotor current), are only
temporary. Overload current is greater in
magnitude than full-load amperes but less than
locked-rotor amperes.
45

Short-circuit current is greater than locked-

er 3

rotor current and may range upwards of

42803 Chapte

thousands of amperes.
The maximum value is limited by the maximum
short-circuit current available on the system at
the fault point.
Short-circuit current may y be further classified
BEX 4

as bolted or arcing. Large amounts of short-

circuit current will flow into a bolted fault than
the arcing fault.

46

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Ground-fault current consists of any current

er 3
which flows outside the normal circuit path.
path

BEX 42803 Chapte

Ground-fault current flow in the equipment
grounding conductor for low-voltage systems.
In medium- and high-voltage systems, ground-
fault current may return to the source through
the earth.
Ground-fault current on low-voltage systems
may be classified as leakage, bolted, or arcing.

47

Synchronous generators - when a short-circuit

er 3

occurs downstream of a synchronous generator,

42803 Chapte

it may continue to produce output voltage and

current.
Synchronous motors - delivers short-circuit
current into the fault until the motor
completely stops
Induction motors - short
short-circuit
circuit current decays
BEX 4

very quickly.
Supply transformers - Transformer impedances
will also limit the amount of short-circuit
current from the utility generators.
48

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er 3
BEX 42803 Chapte
Synchronous Generator

Induction Motor

Synchronous Motor
49

er 3
42803 Chapte

Totally Symmetrical Current

BEX 4

Totally Asymmetrical Current Partially Asymmetrical Current 50

25
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Symmetrical" and Asymmetrical are terms

er 3
used to describe the symmetry of the short-

BEX 42803 Chapte

circuit current waveform around the zero axis.
If a short-circuit occurs in an inductive reactive
circuit at the peak of the voltage waveform, the
resulting short-circuit current will be totally
symmetrical.
If a short-circuit, in the same circuit, occurs at
the zero of the voltage waveform, the resulting
short-circuit current will be totally asymmetrical.

51

The symmetrical short circuit current consists only

er 3

the pure AC component inside its sinusoidal
42803 Chapte

waveform. It is applicable only for balanced three-

phase power system and can be calculated as the
total line-to-neutral voltage over the total
impedances on the power system.
The asymmetrical short circuit current is the actual
current that flows during a fault condition. It
BEX 4

consists of DC and AC components that contribute

to a certain amount of DC offset in the waveform
immediately after the initiation of the fault. The
amount of DC offset or asymmetry depends on
the point when the fault occurs.
52

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Theinstantaneous peak short circuit current is

er 3
the maximum peak instantaneous fault current

BEX 42803 Chapte

on the asymmetrical short circuit current
waveform. It is a function of X/R of the system.
Instantaneous peak short circuit current
Asymmetrical short circuit current

Symmetrical
y short circuit current

53

er 3

jXL i(t)
R
42803 Chapte

t=0s
+
Vm sin(t + ) Fault
-

Line-to-Neutral Equivalent Circuit

BEX 4

[
i (t ) = 2 I rms sin(t Z ) + sin( Z ) e (R / X ) t ]
Vm X
I rms = Z = tan 1

2 ZS ZS = R2 + X 2
R

54

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First half-cycle asymmetrical fault current:

er 3
BEX 42803 Chapte
I rms ,1 2 = ( rms half - cycle factor) I rms

The rms half-cycle factor:

T
1 2
T 0
i (t ) dt
First half - cycle rms multiplying factor =
rms Symmetrical short circuit current

55

The source impedance at a 12.47kV distribution

er 3

0 4 + j1.5
substation bus is 0.4 j1 5 ohms per phase.
phase
42803 Chapte

Calculate (a) the rms fault current, (b) the

maximum peak instantaneous value of fault
current, and (c) the rms value of the half-cycle
fault current if a balanced three-phase fault
occurs.
BEX 4

56

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(a) The line-to-neutral voltage:

er 3
12.47 kV

BEX 42803 Chapte

VLN = = 7.2kV
3

The rms symmetrical fault current:

7.2kV
I rms = = 4638 A
(0.4 2 + 1.52 )

57

(b) The system X/R ratio = 1.5/0.4 = 3.75

er 3
42803 Chapte

From table, the instantaneous peak factor is

determine by interpolation:
= (2.0892 1.9495)(3.75 3.0) + 1.9495
= 2.0543
BEX 4

The maximum peak instantaneous value of

fault current is
Ip = (2.0543)(4638A) = 9528A
58

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(c) The rms half-cycle multiplying factor is

er 3
determine by interpolation from table,
table

BEX 42803 Chapte

= (1.191 1.115)(3.75 3.0) + 1.115
= 1.172

The rms half-cycle asymmetrical fault

current is,
is
Irms,1/2 = (1.172)(4638A) = 5436A

59

To determine short circuit current, the total

er 3

impedances of the system to the fault point

42803 Chapte

must be established.
Common system impedances equivalent
system, transformers, cables, etc.
All impedances placed before transformer
g side.
need to be reflected to its low voltage
BEX 4

60

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Since the three-phase fault condition results in

er 3
a balanced set of short circuit current,
current the rms

BEX 42803 Chapte

short circuit current at a particular fault point
is calculated as:
Line - to - neutral voltage
I rms =
Z total

The X/R ratio is used to determine the

instantaneous peak factor and half-cycle
factor.
Half-cycle factor is used to calculate the
asymmetrical fault current.
61

Determine the RMS symmetrical, RMS

er 3

asymmetrical and peak short circuit

42803 Chapte

magnitudes for a three-phase fault occurring

at (a) F1 and (b) F2 for the power system
shown in Figure below.
BEX 4

62

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Equivalent system
3-phase SC MVA = 65MVA@3.3kV, X/R = 3

Transformer TR1
750kVA
3300 1100V
Z = 5.75%, X/R = 5

er 3
50ft three 400 kcmil copper/phase, steel conduit

BEX 42803 Chapte

1000A

F1 1000A

400A

250A

10ft #4/0 AWG copper, steel conduit

Transformer TR2
75kVA
1100 415V
Z = 1.8%, X/R = 1.5

10ft 250 kcmil copper, steel conduit

400A

250A F2

63

Equivalent system impedance,

er 3
42803 Chapte

(3300V ) 2
Z sys = = 0.1675
65MVA

Impedance angle,
= tan 1 (3) = 71.57

Rsys = 0.1675 cos(71.57) = 0.05295

BEX 4

X sys = 0.1675 sin(71.57) = 0.1589

64

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The equivalent system impedance referred to

er 3
the low voltage side of TR1,
TR1

BEX 42803 Chapte

2
1100V
Rsys ( LS ) = 0.05295 = 0.005883
3300V
2
1100V
X sys ( LS ) = 0.1589 = 0.01766
3300V

%R and %X of TR1,
TR1
= tan 1 (5) = 78.69
% RTR1 = 5.75% cos(78.69) = 1.13%
% X TR1 = 5.75% sin(78.69) = 5.64%

65

RTR1 and XTR1 of TR1,

er 3
42803 Chapte

1 (1.13%)(1100V ) 2
RTR1 = = 0.01823
100 750kVA
1 (5.64%)(1100V ) 2
X TR1 = = 0.09099
100 750kVA

Rc and Xc of 400 kcmil cable (From Table),

BEX 4

1 0.035
Rc = 50 ft = 0.00058
3 1000 R = 0.035 / 1000 ft
1 0.049 X = 0.049 / 1000 ft
Xc = 50 ft = 0.00082
3 1000

66

33
 08/10/2012

(a) The total impedance to fault at F1,

er 3
Equivalent system :00.005883 j0.01766
005883 + j0 01766

BEX 42803 Chapte

Transformer (TR1) : 0.01832 + j0.09099
Cable (400 kcmil) : 0.00058 + j0.00082
Total : 0.024783 + j0.10947
Z sys = 0.1122
[X / R]sys = 4.42

67

The RMS symmetrical short circuit current at

er 3

F1
F1,
42803 Chapte

635.09V
I RMS = = 5,660 A
0.1122

Instantaneous peak factor (interpolation),

= (2.1924 2.0892) x (4.42 4.0) + 2.0892
= 2.1325
2 1325
BEX 4

Peak instantaneous current,

Ip = (2.1325) x (5,660A) = 12,070A
68

34
 08/10/2012

Half-cycle factor,

er 3
= (1.263
(1 263 1.191) (4.42
1 191) x (4 42 4.0)
4 0) + 1.191
1 191

BEX 42803 Chapte

= 1.2212

Half-cycle RMS asymmetrical current,

IRMS/1/2 = (1.2212) x (5,660A) = 6,912A

69

(b) Rc and Xc of #4/0 AWG cable (from table),

er 3

0.063
42803 Chapte

Rc = 10 ft = 0.00063
1000 R = 0.063 / 1000 ft
0.051 X = 0.051 / 1000 ft
Xc = 10 ft = 0.00051
1000

Rc and Xc (#4/0 AWG) referred to low voltage

BEX 4

side of TR2,
TR2
2
415V
Rc = 0.00063 = 0.00009
1100V
2
415V
Xc = 0.00051 = 0.00007
1100V
70

35
 08/10/2012

%R and %X of TR2,

er 3
= tan
t 1 (1.5) = 56.31

BEX 42803 Chapte

% RTR 2 = 1.8% cos(56.31) = 1.00%
% X TR 2 = 1.8% sin(56.31) = 1.50%
1 (1.00%)(415V ) 2
RTR 2 = = 0.02296
100 75kVA
1 (1.50%)(
)(415V ) 2
X TR 2 = = 0.03445
100 75kVA

71

The Rc and Xc of 250 kcmil cable,

er 3

0.054
42803 Chapte

Rc = 10 ft = 0.00054
1000 R = 0.054 / 1000 ft
0.052 X = 0.052 / 1000 ft
Xc = 10 ft = 0.00052
1000

R and X up to point F1 reflected to the low

BEX 4

voltage side of TR2,

TR2
2
415V
Rsys ,TR 2 = 0.024783 = 0.00353
1100V
2
415V
X sys ,TR 2 = 0.10947 = 0.01558
1100V
72

36
 08/10/2012

The total impedance to F2,

er 3
Equivalent up to F1 : 0.00353
0 00353 + j0
j0.01558
01558

BEX 42803 Chapte

Cable #4/0 AWG : 0.00009 + j0.00007
Transformer (TR2) : 0.02296 + j0.03445
Cable 250 kcmil : 0.00054 + j0.00052
Total : 0.02712 + j0.05062
Z sys
= 0.05743

[X / R ]sys = 1.87

73

The RMS symmetrical short circuit current at

er 3

F2
F2,
42803 Chapte

239.6V
I RMS = = 4,172 A
0.05743

Instantaneous peak factor (interpolation),

= (1.7560 1.5122) x (1.87 1.0) + 1.5122
= 1.7243
1 7243
BEX 4

Peak instantaneous current,

Ip = (1.7243) x (4,172A) = 7,194A
74

37
 08/10/2012

Half-cycle factor,

er 3
= (1.042
(1 042 1.002) (1.87
1 002) x (1 87 1.0)
1 0) + 1.002
1 002

BEX 42803 Chapte

= 1.0368

Half-cycle RMS asymmetrical current,

IRMS/1/2 = (1.0368) x (4,172A) = 4,326A

75

In single-phase system, the only possible fault

er 3

240V
is line-to-ground fault across 240V.
42803 Chapte

The short circuit current is calculated as:

Line - to - neutral voltage 240V
I rms = =
Z total Z total
BEX 4

76

38
 08/10/2012

Determine the rms symmetrical, rms

er 3
asymmetrical,
asymmetrical and peak short circuit current

BEX 42803 Chapte

magnitudes for a single-phase, line-to-ground
fault occurring at point F1 for the power
system shown below.

77

Equivalent system
Three-phase: MVA = 65MVA@6.6kV, X/R = 3
Single-phase: ILG = 2kA, X/R = 2.4
er 3

50kVA
42803 Chapte

6600 415V
R = 1.9%
X = 2.2%
240V
Service
100ft #4/0 AWG AL,
Steel conduit
BEX 4

240V

50ft #12 AWG copper,

steel conduit
F1
78

39
 08/10/2012

The equivalent system impedance,

er 3
BEX 42803 Chapte
6600V / 3
6600V
Z sys ,1 = = 1.9053
2000 A
= tan 1 (2.4) = 67.4
Rsys ,1 = 1.9053 cos(67.4) = 0.7322
X sys ,1 = 1.9053 sin(67.4) = 1.7590

R fl i system R and
Reflecting d X to the
h 2240V,
0
2
240V
,1 = 0.7322 = 0.002905
'
Rsys
6600V / 3
2
240V
X '
sys ,1 = 1.7590 = 0.006978
6600V / 3
79

Transformer R and X referred to low voltage

er 3

side
side,
42803 Chapte

1 (1.9%)(415V ) 2
RTR = = 0.06544
100 50kVA
1 (2.2%)(415V ) 2
X TR = = 0.07578
100 50kVA
BEX 4

Transformer R and X for the half-windinghalf winding (or

single-phase) condition,
RTR ,1 = (1 / 3)(0.06544) = 0.02181
X TR ,1 = (1 / 3)(0.07578) = 0.02526

80

40
 08/10/2012

The Rc and Xc of the #4/0 AWG AL cable,

er 3
0.1

BEX 42803 Chapte

Rc = 2 100 ft = 0.02
1000
0.051
Xc = 2 100 ft = 0.0102
1000

The Rc and Xc of the #12 AWG copper cable,

2.0
Rc = 2 50 ft = 0.2
1000
0.0541
Xc = 2 50 ft = 0.0054
1000

81

Total impedances to F1,

er 3
42803 Chapte

System impedance : 0.002905 + j0.006978

Transformer : 0.02181 + j0.02526
Cable #4/0 : 0.02 + j0.0102
Cable #12 : 0.2 + j0.0054
BEX 4

Totall : 0.244715
02 + j0.047838
0 0 838
Z total = 0.2493
X / R ratio = 0.2

82

41
 08/10/2012

The rms symmetrical short circuit current,

er 3
240V

BEX 42803 Chapte

I rms = = 962.7 A
0.2493
The instantaneous peak factor = 1.4142, and
the half-cycle rms factor = 1.0.

The peak current,

Ip = 1.4142(962.7A) = 1,361.5A

The rms first half-cycle asymmetrical current,

Irms,1/2 = 1.0(962.7A) = 962.7A
83

42