Latin Grammar overview

TENSE TRANSLATION
PRESENT -o I carry, he is teaching, we read, they walk,
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt
IMPERFECT -bam I was carrying, he is teaching, we were reading,
-bas they were walking
-bat
-bamus
-batis
-bant
PERFECT -(u/v)i I (have) carried, he (had) taught, we (have) read,
-(u/v)isti they (have) walked
-(u/v)it
-(u/v)imus
-(u/v)istis
-(u/v)erunt

PLUPERFECT -(u/v)eram I had carried, he had taught, we had read, they

-(u/v)eras had walked
-(u/v)erat
-
(u/v)eramus
-(u/v)eratis
-(u/v)erant

INFINITIVE Portare To carry, to teach, to read, to walk

Docere

IMPERATIVE -a / -e / -i Carry! Teach! Read! Walk!
-ate / -ete /
-ite
Participles
Present Participle (describes a noun)
Translation
SINGULAR
NOM Portans The man, carrying a stick,
ACC Portantem
PLURAL
NOM Portantes
ACC Portantes

Perfect passive participles

Behaves like an adjective and agrees on case, gender and number

Excita-t-us, aedifica-t-ae, lauda-t-i, lauda-t-us

So verb + t + suffix to agree in gander, case and number

Translates as having been + (carried, wounded, praised,) or shortened,

for example:
The architect, having been sent by -> the architect sent by or when the
architect had been sent

Perfect active principles

Behaves like an adjective and agrees on case, gender and number
Only a small group of verbs have a perfect active participle, they dont have a
perfect passive participle
Translates as having (carried, wounded, praised,)
Subjunctive
Cum .. + pluperfect subjunctive: when . had + participle
Cum .. + imperfect subjunctive: when . was/were + infinitive
Example:

Cum Modestus ad pontem advenisset: when Modestus had arrived at the

bridge

PLUPERFECT -(u/v)issem I had carried, he had taught, we had read, they

SUBJUNCTIV -(u/v)isses had walked
E -(u/v)isset
-
(u/v)issemu
s
-(u/v)issetis
-(u/v)issent

Cum custodies dormirent: when the guards were sleeping

IMPERFECT Infinitive When I was carrying, he was teaching, we were

SUBJUNCTIV +m reading, they were walking
E +s
+t
+mus
+tis
+nt

Purpose clauses
Ut + subjunctive
ut Agricolam audirent: in order that they might hear Agricola
Nouns
First Declension (A)
SINGULAR
NOM / VOC Puella
ACC Puellam
GEN (of) Puellae
DAT (to) Puellae
ABL (by, with) Puella
PLURAL
NOM / VOC Puellae
ACC Puellas
GEN (of) Puellarum
DAT (to) Puellis
ABL (by, with) Puellis

Second Declension
(US/UM)
SINGULAR
NOM / VOC Servus
ACC Servum
GEN (of) Servi
DAT (to) Servo
ABL (by, with) Servo
PLURAL
NOM / VOC Servi
ACC Servos
GEN (of) Servorum
DAT (to) Servis
ABL (by, with) Servis

Third Declension
(mix)
SINGULAR
NOM / VOC Rex
ACC Regem
GEN (of) Regis
DAT (to) Regi
ABL (by, with) Rege
PLURAL
NOM / VOC Reges
ACC Reges
GEN (of) Regum
DAT (to) Regibus
ABL (by, with) Regibus
 Fourth Declension
(mix)
SINGULAR
NOM / VOC Manus
ACC Manum
GEN (of) Manus
DAT (to) Manui
ABL (by, with) Manu
PLURAL
NOM / VOC Manus
ACC Manus
GEN (of) Manuum
DAT (to) Manibus
ABL (by, with) Manibus
Adjectives
Always agree in case, number and gender with the noun they accompany

Most belong to the 1st and 2nd declension (are the same
as nouns)
Masculine Feminine Neuter
SINGULAR
NOM/VOC Bonus (Voc Bona Bonum
Bone)
ACC Bonum Bonam Bonum
GEN Boni Bonae Boni
DAT Bono Bonae Bono
PLURAL
NOM Boni Bonae Bona
ACC Bonos Bonas Bona
GEN Bonorum Bonarum Bonorum
DAT Bonis Bonis Bonis

Some, like FORTIS, belong to the 3rd declension (same

as noun)
Masculine
SINGULAR
NOM/VOC Fortis
ACC Fortem
GEN Fortis
DAT Forti
PLURAL
NOM Fortes
ACC Fortes
GEN Fortium
DAT Fortibus

Adverbs
Like adjectives, but end in -e.
Example: Fortis -> forte ; lentus -> lente
Or, end in -ter
Example: brevis -> breviter
Relative clauses:
Describe a noun, tend to start with QUI

Comparative & superlative

NOM Longus
ACC Longum
Comparative Longior (longer)
Superlative Longissimus (very long, longest)
Also agrees with gender, case and number.

Pronouns
NOM Ego Te Nos Vos
ACC Me Te Nos Vos
DAT Mihi Tibi Nobis Vobis

Himself/herself/themselves:

SING PLURAL
ACC Se Se
DAT Sibi Sibi
HIC and ILLE
This, these Masculine Feminine Neuter
SINGULAR
NOM Hic Haec Hoc
ACC Hunc Hanc Hoc
PLURAL
NOM Hi Hae Haec
ACC Hos Has Haec

Those Masculine Feminine Neuter

SINGULAR
NOM Ille Illa Illud
ACC Illum Illam Illud
PLURAL
NOM Illi Illa Illa
ACC Illos Illas Illa

EUM, EAM
Masculine Feminine
SINGULAR
ACC Eum Eam
GEN (of ) Eius (of him) Eius (of her)
DAT (to) Ei (to him) Ei (to her)
PLURAL
ACC Eos Eas
GEN (of ) Eorum (of them) Earum (of them)
DAT (to) Eis (to them) Eis (to them)

QUI
Who, Which Masculine Feminine Neuter
SINGULAR
NOM Qui Quae Quod
ACC Quem Quam Quod
PLURAL
NOM Qui Quae
ACC Quos Quas