ROBOTIX TEAM

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

BASIC PHYSICS
WORKSHOP
THINGS TO BE COVERED
 BASIC ELECTRICITY
 INTRODUCTION TO CAPACITANCE
 WORKING OF A MOTOR
 INTRODUCTION TO ALTERNATING CURRENT
 BASIC DIODES
 TRANSFORMERS
BASIC ELECTRICITY
WORKSHOP
BASIC ELECTRICITY
 What is electric current?
 Why do we need it?
 Why do we get shocks due to it?
 What are circuits?
 How many types of Electric current are there?
BASIC ELECTRICITY
 What is electric potential?
 What is Potential Difference?
 What is Ohm’s Law?
 What are Kirchoff’s Current Laws?
What is Electric Current?
 Flow of charge though a conductor.
 Calculation:

where Q is the total charge and t is the total time.

 Unit of Charge is Coulomb (C) and Electricity is Ampere (A),
1 A = 1 C/ 1 S
(?) Charge of an Electron?
What is Electric Current?
Why do we need it?
 All of appliances around us are based on it.
 We need it to power lights, fans, TVs, Projectors,
PCs etc..
 All of us know how does it feel when power goes
out?
Electric Shocks
 An electric shock occurs upon contact of a human body with
any source of voltage high enough to cause
sufficient current through the skin, muscles or hair. The minimum
current a human can feel is thought to be about
1 milliampere (mA). The current may cause tissue damage
or fibrillation if it is sufficiently high. Death caused by an
electric shock is referred to as electrocution. Generally, currents
approaching 100 mA are lethal if they pass through sensitive
portions of the body
Circuits
Circuits
Types of Electric Current
Electric Current are of two types:

 Direct Current (DC)

 Alternating Current (AC)
Direct Current
 Direction and Magnitude do not change with time.
 Used in torches, battery operated toys, remote
controls, and ROBOTS!
 NOT used in supply lines due to TRANSMISSION
LOSSES.
Alternating Current
 Direction and Magnitude constantly change with
time. (Generally sine or cosine wave functions).
 Used in power lines, home appliances.
 Comparatively less power loss during transmission.
 Can be stepped up and down.
Electric Shocks
 Generally, we use DC in robots, as most of the
electronic components like ICs work on DC.
 A Voltage Range of 5V - 12V is used generally in
robots.
 At that range, there are low chances of shocks.
Electric Potential
 Every job requires some WORK to be done.
 Similarly, the moving of charges in a current flow,
requires some work to be done.
 Work done in bringing a unit positive charge from
infinity to a point, is called potential of that point.
 The SI unit of Potential is Volts (V), named after the
famous scientist Alessandro Volta.
Electric Potential

 Potentialis relative. Potential of a point is defined by

considering the potential to be zero at infinity.
Potential Difference
 As the name suggest, the difference in the potential
between two points.
 Represented as ∆V [Delta V].
 ∆V between two points one and two are:
∆V 1 →2 = V2 – V1
 Also, ∆V 1 →2 = (-)∆W 1 →2 / Q
Potential Difference
 As water current moves from high to low level, due
to gravity, similarly, Electric Current moves from
High Potential to Low Potential.
 Therefore, in the direction of current, there is always
a decrease of potential across any component.
OHM’s Law
USES OF OHM’s LAW
 In robotics, we generally use Ohm’s law to regulate
the current flow in a branch.
 Appropriate value of Resistors are used, to get the
required current.
RESISTANCE
 Resistance is a constant used in Ohm’s law.
 It is a property of the material and hence varies
across materials.
 It also depends on the shape and size of a
conductor.
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS RESISTORS
 ∆V= I x R
 We know that moving in the direction of
current causes potential to decrease.
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS RESISTORS

∆VA →C = - I x R1 – I x R2
CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND SEMI- CONDUCTORS

 CONDUCTORS : Materials through which current

can flow.
 INSULATORS : Materials through which current can’t
flow.
 SEMI – CONDUCTORS : Materials which offer
resistance intermediate between the conductors and
insulators. Widely used in Electronics Industry.
SUPER - CONDUCTORS
 Materials which provide absolutely no resistance to
the electric current flowing through it.
 Example : Few Ceramics
 In Problem solving, unless resistance is not specified,
wires and components are assumed to be made of
super conducting materials. (R = 0)
SUPER - CONDUCTORS
 Since R=0, across super conductors, therefore the
potential difference across the wires would be zero.

∆V= 0 x I
KIRCHOFF’s CURRENT LAWS
 Kirchoff’s rules help us determine the magnitude
and direction of current in different branches of a
circuit.
 There are two Kirchoff’s Current laws.
 JUNCTION RULE (Kirchoff’s Current Law)
 LOOP RULE (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law)
JUNCTION RULE (Kirchoff’s Current Law)
JUNCTION
SALIENT POINTS – JUNCTION RULE
 There is no loss (sink) of current at any junction.
 Current entering a junction = Current leaving the
junction.
 Also known as KCL.
LOOP RULE (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law)
KIRCHOFF’s RULE - EXAMPLE
CAPACITANCE
WORKSHOP
CAPACITANCE
CAPACITANCE
CAPACITANCE
 For our purposes, we use capacitance in rectifier
circuit to normalize the current.
 It is used for conversion from Alternating Current to
Direct Current.
MOTORS
WORKSHOP
WORKING OF A MOTOR
WORKING OF A MOTOR
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Alternating Current
 Direction and Magnitude constantly change with
time. (Generally sine or cosine wave functions).
 Used in power lines, home appliances.
 Comparatively less power loss during transmission.
 Can be stepped up and down.
GRAPH OF ALTERNATING CURRENT
DIODES
ABOUT DIODES
 A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that
conducts electric current in only one direction.
 Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic
version of a check valve. This unidirectional
behavior is called rectification, and is used to
convert alternating current to direct current, and to
extract modulation from radio signals in radio
receivers.
ABOUT DIODES
COMMON DIODES
 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
 In a diode formed from a direct band-gap semiconductor, such as gallium arsenide,
carriers that cross the junction emit photons when they recombine with the majority
carrier on the other side. Depending on the material, wavelengths (or colors)[11] from
the infrared to the near ultraviolet may be produced[12]. The forward potential of
these diodes depends on the wavelength of the emitted photons: 1.2 V corresponds
to red, 2.4 V to violet. The first LEDs were red and yellow, and higher-frequency
diodes have been developed over time. All LEDs produce incoherent, narrow-
spectrum light; “white” LEDs are actually combinations of three LEDs of a different
color, or a blue LED with a yellow scintillator coating. LEDs can also be used as low-
efficiency photodiodes in signal applications. An LED may be paired with a
photodiode or phototransistor in the same package, to form an opto-isolator.
TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS
 A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—
the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first
or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic fieldthrough
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
STEPPING UP AND DOWN
STEPPING UP AND DOWN
The conversion Relation :
END OF SLIDE