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The Politics of Performance
Peggy Phelan
London and New York

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^2+,$3( 72$)( &*+$3*.%&L$( +,$( $B$)( 2'( +,$( 2+,$3S( -$*( 6.**2+( 3$5$.+( 23
&-&+.+$( +,.+( &*+$3*.%&L.+&2*S( *23( 6.*( +,$B( 1$.3( &+)( 3$+43*8( _5$3.+&2*
R$)64$(.++$-5+)(+2(3$-2<$(+,$()H&*(2'(+,$(53$/*.*+(A2-.*(+2(3$<$.%
+,$($B$)(2'(,$3(&*+$3*.%(2+,$3I(+,$(E&*7$5$*7$*+F('$+4)8("B(7&)5%.B&*/
+,$('$+4)(.)(+,$()&*/%$(&-./$(A&+,&*(+,$(+3&.*/4%.+&2*(2'(3$532746+&2*I
_5$3.+&2*(R$)64$(.++$-5+)(+2(&/*23$(+,$(7&%$--.(2'(+,$(53$/*.*+(A2-.*
$*+&3$%B(.*7(+2(%$.<$(4*-.3H$7(+,$('3$$72-(2'(9&*<&)&1%$>(5.+$3*&+B8(J)
5.+$3*&+B(-2<$)(-23$(6%$.3%B(&*+2(+,$(72-.&*(2'(+,$(<&)&1%$I(+,$(73.-.
.324*7(.123+&2*(.*7(3$532746+&<$(62*+32%(&*+$*)&'&$)8
Z,&%$(+,$(-$-1$3)(2'(_5$3.+&2*(R$)64$(.3$($O+3$-$(&*(+,$&3(-$+,27)I
+,$B(-$3$%B(-.H$(-.*&'$)+(.(5$3)&)+$*+(.*7(5$3<.)&<$(7$)&3$(+2($-5%2B
<&)&1&%&+B(+2(62*+32%(A2-$*C)(127&$)8(K*63$.)&*/%BI()46,(62*+32%($O+$*7)
+2(12+,(+,$(&*)&7$(.*7(+,$(24+)&7$(&-./$(2'(243(127&$)8(?,&)('.)6&*.+&2*
-2+&<.+$)( U.3BC)( 3$+$%%&*/( 2'( +,$( Z$)+( K*7&.*( '2%H( +.%$( &*( A,&6,( +,$
,4)1.*7(341)().%+(2*(+,$(&*)&7$(2'(,&)(A&'$C)()H&*I(.*7(.%)2(532<2H$)(+,$
13&%%&.*+( 62%%.5)$( 2'( +,$( 6&*$-.+&6( .*7( /B*$62%2/&6.%( /.L$( &*( N.<&7
U32*$*1$3/C)(N"13'Q)0*"$(8(K*($O6$))&<$%B(-.3H&*/(+,$(124*7.3&$)(2'
+,$(A2-.*C)(G#3%&(&*(237$3(+2(-.H$(&+(+,2324/,%B(<&)&1%$I(5.+3&.36,.%
64%+43$()41D$6+)(&+(+2(%$/.%I(.3+&)+&6I(.*7(5)B6,&6()43<$&%%.*6$8[W(?,&)I(&*
+43*I(3$&*'236$)(+,$(&7$.(+,.+(),$()((,$3(127B8
:4)+(.)(%.A(6.**2+(62*6$&<$(2'(.(53$/*.*+(127B(.)(.(62*+&*424)
127B(.*7()$.36,$)($*7%$))%B('23(+,$($O.6+(-2-$*+(&*(A,&6,(.('$+4)(&)
E&*7$5$*7$*+IF(*$&+,$3(6.*(V3$47&.*(5)B6,2.*.%B)&)c.*7(+,$(9-.%$>
5)B6,&6( )41D$6+( 62*)+346+$7( +,$3$c+2%$3.+$( .( /.L$( A,&6,( 72$)( *2+
&*6%47$( ,&-8 [=( K*)2'.3( .)( A2-$*C)( 127&$)( 62*+.&*( +,$( )B-12%&6
52+$*+&.%(2'(3$532746&*/(.*2+,$3()$+(2'($B$)I($B$)(+,.+(%22H(2*%B(.+
+,$(&*)&7$(2'(+,$&3(127&$)(.*7(*2+(.+(,&-I(,$(A&%%(%2*/(+2(+$.3(+,$&3
127&$)(25$*I(+2()53$.7(+,$&3(%$/)(A&7$3I(+2(-.H$(+,$&3(E&*)&7$)F(<&)&1%$
+2(,&)($B$)8
K*( -B( '&*.%( 6,.5+$3I( E?,$( 2*+2%2/B( 2'( 5$3'23-.*6$0( 3$53$)$*+.+&2*
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5$3'23-.*6$( .3+( .)( .( -$.*)( 2'( 3$)&)+&*/( +,$( 3$532746+&<$( &7$2%2/B( 2'
<&)&1%$(3$53$)$*+.+&2*)8(N$'&*$7(1B(&+)($5,$-$3.%(*.+43$I(5$3'23-.*6$
.3+(6.**2+(1$(7264-$*+$7(9A,$*(&+(&)I(&+(+43*)(&*+2(+,.+(7264-$*+c.
5,2+2/3.5,I(.()+./$(7$)&/*I(.(<&7$2(+.5$c.*7(6$.)$)(+2(1$(5$3'23-.*6$
.3+>8(K*(+,&)()$*)$I(5$3'23-.*6$(.3+(&)(+,$(%$.)+(-.3H$7(2'(.%%(+,$(+$O+)(K
62*)&7$3(,$3$8(K*(+,$(A23H(2'(J*/$%&H.(V$)+.I(.()2Q6.%%$7(E237$.%(.3+&)+IF
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7&).55$.3.*6$(&)(7&''&64%+(+2(6.%64%.+$8(g2A$<$3I(5.3+(2'(&+)()4--.3&L&*/
'236$(62-$)('32-(+,$($*.6+-$*+(2'(.(*2*3$532746+&<$(5$3'23-&*/('$-.%$
127B8( V$-&*&)+( +,$23&)+)( 62*6$3*$7( A&+,( 3$62*6$&<&*/( +,$( .))26&.+&<$
%&*H)(1$+A$$*(A2-$*(.*7(3$532746+&2*(A24%7(72(A$%%(+2(+.H$()$3&24)%B
A,.+(+,&)(.3+(A23H()4//$)+)(.124+(+,$(52))&1&%&+&$)(.*7(%&-&+)(2'(+,.+
532D$6+8
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'23( A,.+( 6.**2+( 1$( 3$532746$78( J)( +,2)$( .3+&)+)( A,2( ,.<$( 7$7&6.+$7
+,$-)$%<$)(+2(5$3'23-.*6$(62*+&*4.%%B(7&).55$.3(.*7(%$.<$(E*2+(.(3.6H
1$,&*7F(&+(1$62-$)(&*63$.)&*/%B(&-5$3.+&<$(+2('&*7(.(A.B(+2(3$-$-1$3
+,$(4*7264-$*+.1%$I(4*3$532746&1%$(.3+(+,$B(-.7$8(?,$(5.3.72O(&)(+,.+
&*( A3&+&*/( .( +$)+&-2*B( +2( +,$( 52A$3( 2'( +,$( 4*7264-$*+.1%$( .*7
*2*3$532746+&<$(K($*/./$(+,$(7264-$*+(2'(+,$(A3&++$*(3$532746&1%$(+$O+
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A$(.)5&3$(.*7(A,2)$('.&%43$(+2(3$.%&L$(&)(4++$3%B(.))43$78(K*(+,$('4%)2-$
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.124+(+,.+(7&).55$.3.*6$8
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,$3(73$))I(,$3(),2$)8
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9J'+$3(R&%H$C)(EJ(\+23-B(k&/,+IF(T.3+(jKKK>((
"!
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&+I(%&H$(+,$23BI(6.**2+(G"(.*B+,&*/(14+(.*(2''$3&*/I(.(/&<&*/(2'(A,.+(2*$
72$)(*2+(,.<$I(.(7$)63&5+&2*(.*7(+3.*)63&5+&2*(2'(A,.+(2*$(6.**2+()$$(23
532<$(A&+,(<&)&1%$($<&7$*6$8(\,2),.*.(V$%-.*(,.)()4//$)+$7(+,.+(&*
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E)6.*7.%F0
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923&/&*.%($-5,.)$)S(9+"'C),"$1$%'E;""4+'R4,>(=]W>
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-.H$)(4)(9-&)>3$62/*&L$(&+(.)()6.*7.%24)f(T$3,.5)(+,$('.&%43$(2'(+,$
532-&)$I(%&H$(+,$('.&%43$(2'($32+&6(%2<$I(&)(*2+()2(-46,()6.*7.%24)(.)(+,$
62*)+&+4$*+('236$(2'(+,$(1.*.%(.*7(*23-.+&<$(+,$.+3$(2'(+,$($<$3B7.B8(K*
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.*7(%2<$8
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*$6$)).3B(+2(-.&*+.&*(+,$(1$%&$'(&*(.(1%&*7($B$8
Z&+,($<$3B(-.3HI(+,$(4*-.3H$7()4--2*)(+,$(2+,$3($B$(+2()$$(A,.+
+,$(-.3H(&)(1%&*7(+2cA,.+(+,$(/&<$*(+2(1$()$$*('.&%)(+2(),2AI(A,.+(+,$
2+,$3(6.**2+(2''$38(?,$(73.-.)(2'(62*6$.%-$*+I(7&)/4&)$I()$63$+)I(%&$)I
.3$( $*7$-&6( +2( <&)4.%( 3$53$)$*+.+&2*I( $O.6+%B( 1$6.4)$( <&)4.%
3$53$)$*+.+&2*( &)( E*2+( .%%8F( ?,$( -B+,( 2'( _$7&54)( &)( .( 6$*+3.%
5)B6,2.*.%B+&6(-B+,(1$6.4)$(&+(-.H$)(H*2A%$7/$(&+)$%'(532746+&<$(2'
1%&*7*$))8(_$7&54)C()$%'Q1%&*7&*/(&)(%$))(.()B-5+2-(2'(,&)(3$/3$+'4%(7$)&3$I
.*7(-23$(.(-.3H&*/(2'(+,$(&-52))&1%$(7$)&3$(+2()$$(2*$)$%'8("B(7$6%.3&*/
243( $B$)( 1%&*7( .*7( &-52+$*+( A$( -.B( 1$( .1%$( +2( 3$)&)+( +,$( )-22+,
3$532746+&2*(2'(+,$()$%'Q).-$8(Z$(-.B(1$/&*(+2(1$(.1%$(+2(&*,.1&+(+,$
1%.*H(A&+,24+('236&*/(+,$(2+,$3(+2('&%%(&+8
J+(+,$(%&-&+(2'(+,$(5,B)&6.%(127BI(.+(+,$(%&-&+(2'(+,$(1%&*7($B$I(.+(+,$
%&-&+(2'(+,$()&/*&'&$3I(2*$()$$)(12+,(+,$(H*2A%$7/$(2'('.&%43$(.*7(+,$
5$3'23-.*6$( 2'( 1$%&$'( 53255$7( 45( 2*( .%%( )&7$)( 1B( )$3&24)( .*7( 62-&6
7241+8( U$3+.&*( 2'( '.&%43$I( K( &*)63&1$I( ./.&*I( -B( ,25$( '23( 1%&*7( 9.*7
'23/&<&*/>($B$)8
2
Developing the negative:
Mapplethorpe, Schor, and Sherman
!U#2*'32*+$7(A&+,(+,$(5,2+2/3.5,I(.)(&*(+,$(73$.-I(&+(&)(+,$().-$
$''23+I(+,$().-$(\&)B5,$.*(%.1230(+2(3$.)6$*7I()+3.&*&*/(+2A.37(+,$
$))$*6$I(+2(6%&-1(1.6H(72A*(A&+,24+(,.<&*/()$$*(&+I(.*7(+2(1$/&*(.%%
2<$3(./.&*8
9R2%.*7(".3+,$)I(=1!"$1'C74)31>(XX>
!?#,$(3$%.+&2*(1$+A$$*(+,$(/.L$(.*7(A,.+(2*$(A&),$)(+2()$$(&*<2%<$)
.(%43$8(?,$()41D$6+(&)(53$)$*+$7(.)(2+,$3(+,.*(,$(&)I(.*7(A,.+(2*$
),2A)(,&-(&)(*2+(A,.+(,$(A.*+)(+2()$$8(K+(&)(&*(+,&)(A.B(+,.+(+,$($B$
-.B('4*6+&2*(.)(#GS",'1&(+,.+(&)(+2().BI(.+(+,$(%$<$%(2'(+,$(%.6H8
9G.6.*I(<#7$'<7031!"0,1-'=#04";,(>(=W[>
".3+,$)C(=1!"$1'C74)31(&)(.(%.-$*+.+&2*('23(,&)(-2+,$38(J*(.*.+2-B(2'
+,$(/3&$'(2'(+,$()43<&<&*/()&*/4%.3(Kd$B$I(=1!"$1'C74)31(7$+.&%)(+,$()$.36,
'23(+,$(5$3'$6+(&-./$I(+,$(;704,7!(2'(+,$(5,2+2/3.5,(A,&6,(A&%%(3$+43*
,$3(+2(,&-8(P-5%2B&*/(541%&6(.*7(E53&<.+$F(5,2+2/3.5,)I(".3+,$)($746.+$)
,&)($B$(+2()$$(+,.+(,$(,.)(*2+()$$*(A,.+(,$(A.*+)(+2()$$(103(+2(%22H(./.&*8
?,&)(7241%$(.6+&2*I(+,$(3$62/*&+&2*(2'(*2+Q)$$&*/(.*7(+,$(A&%%(+2(%22H(./.&*I
&)( +,$( %43$( 2'( +,$( &-./$( 3$5$3+2&3$8( ?,$( 7241%$( .6+&2*( 62*'&3-)( +,$
7&)+&*6+&2*( 1$+A$$*( +,$( /.L$( .*7( +,$( $B$0( +,$( $B$I( $<$3( ,4*/3BI( $<$3
3$)+%$))I(+$-523.3&%B()41-&+)(+2(+,$(%.A(2'(+,$(/.L$I(+,$(264%.3(5$3)5$6+&<$
A,&6,('3.-$)(+,$(&-./$I()$$)(A,.+(&)(),2A*(.*7(7&)62<$3)(&+(+2(1$(E%.6H&*/8F
k2+(@4&+$(+,$(+,&*/(2*$(A.*+)d*$$7)d(7$)&3$)d+2()$$8(J*7(A,.+(&)(+,.+
+,&*/f( J*( &-./$( 2'( )$%'Q)$$&*/( +,.+( &)( 62-5%$+$8( J*( &-52))&1%$( &-./$
53$6&)$%B(1$6.4)$(+,$(%.A(2'(+,$(/.L$(532,&1&+)()$%'Q)$$&*/8
J%A.B)(62-5$*).+23BI(,2A$<$3I(+,$(%.A(2'(+,$(/.L$(&)(&*<$)+$7(A&+,
.(%43$I(.*(&-./$(+2(7&)+3.6+(2*$('32-(+,.+('.&%43$8(?,$(%43$(&)(+,$($32+&6
H$3*$%(2'(+,$(/.L$8(N$)&3$(&)($*'%.-$7(1B(+,$(%43$I(1B(+,$(/.5&*/()5.6$
1$+A$$*(+,$(/.L$(.*7(+,$($B$8(K*(+,$(25$*&*/(63$.+$7(1B(+,$(7&)+&*6+&2*
1$+A$$*(+,$($B$(.*7(+,$(/.L$I(+,$()$$&*/(K(&)()5%&+(9./.&*>8(?,$(1437$*(2'
523+3.&+(5,2+2/3.5,B(&)(12+,(+2(3$<$.%(.*7(62*6$.%(+,&)(/.58
Developing the negative 35
K*(=1!"$1'C74)31(".3+,$)(.++$-5+)(+2('&*7(.*(&-./$(A,&6,(6.5+43$)
)2-$(E$))$*6$F(1B(A,&6,(,$(-&/,+(3$62/*&L$(.*7(+,4)(3$+.&*(,&)(7$.7
-2+,$38(R$)+%$))%BI(,$(34--./$)(+,324/,(.(53&<.+$(.*7(541%&6(62%%$6+&2*
2'( 523+3.&+( 5,2+2/3.5,)8( h*).+&)'&$7I( ".3+,$)( H$$5)( %22H&*/( '23( +,$
;704,7!&(+,$(5.3+&.%(&-./$(9+,$(#GS",'1>(A,&6,(-&/,+(3$+43*(,$3(+2(,&-8
<#$,M'N18(g&)(5.3+&.%(/.L$(-4)+()$$(,$3(5.3+&.%(&-./$8(K*(A3&+&*/(2'(,&)
2*/2&*/()$.36,('23(,$3(3$+43*I(,$(5%2+)(+,$(5$3'$6+(&-./$c+,$(/%&-5)$
2'(E$))$*6$F(+,.+(A&%%(7&)+&%%(A,2(),$(A.)('23(,&-8(9Z$(.3$I(7$)5&+$(243
1$)+(&*+$*+&2*)I()+46H(A&+,($))$*6$)I(.*7($))$*+&.%&)-)8(J*7(5$3,.5)
*$<$3(-23$('4%%B(+,.*(A,$*(+,$(127B(2'(+,$(1$%2<$7(,.)(<.*&),$78(V23
&*(+,.+(7&).55$.3.*6$(A$(.3$(-.7$(+2('$$%(./.&*(+,$(/3&$'(2'(243(2A*
$))$*+&.%( .1)$*6$( '32-( 243( 7$$5$)+( )$%<$)I( 243( '.&%43$( +2( .*)A$3( 243
-2)+(6$*+3.%(@4$)+&2*)0(E^.3/.3$+I(.3$(B24(/3&$<&*/fF>
J+(%.)+(".3+,$)()$643$)(+,$(&-./$(,$(1$%&$<$)(A&%%(3$+43*(,$3(+2(,&-8
g$(6.%%)(&+(+,$(Z&*+$3(a.37$*(5,2+2/3.5,(.*7(A&+,,2%7)(&+('32-(4)8(9?2
7&)5%.B(,$3(E5$3'$6+F(&-./$(+2(4)(A24%7(1$(+2(3$<$.%(12+,(+22(-46,(.*7
+22(%&++%$8(?,$(5.46&+B(2'(+,$(&-./$(A24%7(*2+(A&+,)+.*7(243(,4*/3B(.%%Q
62*)4-&*/( $B$)8>( ".3+,$)( +43*)( +,$( &-./$( 2<$3I( ),2A)( 4)( +,$( 1%.*H
1.6HI( .*7( %26.+$)( ,$3( &*( ,&)( &-./&*.+&2*( 2'( ,$3( 6,&%7,2278( a3&$<&*/
1$6.4)$(),$(A&%%(*2+(1$(.(A&+*$))(+2(+,$(3$)+(2'(,&)(%&'$I(".3+,$)(62*)2%$)
,&-)$%'(A&+,(.*(&-./$(2'(,$3(%&'$(1$'23$(,$(A.)(.(A&+*$))(+2(&+8(K*(+43*&*/
1.6H(+2(.*(&-./$(2'(,$3(1$'23$(,&)(1&3+,I(,$(&)(.1%$(+2(&-./&*$(,&-)$%'
A&+,24+(,$38
!
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.3/4$)(+,.+(523+3.&+(5,2+2/3.5,$3)(%$.3*$7(.124+(.6+&*/('32-(+,$(/3$.+
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Figure 4 Robert Mapplethorpe, Self-Portrait (1988). (Courtesy: The Estate of
42 Unmarked
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+,$)$(*$/.+&<$)8(J+(2*6$(+,$(&*)+34-$*+(2'()43<$&%%.*6$(.*7('277$3('23
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Figure 5 Robert Mapplethorpe, Alice Neel (1984). (Courtesy: The Estate of Robert
Mapplethorpe, New York)
Figure 6 Robert Mapplethorpe, Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter (1979). (Courtesy:
The Estate of Robert Mapplethorpe, New York)
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Figure 7 Robert Mapplethorpe, Leland Richard (1980). (Courtesy: The Estate of
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Figure 8 Robert Mapplethorpe, Ajitto (1981). (Courtesy: The Estate of Robert
Mapplethorpe, New York)
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Figure 9 Robert Mapplethorpe, Ken and Tyler (1985). (Courtesy: The Estate of
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Figure 10 Mira Schor, Caul of Self and Tracings of Caul of Self (1987), one image
of two paintings. (Photo: Sarah Wells. Courtesy: Mira Schor)
Figure 11 Mira Schor, The Impregnation of M. (1987). (Photo: Sarah Wells.
Courtesy: Mira Schor)
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Figure 12 Mira Schor, small ear (1989). (Photo: Pelka/Noble. Courtesy: Mira
Schor)
Figure 13 Mira Schor, Dont Forget Me (1989). (Photo: Pelka/Noble. Courtesy: Mira
Schor)
Figure 14 Mira Schor, Audition (1988). (Photo: Pelka/Noble. Courtesy: Mira

Schor)
58 Unmarked
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Figure 15 Mira Schor, Imperfect Transmission (1989). (Photo: Pelka/Noble.
Courtesy: Mira Schor)
60 Unmarked
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Figure 16 Cindy Sherman, Untitled (Film Still), 35 (1979). (Courtesy: Metro
Pictures, New York)
62 Unmarked
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Figure 17 Cindy Sherman, Untitled, 93 (1981). (Courtesy: Metro Pictures, New York)
64 Unmarked
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Figure 18 Cindy Sherman, Untitled, 175 (1987). (Courtesy: Metro Pictures, New York)
66 Unmarked
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Figure 19 Cindy Sherman, Unfitted, 216 (1989). (Courtesy: Metro Pictures, New
York)
68 Unmarked
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3
Spatial envy: Yvonne Rainers
The Man Who Envied Women
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Figure 21 Film still of Yvonne Rainer and William Raymond in the dream sequence from Yvonne Rainers The Man Who
Envied Women (1985). (Courtesy: Yvonne Rainer)
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5
Theatre and its mother:
Tom Stoppards Hapgood
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Figure 24 Angelika Festa, You Are Obsessive, Eat Something (1984). (Photo:
Claudine Ascher. Courtesy: Angelika Festa)
Figure 25 Angelika Festa, Untitled Dance (with fish and others) (1987). (Photo: Hubert Hohn. Courtesy: Angelika Festa)
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Figure 26 Angelika Festa, Untitled Dance (with fish and others) (1987). (Photo: Hubert Hohn. Courtesy: Angelika Festa)
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Figure 27 Lorna Simpson, Guarded Conditions (1989). (Photo: Sean Kelly, New York. Courtesy: Josh Baer Gallery, New York)
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14+(2*$(A,&6,(&)(.*)A$3.1%$(+2(+,$(62*)$@4$*6$)(2'(7&).55$.3.*6$8(?,$
).<&*/)(.*7(%2.*(&*)+&+4+&2*)(&*(+,$(h\(,.<$(%2)+(+,$(64)+2-$3C)(1$%&$'
&*(+,$(532-&)$(2'()$643&+B8(^4)$4-)(A,2)$(62%%$6+&2*)(&*6%47$(21D$6+)
166 Unmarked
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$O5$6+&*/>(+,$&3(3$+43*(-4)+(62*'32*+(+,$(%$/.6B(2'(+,$&3(.553253&.+&<$
,&)+23B( &*( .( -46,( -23$( *4.*6$7( .*7( 62-5%$O( A.B( +,.*( 6433$*+%B
53$<.&%)8( V&*.%%BI( 4*&<$3)&+&$)( A,2)$( 72-.&*( &)( +,$( 3$532746+&2*( 2'
H*2A%$7/$(-4)+(3$Q<&$A(+,$(+,$23$+&6.%($*+$353&)$(1B(A,&6,(+,$(21D$6+
)43<$B$7(&)(3$532746$7(.)(5325$3+B(A&+,(9+,$23$+&6.%>(<.%4$8
Afterword: notes on hope
for my students
?,$(4*6$3+.&*+B(53&*6&5%$('4*7.-$*+.%(+2(5,B)&6)(&)(1.)$7(2*(+,$('.&%43$
2'(+,$($-5&3&6.%(+2()$643$(+,$(3$.%8(<#$,M'N1M(?$)+&*/('23(+,$(@4.*+4-(&)
.(,.L.37(2'(5321.1&%&+&$)(&'(*2+('23+4*$)I(1$)+(/4$))$)(2'($<$*+)(1$'23$
.*7(.'+$3(+,$(%$.58(?,$(-$.)43$-$*+(2'(+,$(@4.*+4-C)(-2<$-$*+(&*
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3$53$)$*+.+&2*8(9k23(6.*(+,$(12)2*C)I(+,$(@4.3HC)I(23(+,$(/%42*C)8>(G&H$
5$3'23-.*6$I( +,$( @4.*+4-( 6.**2+( 1$( 53$)$3<$7I( 3$6.%%$7I( -$.)43$7I
.*7($<.%4.+$7(1B(3$6243)$(+2(3$53$)$*+.+&2*C)(&*)43.*6$(52%&6&$)8(J%A.B)
&*)$643$I( +,$( *$3<24)( )B)+$-( 2'( -.++$3( &)( 3$'%$6+$7( &*( +,$( *$3<24)
62*7&+&2*(2'(5)B6,&6(1$&*/8=
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5,B)&6.%(-.++$3(2'(E+,$(5$3'23-&*/(127BF(.*7(+,$(5)B6,&6($O5$3&$*6$(2'
A,.+( &+( &)( +2( 1$( $-Q127&$78( G&H$( .( 3.6H$+B( 13&7/$( )A.B&*/( 4*7$3( +22
-46,(A$&/,+I(5$3'23-.*6$(H$$5)(2*$(.*6,23(2*(+,$()&7$(2'(+,$(623523$.%
9+,$(127B(R$.%>(.*7(2*$(2*(+,$()&7$(2'(+,$(5)B6,&6(R$.%8(T$3'23-.*6$
12%7%B( .*7( 53$6.3&24)%B( 7$6%.3$)( +,.+( "$&*/( &)( 5$3'23-$7( 9.*7( -.7$
+$-523.3&%B(<&)&1%$>(&*(+,.+()4)5$*7$7(&*Q1$+A$$*8M
T$3'23-.*6$(62--$*+.+23)(+$*7(+2(25$*(+,$&3(63&+&6.%(6.-$3.)(.*7
)$+(45(+,$&3(+3&527)(2*(2*$()&7$(23(+,$(2+,$3c+,$(E5,B)&6.%F(3$.7$3)(.3$
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+,$23B(9.%+,24/,(3.3$%B(&*(53.6+&6$>8(T$3,.5)(&+(A24%7(1$(A23+,A,&%$(+2
$O5$3&-$*+( A&+,( +,$( 52))&1&%&+B( 2'( .( 7&''$3$*+( *2+&2*( 2'( +,$( 3$%.+&2*
1$+A$$*(+,$)$(+A2(6.-5)8(K+(-&/,+(1$('34&+'4%(+2(+.H$(+,$(127B(.)(.%A.B)
12+,(5)B6,&6(.*7(-.+$3&.%d5,B)&6.%0(+,&)(A24%7(*$6$))&+.+$(.(62-1&*$7
63&+&6.%(-$+,272%2/B8(_*$(624%7($-5%2B(12+,(5,B)&6)(.*7(5)B6,2.*.%B)&)
+2(3$.7(+,$(127BC)(-2<$-$*+)(.*7(5.3.%B+&6(5.4)$)8
"4+(1$'23$(2*$(6.*()5$.H(2'(.(5)B6,2.*.%B+&6(5,B)&6)(23(.(5,B)&6)(2'
5)B6,2.*.%B)&)(2*$(-4)+('&3)+(3$62/*&L$(,2A($.6,()B)+$-(E532<$)F(+,$
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168 Unmarked
2*%B(&*(+,$(.'+$3A.37)8F(Z&+,&*(5)B6,2.*.%B)&)I(+,&)(&-52))&1%$Q+2Q)$&L$Q
3$.%(62-5%&6.+$)(+,$(*2+&2*(2'(+,$()B-5+2-8(?,$()B-5+2-C)(-$.*&*/
$-$3/$)(&*(3$%.+&2*(+2(+,$(5)B6,2.*.%B+&6(7&.%2/4$0(&+(&)(*2+()2(-46,
+,.+( +,$( 7&.%2/4$( 532746$)( +,$( )B-5+2-C)( -$.*&*/I( 14+( 3.+,$3( +,$
7&.%2/4$( 63$.+$)( .( )+./$( 452*( A,&6,( +,$( )B-5+2-C)( -$.*&*/( 6.*( 1$
.-5%&'&$78(?,&)(.-5%&'&6.+&2*(7&)+23+)(+,$()24*7(+,$()B-5+2-(-.H$)c
14+( &+( 72$)( 532<&7$( .( ,$.3&*/8( 9?,$3$( &)( *2( E543$F( ,$.3&*/( A&+,24+
7&)+23+&2*(.*BA,$3$I(.*B(+&-$8>(G.6.*()4--.3&L$)(+,$(52&*+(2'(V3$47C)
6.3$$3(1B(3$-.3H&*/(+,.+(EV3$47(+22H(&+(452*(,&-)$%'(+2(),2A(4)(+,$3$
.3$( &%%*$))$)( A,&6,( )5$.HF( 9EK*+$3<$*+&2*( &*( ?3.*)'$3$*6$F0( e[>8( J%%
)B-5+2-)I( %&H$( .%%( A237)I( .3$( -$+.5,23)I( )41)+&+4+$)( '23( 4*523+.1%$
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3$)&)+.*+( +2( )&*/4%.3( &*+$353$+.+&2*)8( ?,$( )$%'Q3$532746&*/( )B-5+2-
63$.+$)(.(5$3-$.1%$(.*7('%4&7()$+(2'(-$.*&*/)8
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-$.*&*/(&)(%$*+(+2(&+I(A$%7$7(2*(+2(&+I(.)(&+(A$3$S(.*7(&*($<$3B(&*)+.*6$
+,$(-$.*&*/(6.*(1$(.(7&''$3$*+(2*$I(.66237&*/(+2(+,$(*.+43$(2'(+,$
)4553$))$7(+,24/,+)(A,&6,(.3$()+34//%&*/('23($O53$))&2*8
9\&/-4*7(V3$47I(N#$1>(]`>
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$O5%.&*)(,$3)$%'(+2(,$3)$%'8(\,$(+,$*()41-&+)(,$3(&*+$353$+.+&2*(2'(+,$
)B-5+2-(1B(5$3'23-&*/(.*7(3$Q$*.6+&*/(&+('23(+,$(726+238(Z,$*(V3$47
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21)$3<$7I(+,$()B-5+2-(4*7$3/2$)(.(+3.*)'23-.+&2*(A,$*(+,$(624*+$3Q
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A237)(.*7()B-5+2-)(-4+.+$(.)(+,$B(5.))(.632))(+,$(+,3$),2%7)(,24)&*/
4)(&*(7&''$3$*+(127&$)I()$5.3.+$()$%<$)8(?,.+(-4+.+&2*()2%&6&+)(.(7&./*2)&)
'32-(+,$(2+,$38
Z,$*(5.+&$*+)()5$.H(2'(E73$.-&*/('23(+,$(726+23IF(+,$B(52&*+(+2(+,$
A.B(&*(A,&6,(+,$(5)B6,2.*.%B+&6(7&.%2/4$(/$*$3.+$)(5.3+&64%.3(E7.+.8F
?,$($*.1%&*/(.))4-5+&2*(2'(5)B6,2.*.%B)&)I(+,$(%$.5(2'('.&+,(A,&6,(-.H$)
&+(52))&1%$I(&)(+,.+()46,(7.+.(.3$(.%A.B)(.%3$.7B(+,$3$I(4*-.3H$7(14+
52A$3'4%%B(7$'&*&*/8(?,$(+.%H&*/(643$(6.*(1$().&7(+2(E,$.%F(+,$(4++$3.*6$)
Afterword 169
),( 532746$)8( ?,$( E,$.%&*/F( 62-$)( +,324/,( 3$Q-.3H&*/( .*7( 3$Q-.H&*/

+,$()B-5+2-)8(?,$3$(&)(*2()46,(+,&*/(.)(.()B-5+2-%$))(127BI(*2()46,
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Notes 191
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204 Unmarked
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Index 205
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206 Unmarked
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Index 207
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Unmarked - The Politics of Performance

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London and New York

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