Chapter 3

Compressible Flow

What happens when compressibility is important?

Variable density - depends on pressure and temperature

Variable transport properties - , k, D vary - depends on pressure and temper-

ature

Energy and momentum equations are coupled

Equation of state required to relate thermodynamic variables

What indicates that the ow is compressible?

Ue2
Ec =
Cp T

When the Eckert number is O(1), then compressibility is important.

Compressible ows are usually gas ows. Using ideal gas law

Ec = ( 1)M 2

So the Mach number is also a good parameter for evaluating compressibility.

3.1 Compressible Couette Flow

Consider compressible ow through a duct.
Assumptions:

1. steady ow t
=0

1
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 2

u=Ue, T=Te , y=h

x
u=0, T=Tw, y=0

Figure 3.1: Schematic of compressible couette ow.

2. 2-D ow, z
= 0, w =0
3. no pressure gradient
4. ignore gravity
5. parallel ow, v=0
6. and T are functions of y only

Equations:
After simplication, the following equations result:
Continuity:
u

= 0; (3.1)
x
This implies that u = f (x) and therefore u = u(y).
x-Momentum:
u
= constant = (3.2)
y
Energy: ( ) ( )2
T u
k + =0 (3.3)
y y y

Boundary Conditions:

1. at y = 0, u=0 and T = Tw
2. at y = h, u = Ue and T = Te

Solution:
Consider the energy equation:
( )
d dT du du
k + =0 (3.4)
dy dy dy dy
|{z}
const= = w
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 3

Integrate
T
k + u = C
y
Apply boundary condition at y=0

dT 
k = C = qw
dy y=0
So equation becomes
( )
dT du dT d u2
k + u=k + = qw
dy dy dy dy 2

Divide by and use = du
dy
( )
d u2 k dT qw du
+ =
dy 2 dy dy
Integrate again
u2 y
k dT qw
+ dy = u
2 0 dy
or
u2 T
k qw
+ dT = u (3.5)
2 Tw
Solving Eq. 3.5 yields u(T ) not u(y).
To determine what the constant qw / is, apply boundary condition at y = h
Te
Ue2 k qw
+ dT = Ue
2 Tw
[ Te ]
qw 1 Ue2 k
= + dT (3.6)
Ue 2 Tw

Now integrate momentum

du
= w
dy
Rewrite
1
dy = du
w
and integrate
1
y(u) = du (3.7)
w
At boundary y = H, Ue
1
H= du (3.8)
w 0

To nd u(y), perform the following steps:

ME 5442 Viscous Flow 4

qw
1. For known Tw , Te , Ue , k(T ), and (T ), nd
using Eq. 3.6

2. Determine u(T) using result of energy equation Eq. 3.5

3. Determine w using Eq. 3.8

4. Use Eq. 3.7 to determine y(u) and thus u(y)

3.1.1 Analytic solution for constant /k and = cT

Step 1 Find qw / .

Eq. 3.6 is
U 2 Te
qw 1 e k
= + dT
Ue 2
Tw
|{z}
const
So [ ]
qw 1 Ue2 k
= + (Te Tw )
Ue 2
Using Pr = (Cp )/k [ ]
qw Cp Ue2 Pr
= Tw Te (3.9)
PrUe 2Cp

Adiabatic wall temperature and recovery factor

If qw =0 in Eq. 3.9, we have an adiabatic wall

Ue2 Pr
Tw = Taw = Te +
2Cp

Solving for the ratio Taw /Te

Taw U 2 Pr 1 1 2
=1+ e = 1 + P rEc = 1 + P r M
Te 2Cp Te 2 2

For inviscid ow,

Ue2
Taw = T0 = Te +
2Cp
Ue2
The dierence between the inviscid and viscous from is the term in front of the 2Cp Te
term.
In this case the term is Pr. In general, it can be something else and is called the
Recovery Factor.
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 5

Step 2 Determine u(T ) or T (u).

Eq. 3.5 is
u2 T
k qw
+ dT = u
2 Tw
Integrating yields
u2 k qw
+ (T Tw ) = u
2
Now substitute the result from step 1 (3.9).
[ ]
u2 k Cp Ue2 Pr
+ (T Tw ) = Te Tw + u
2 PrUe 2Cp

Solve for T Tw and divide by /k

[ ]
Cp 1 Ue2 Pr u2
T Tw = Te Tw + u
k PrUe
|{z} 2Cp k 2
Pr
Divide by Te




T Tw u Ue Pr Tw
2
u2
= + 1 +
Te Te Ue
| {z2Cp Te Te
k 2T
} | {z e}
Taw 1 Cp Ue2 u2
Te 2 k Cp Te Ue2

Simplifying yields [ ]
T Tw u Taw Tw 1 u2
= + PrEc 2 (3.10)
Te Te Ue Te 2 Ue
For the case where Tw = Te




u Taw 1 u2
T
=1+ 1 PrEc 2
Te Ue Te 2 Ue
| {z }
1
PrEc
2
So
T 1 u 1 u2
= 1 + PrEc PrEc 2 (3.11)
Te 2 Ue 2 Ue
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 6

Step 3 Determine w .

For this step we want non-dimensional form of momentum equation (Eq. 3.7)

1
y(u) = du
w
Let
y u
y = = u =
h e Ue
substituting into Eq. 3.7 yields
u
1
y h= e Ue du
w 0

or simplifying u
e Ue

y = du (3.12)
hw 0
Well use this equation in step 4. For now, substitute the boundary condition at
y = h.
T
at y = h, y = 1 u = 1 = =
e Te
Substituting into Eq. 3.12 yields
( )
e Ue 1 1 1 2
1= 1 + PrEcu PrEcu du
hw 0 2 2

Integrating and simplifying yields

( )
e Ue 1 1
w = 1 + PrEc PrEc (3.13)
h 4 6

Step 4 Determine y(u).

Using Eq. 3.12

u u
e Ue e Ue
T
y = du = du
hw 0 hw 0 Te
Substitute for T /Te from Eq. 3.11 and integrate
( )
e Ue 1 1
y = u + PrEcu 2 PrEcu 3
hw 4 6

Use Eq. 3.13 to substitute for w

( )
e Ue h 1 1 1
y = ( ) u + PrEcu 2 PrEcu 3

h e Ue 1 + 4 PrEc 16 PrEc
1
4 6
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 7

0.8

0.6

y/h 0.4 PrEc=0

PrEc=4
PrEc=10
0.2 PrEc=20
PrEc=30
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
u/Ue

Figure 3.2: Compressible Couette ow velocity prole for constant temperature walls.

1
PrEc=0
0.8 PrEc=4
PrEc=10
PrEc=20
0.6
PrEc=30
y/h

0.4

0.2

0
2 4 6 8 10
T/Te

Figure 3.3: Compressible Couette ow temperature prole for constant temperature

walls.

Simplifying yields the nal result

( 1 2 3
)
u + PrEcu 1
PrEcu
y = ( 4 1 6 ) (3.14)
1 + 4 PrEc 16 PrEc

The velocity distribution determined from Eq. 3.14 for this ow is shown in Fig.
3.2. With the velocity distribution known, the temperature distribution can be found
using Eq. 3.10 or 3.11 and is shown in Fig. 3.3.
Comments on the solution:

Temperature coldest near the walls

ME 5442 Viscous Flow 8

As PrEc increases, core gets warmer

Since = u
y
is constant, the velocity gradient must decrease as wall is ap-
proached since the viscosity will increase. Velocity proles exhibit this.

3.2 Speed of Sound

Compressible ow characteristics often related to speed of sound a.
Mach Number:
v
M=
a

Consider a piston.

P + dP
dv a P,
+ d

Figure 3.4: Piston moving in duct creates an acoustic wave

Piston moves to right with velocity dv

Sound wave generated moving to right at a
Pressure and density increase behind the wave
gas behind the wave moves at dv

Consider a control volume centered on and moving with the wave.

+ d
P + dP
a-dv a
P,

Figure 3.5: Control volume for acoustic wave

Assumptions:
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 9

1. one-dimensional

2. steady

3. gravity eects unimportant

Equations:
Continuity:

dV + u dA
=0
t
|{z} CV CS
2
X-Momentum:

udV + u(u dA)
= Fx
t
|{z} CV CS
(2)

Evaluating continuity for 1-D ow

( + d)(a dv)A aA = 0

Expanding

a + ad dv ddv a = 0
| {z }
small

ad dv = 0

Evaluating momentum for 1-D ow

Note that only force acting on CV is pressure.

( + d)(a dv)(a dv)A aaA = (P + dP )A P A

Expanding and simplifying yields

dP
dP = adv or dv =
a

Substitute momentum into mass

dP
dP = a2 d or a2 =
d
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 10

For a more general case

P
a2 =

Sound waves are weak, which makes the reversible and adiabatic.
( )
P
a=
s

Note that an expansion wave (rather than compression analyzed here) yields the same
result.
Assume a calorically perfect gas undergoing an isentropic process.

P P P
= C1 = C1 1 = C1 =

so

P
a=

substituting for P/ with ideal gas law yields

a= RT

3.3 Isentropic Relations

How does varying compressibility (normally given by varying M ) aect properties of
the ow?
Consider isentropic ow along a stream tube.
Assumptions:

1. one-dimensional

2. steady

3. gravity eects unimportant

4. isentropic
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 11

Equations:

1 2 P 1
(u + v + gz)dV + (u + + v 2 + gz)(u dA)
= Q + W

t CV 2 CS 2

Applying simplications

1 2 P 1
(u + v + gz)dV + (u + + v 2 + gz (3) )(u dA)
= Q + W
t
|{z} CV 2 CS 2 | {z }
| {z } (4)
(2) =h

With the one-dimensional assumption, this becomes

1
(h + v 2 )vA = 0
CS 2

Applying this across the ends of the stream tubes yields

1 1
1 (h1 + v12 )v1 A1 + 2 (h2 + v22 )v2 A2
2 2

Noting that 1 v1 A1 = 2 v2 A2 = m

1 1
h1 v12 = h2 + v22 = h0
2 2

where h0 is the stagnation enthalpy (the enthalpy if the ow were brought isentropi-
cally to rest).
For a calorically perfect gas,

h = Cp T h0 = Cp T0

Using this and relationship between specic heat, gas constant, and ratio of specic
heats

R
Cp =
1

yields
[ ]
( 1)v 2
T0 = T 1 +
2RT

which can be simplied using denition of acoustic velocity to

ME 5442 Viscous Flow 12

3
10
T0/T
P /P
0
o/

2
10

1
10

0
10 2 1 0 1
10 10 10 10
M

Figure 3.6: Isentropic relations for ideal gas with = 1.4.

T0 1 2
=1+ M
T 2

This is the isentropic relation between static and total temperature.

Using the isentropic relations between properties from thermodynamics

( ) 1
( ) 1
1
P2 T2 2 T2
= =
P1 T1 1 T1

Yields isentropic relations between total and static pressure and density
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 13

[ ] [ ] 1
P0 1 2 1 0 1 2 1
= 1+ M = 1+ M
P 2 2

3.4 Normal Shocks

Shock waves are an important feature associated with compressible ows. How do
they form?
Consider a piston that is moving, but is accelerating with discrete velocity changes.

t1 P,

t2 P,

Figure 3.7: Normal shocks form from coalescence of individual compression waves.

During each acceleration, a compression wave is generated. The wave travels at

acoustic velocity in the medium it is traveling.
Each subsequent wave is emitted into a slightly more compressed uid. Since tem-
perature is higher, the acoustic velocity is higher.
Thus, each subsequent wave moves faster than the previous wave and will eventually
catch up. The coalescence of many such waves forms a shock. The shock is very thin
and can be treated as a discontinuity.
What about expansion waves? In this case, each subsequent wave is emitted into a
slightly expanded ow. Since the temperature is lower, the acoustic velocity will also
be lower.
Such waves will never form a shock as their separation increases as they propagate.
To form an idea of the processes going on across the shock wave, well ignore the
details for now.
Consider a control volume encompassing the shock.
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 14

t1 P,

t2
P,

Figure 3.8: Expansion waves do not coalesce, so there is no expansion shock.

P1 P2
1 2
T1 T2
v1 v2

Figure 3.9: Control volume for analyzing normal shock.

Assumptions:

1. shock is stationary

2. area is unchanged

3. steady

4. one-dimensional

5. adiabatic

6. gravity eects unimportant

7. no work

Equations:
Continuity:

dV + u dA
=0
t
|{z} CV CS
(3)
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 15

1 v1 = 2 v2

X-Momentum:

udV + u(u dA)
= Fx
t CV
|{z} CS
(3)

1 v12 A1 + 2 v22 A2 = P1 A1 P2 A2

P1 + 1 v12 = P2 + 2 v22

Energy:

1 2 P 1
(u + v + gz)dV + (u + + v 2 + gz )(u dA)
= Q + W
|{z}
t
|{z} CV 2
CS | {z } 2 |{z} |{z}
(6) (5) (7)
(3) h

1 1
1 (h1 + v12 )v1 A1 + 2 (h2 + v22 )v2 A2 = 0
2 2

1 1
h1 + v12 = h2 + v22 = h0
2 2

Equation of State:
P = RT

Thermodynamic relationships:

dh = Cp dT a2 = RT
( ) ( )
T2 P2
s2 s1 = Cp ln R ln
T1 P1

Use these equations to determine how properties change across the shock.
Note that total temperature is constant across the shock.

1 1
h1 + v12 = h2 + v22 or h0,1 = h0,2
2 2

Cp T0,1 = Cp T0,2
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 16

Using Isentropic Relations

1 2 1 2
T1 (1 + M1 ) = T2 (1 + M2 )
2 2

Want to eliminate M2 so we can obtain T2 /T1 = f (, M1 )

Start with momentum

P1 + 1 v12 = P2 + 2 v22

and use

P
a2 =

to obtain

P1 (1 + M12 ) = P2 (1 + M22 )

Now use continuity re-written in terms of thermodynamic variables and Mach number

1 v1 = 2 v2

P1 P2
M1 RT1 = M2 RT2
RT1 RT2

and divide by momentum result above, multiply both sides by T0 to obtain

M1 1 2 M2 1 2
1+ M1 = 1+ M2
1 + M12 2 1 + M22 2

There are two solutions to this: M1 = M2 is the trivial solution. The more interesting
solution is
2
M12 + 1
M22 = 2
1
M12 1

Notes on the solution:

For M1 > 1, M2 < 1 - ow compresses and slows.

For M1 < 1, M2 > 1 - expansion shock - does not exist

ME 5442 Viscous Flow 17

0.9

0.8

0.7
M2

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3
0 1
10 10
M1

Figure 3.10: Mach number change across a normal shock.

How do the other properties behave across a shock?

Using the observation of constant total enthalpy (or total temperature) across the
shock with expression for M2 above and conservation of mass yields
( )( )
T2 1+ 1
2
M12 2
1
M12 1
= ( )
T1 M12 2
+ 1
1 2

P2 2M12 1
= +
P1 +1 +1

2 ( + 1)M12
=
1 ( 1)M12 + 2

Stagnation ratios may also be calculated using these results along with isentropic
relations

T0,2
=1
T0,1
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 18

P0,2 P0,2 P2 P1
=
P0,1 P2 P1 P0,1

0,2 0,2 2 1
=
0,1 2 1 0,1

Normal Shock Functions

2
10

1
10
=1.4

0
10

1 P /P
10 2 1
P0,2/P0,1
T2/T1
/
2 1
2
10
0 1
10 10
M1

Figure 3.11: Property ratios across a normal shock.

Notes on the solution:

Static properties increase across the shock indicating compression. The ratio
increases as M1 increases indicating the shock is getting stronger.

Total properties remain constant or decrease indicating a loss across the shock.
The loss increases with the strength of the shock.

Finally, consider entropy change

( ) ( )
T2 P2
s2 s1 = Cp ln R ln
T1 P1
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 19

Replace ratios T2 /T1 and P2 /P1 with the result for a given value of M1 .
The result is

s2 s1 > 1 for M1 > 1

s2 s1 < 1 for M1 < 1

Since entropy must increase or remain constant for this process, this relationship
indicates that, even though an expansion shock is admissible from the mach number
relationship, the second law suggests that they are not possible.

3.5 General One-Dimensional Flow

Waves are not the only interesting features in compressible ows.
Compressible ows respond in unique ways to changes in their surroundings.
Here, a one-dimensional ows subject to dierent changes are considered.
A control volume for a duct where the ow is only changing in the x-direction is
shown.

dWs /dt
dq/dt

v v+dv
dFD
m& & + dm
m &

w
A vi
&
dm

x A+dA
dx

Figure 3.12: Control volume for general one-dimensional ow.

The eects of several dierent chamges/additions to the ow will be considered:

mass addition

heat addition

work extraction
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 20

friction

drag

Often these are considered independently, but here they are considered all together
to generalize the result.
Again, the equations are considered here, but the detailed derivation is skipped.
Assumptions:

1. steady

2. one-dimensional

3. gravity eects unimportant

Equations:
Continuity:
The result of continuity is

m
= Av = ( + d)(A + dA)(v + dv)

It is the mass ow itself that is of interest here.

m
= Av

Write in dierential form

m
m m
dm
= d + dA + dv
A v

Dividing through by m
yields

dm d dA dv
= + +
m
A v

Similar analysis yields the following equations.

x-Momemtum:
Analyzing, expanding, and dropping higher order terms yields
( )
dP M 2 dx 2dFd dm dv dm
+ 4f + 2
2ri + M 2 + M 2 =0
P 2 Dh M P A m
v m

ME 5442 Viscous Flow 21

Wall shear stress is replaced by the Fanning friction factor

2w
f=
v 2

The hydraulic diameter is given by Dh .

and ri represents the fraction of m
injected into the ow.
Energy:
The energy equation can be manipulated to
[ ( )]
1 dm v 2 vi2 dT0
dQ dWs h hi + =
Cp T0 m
2 T0

hi is the enthalpy of the injected mass and vi is the velocity at which it is injected.
This equation suggests that mass addition, heat transfer, and shaft work all result
in a change in total temperature. Thus, all of these eects will be replaced by the
change in stagnation temperature and the relationship between stagnation and static
pressure will be used in place of the equation above

1
dT0 dT 2
M 2 dM 2
= + .
T0 T 1 + 1
2
M2 M2

Equation of State:
The ideal gas law P = RT can be manipulated as above.

dP d dT
= +
P T
.
Mach Number:
Using the denition of Mach number, an expression for the square of the Mach number
is

v2
M2 =
Rt

which may be used to shos

dM 2 dv dT
= 2
M2 v T

Impulse Function:
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 22

The impulse function I is dened as

= P A(1 + M 2 )
I = P A + mv

and can be used to show

dI dP dA M 2 dM 2
= + +
I P A 1 + M 2 M 2

Stagnation Pressure:
The isentropic relations give

( ) 1

1 2
P0 = P 1+ M
2

which yields

dP0 dP M 2 dM 2
= +
P0 P 2(1 + 1
2
M 2) M 2

Second Law:
The entropy change in a process can be written

ds dT 1 dP
=
Cp T P

This system of equations represents 8 equations and 12 unknowns.

1. dm/
m - specied

2. d/

3. dA/A - specied

4. dv/v

5. dM 2 /M 2

6. dP/P

7. dT /T

8. dT0 /T0 - specied

9. dI/I
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 23

10. dP0 /P0

11. ds/s

12. 4f dx/Dh + 2dFd /(M 2 P A) + 2ri dm/

m - specied

where the 4 specied quantities are needed to close the equations. Typically, these
values are known as a function of x and are called driving potentials. They are used
along with the equations to determine the remaining 8 values. These equation may
be cast into matrix form.

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
dP /P 0
0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 d/ 0

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 dT /T dm/
m dA/A
2
1 0 0 M 0 0 0 0 dv/v E+F
(1)M 2 =
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 dM 2 /M 2 dT0 /T0
2
1 0 0 0 M 2
1+M 0 1 0 dP0 /P0 dA/A
2
1 0 M 2
2 dI/I 0
0 0 1 0 0
1
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ds/Cp 0

where
1 2
=1+ M
2
( )
M 2 dx 2 dFD
E= 4f +
2 Dh M 2 P A
and
dm
F = M 2 (1 ri )
m

This equation can be inverted to determine the solution - the dependence of each
dierential property on the driving potentials.

dP /P 0
d/ 0

dT /T dm/
m dA/A

dv/v E+F
= A
dM 2 /M 2 dT0 /T0

dP0 /P0 dA/A

dI/I 0
ds/Cp 0

where
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 24

4 2
M 2 M 2 M 2
M 2 1
(1)M
2(M 2 1) M 2 1
1+M (1)
M 2 1 M 2 1
0 0 0

0 0 0
2
M2 1

1
M 2 1
(1)M
2(M 2 1) M 2 1 M 2 1

M 2 1
(1)M 2
(1)M
2
(M 2 1) (1)M 2
(1)M
2 (M 2 1)
0 0 0
M 2 1 2(M 2 1) M 2 1 M 2 1 M 2 1

1 (1)M 2 1 1
M 21 0 0 0
A=

M 2 1
2
2(M 2 1)
(M 2 1)
M 2 1
2
M 2 1
2 +1)


2
(M 0 0 0
M 2 1 (M 2 1) M 2 1 M 2 1 M 2 1
0 M 2
0 1 M
2
0 1 0
2 2
M 2 M 2 M 2 1
1 0 0
M 2 +1 M 2 +1 M 2 +1 M 2 +1
0
2
0 (1)M
2
0 1

0 0 1

These equations can be used to solve a general problem or be reduced to focus on the
eect of a single driving potential (the so-called simple problem).

3.6 Simple Area Change (Isentropic Flow)

Consider the dierential equation for pressure when only the area is changing (all
other driving potentials are zero). Using the above formulation, the result is

dP M 2 dA
=
P 1 M2 A

The sign is controlled by (1 M 2 ) in the denominator.

Combine the result for Mach number

dM 2 2 dA
=
M 2 1 M2 A

with the pressure result above to eliminate dA/A. The result is

dP M 2 dM 2
=
P 2 M 2

This result suggests that pressure always decreases as Mach number increases (RHS
is always negative).
Combining these two results allows us to make some observations.

When M < 1, (1 M 2 ) is positive.

As A decreases, P decreases, and thus M increases.

ME 5442 Viscous Flow 25

As A increases, P increases, and thus M decreases.

When M > 1, (1 M 2 ) is negative.

As A decreases, P increases, and M decreases.

As A increases, P decreases, and M increases.

M<1 M>1

A Decreases A Decreases
P Decreases P Increases
M Increases M Decreases

A Increases A Increases
P Increases P Decreases
M Decreases M Increases

Figure 3.13: Mach number for dierent area ratio for isentropic ow of a gas with
=1.4.

This change in behavior as the Mach number exceeds one is crucial to the design of
supersonic vehicles.
To determine the exact behavior pressure with Mach number, integrate between a
reference case (*) where M = 1 and some arbitrary Mach number.

P M
dP M 2 dM 2
= .
P P 1 2 M 2

Using a variable substitution (integrate w.r.t. rather than M ) and evaluating at

the limits yields

[ ( )]
P 2 1 2 1
= 1+ M .
P +1 2
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 26

Similar results can be obtained for other variables. In variable area ow, it is more
traditional to use stagnation quantities as the reference value rather than the value
at M = 1. This can be accomplished by using

P P P
= .
P0 P P0

The value at stagnation is evaluated at M = 0 yielding

( ) 1

P0 2
=
P +1

Combining these results yields

( ) 1

P 1 2
= 1+ M .
P0 2

Note that this is the same equation used to relate static and total pressure derived
earlier! In this case, the ow is isentropic throughout, so these formulations may be
used anywhere in the ow. Thus, the isentropic relations are used in ows where area
changes are the only driving potential.
An interesting relationship is that of Mach number and area.
One form of the result is
[( ){ ( ) }] 2(1)
+1
A 1 2 1 2

= 1+ M
A M +1 2

where A is the area where M = 1.

Note that a range of area ratios have two Mach numbers possible - one subsonic and
one supersonic. Which is the correct solution depends on the exact problem being
considered.
ME 5442 Viscous Flow 27

3
10

2
10
A/A*

1
10

0
10
1 0 1
10 10 10
M

Figure 3.14: Mach number for dierent area ratio for isentropic ow of a gas with
=1.4.