Experiment 6

(Mar 6-10, 2017)

BJT Circuits

Inverter and Amplifier

 Concepts
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
Biasing
Modes of operation (Active, Cutoff, Saturation)
Current gain b
Amplifier
Gain
Inverter
 BJT
NPN Transistor
BC 547
Familiarize with pin names
before connecting in the
circuit

While changing any component in the circuit, please

turn the power supply off
 Let us analyze this circuit
Choose RC = 1 k
Vi < Vg VCC
Transistor in cut off 5V

IB=0; IC=0 IC RC
V0=VCC RB V0
47 k +
Vi > Vg
VCE
KVL in the BE loop: Vi +
-
IB VBE
Vi I B RB VBE Vi VBE
-
IB
RB
 Vi > V g
Vi VBE
IB b 100
RB
I C bI B VCC
5V
IC RC
KVL in the CE loop:
VCC I C RC VCE RB V0
47 k +
V0 VCE VCC I C RC +
VCE
Vi -
IB VBE
-
As Vi increases
Vo as Vi increases
 How low can it go?
V0 VCE VCB VBE
VCB VCE VBE VCC
When VCE 0.2V 5V
IC RC
VCB 0.5V
Both CB and BE junctions are forward RB V0
47 k +
biased and the transistor enters into
VCE
saturation +
Vi -
IB VBE
-
Display this on the DSO
V0
VOH

Fig.3

VOL
0
VIL VIH Vi
 Switch as an inverter (NOT gate)
RC = 1 k
VCC
Vi V0 BJT State 5V
0 5 Cutoff (OFF) RC
5 0.2 Saturation (ON)
RB V0
47 k

Vi
D1
Diode D1 for Safety!! Fig.2
 What happens if RC = 15 k?
V0 VCE VCC I C RC 0.2
Vi VBE
VCC 0.2 bI B RC bRC
RB VCC
5V
Vi VBE
RB
VCC 0.2 RC
bRC
RB V0
47 k
RC=1k
Vi
D1
RC=15k
Fig.2
With RC = 15 k
VCC
5V
Slope represents
gain in active RC
region
RB V0
47 k

Vi
D1
Fig.2
 In the Lab: VTC of an inverter
Wire the BJT inverter circuit. Use RC = 1 k.
Adjust the FG to obtain a 200 Hz triangular wave (0 to
+5 V) and connect the same as the input (Vi) to the
circuit.
Display and record the VTC
Note down the approximate values of VOH, VOL, VIL, and
VIH.
Indicate the modes of operation of the BJT on the
different regions of the VTC.
Using the VTC, estimate the current gain b of the
transistor. V
0

VOH

Fig.3

VOL
0
VIL VIH Vi
 VTC of an inverter
Using the VTC, estimate the current gain b of
the transistor. VCC
5V
V0 VCE VCC I C RC VoL
V0 IC RC
ViH VBE
VCC VoL bI B RC bVRC
OH RB RB V0
47 k +
RB VCC VoL
b VCE
RC ViH VBE Vi Fig.3 +
IB VBE
-
-

VOL
0
VIL VIH Vi
 CE Amplifier V CC
12 V
C2
R1 R C 100 F
C1
33 k VC +
100 F
+ +
VB RL
+
+ VE 15 k V0
R2
vin Vi RE
12 k
1 k

Fig.4
 Before you come to the lab
Biasing conditions (RC = 3.3 k)

Parameter VB VC VE IB IC IE Mode

Calculated

Measured

Use b = 100, VBE = 0.7 V, and VCEsat = 0.2 V

An important step, but can you do it?

 V CC V CC
12 V 12 V

R1 RC RC
33 k VC 3.3 k VC 3.3 k

VB
VB
VE R BB VE
R2
RE RE
12 k
1 k V BB 1 k
 Bias Condition Check
Wire the CE amplifier circuit, omitting the
capacitors, RL, and FG connections.
Choose RC = 3.3 k.
Make neat connections such that different
points of the circuit are easily accessible.
 VCC
12 V
RC
R1

R1 RC
33 k VC 3.3 k
RE
VB
VE
R2
R2
RE
12 k
1 k
 Bias Condition Check
Without any AC signal .
Measure the node voltages VB, VC, and VE using
the DMM.
Estimate IB, IC, and IE. Tabulate the theoretical and
the measured results (Table 1).
What is the mode of operation of the BJT? Justify
your answer.
 Gain Measurement
Switch-off the +12V VCC supply to the BJT circuit. Make RC=3.3
k. Now connect the electrolytic capacitors and RL. Take care
to observe the correct polarities when you connect the
electrolytic capacitors.
Adjust the FG output to give 0.2 sin t V (f=1 kHz). Switch on
VCC and connect the FG output to the BJT circuit through
capacitor C1. VCC
12 V
C2
R1 R C 100 F
C1
33 k VC +
100 F
+ +
Make neat connections such that +
VB RL
+ VE 15 k V0
different points of the circuit are vin Vi
R2
RE
12 k
easily accessible
1 k

Fig.4
 A challenge !!
If you think your circuit
layout is the best
please email a photograph
of the circuit to
ShilpiG@iitk.ac.in

Eligible circuit:
CE amplifier
with all components and
cables included
 Gain Measurement
Observe the amplifier input (Vi = VB) and
output VO on CH-1 and CH-2, respectively.
Sketch the two waveforms. Measure the
voltage gain of the amplifier (Voltage gain,
AV = VO/Vi).
Comment on the phase relationship between
the amplifier input and output waveforms.
 How not to increase the gain!!
Change RC to 15 k.
Measure the gain of the amplifier. Does it
increase? If necessary, decrease the amplitude
of the input signal.
Measure the DC biasing conditions to
determine the mode of operation of the BJT.
 Let us increase the gain
Change RC back to 3.3 k.
Connect a 100mF capacitor across RE, and
measure the gain.
The smallest signal from the FG is ~20mV, not
small enough
You may need to use a potential divider to
reduce the amplitude of the input signal (5mV
to 10mV peak)
 Potential Divider

R p1
10 k

VB
+
FG +
R p2
Vs Vin
1 k


Have a good lab session
ASSIGNMENT-7
Problem 1. Determine Vcc and RB in the following circuit

VCC
RB 2.2k

+
7.2V
10mA -
4mA
 Problem 2. Determine IC and VCE in the following circuit.
Let us assume transistor is in forward active mode
20V
510k 2.4k

IC
+ b100
VCE
Applying KVL IB -
1.5k

Applying KVL
 Problem 3. Determine IC and VCE in the following circuit
Let us assume transistor is forward active mode
16V
I C + IB
3.6k

470k IC
+ b120
VCE
IB
-
I C + IB 510
Applying KVL

Applying KVL
 10V

ICQ

220k 1k

ii b=100 + +
+ VCEQ v0
vi - -
-
 Problem 4: DC analysis
10V 10V

ICQ ICQ

220k 1k 220k 1k

ii b=100 + + ii b=100 +
+ VCEQ v0 VCEQ
vi - - IBQ -
-

Applying KVL
 Problem 4: AC analysis
10V 10V

ICQ Short DC voltage source ICQ

and capacitors
220k 1k 220k 1k

ii b=100 + + ii b=100 + +
+ VCEQ v0 + VCEQ v0
vi - - vi - -
- -
vo
Replace transistor with its small signal model
RC
+ gmv
RB r v
VvSi
 Problem 4: AC analysis

vo
ii
RC
+ gmv
RB r v
VvSi

v vin vo g m v RC
v0
Small signal
voltage gain Av g m RC
vin

Input impedence
Problem 4 continued: In order to increase the input impedance of the amplifier, an
emitter resistor was introduced into the circuit, as shown in the following figure.
Calculate VCEQ, ICQ, Av, and Zi
10V
ICQ

220k 1k
ii b=100 + +
+ VCEQ v0
vi - -
0.5k
DC analysis -

10V Applying KVL

ICQ

220k 1k
ii b=100 +
+ VCEQ
vi IBQ -
0.5k
-
Problem 4 continued: In order to increase the input impedance of the amplifier, an
emitter resistor was introduced into the circuit, as shown in the following figure.
Calculate VCEQ, ICQ, Av, and Zi
10V
ICQ

220k 1k
ii b=100 + +
+ VCEQ v0
vi - -
0.5k
AC analysis -

vo g m v RC
vo
vi
RC
+ gmv
RB r v
VvSi
vx
 AC analysis

vo g m v RC
vo
vi
RC
+ gmv
RB r v
VvSi
vx
 10V
ICQ
220k 1k
ii b=100 + +
+ VCEQ v0
- -
vi
0.1k
-

0.4k
Problem 6: Determine RB and RC such that the transistor is in saturation with IC=2mA
and bforced=20 when Vi=5V. Draw the voltage transfer characteristics (a plot of V0 vs Vi)
with these resistances
5V

IC
RC

RB V0
Vi b=100
Problem 6 continued: Determine RB and RC such that the transistor is in saturation with
IC=2mA and bforced=20 when Vi=5V. Draw the voltage transfer characteristics (a plot of V0
vs Vi) with these resistances
5V

IC
RC

RB V0
Vi b=100

Determine transition point from forward

active to saturation using this condition
Problem 6 continued

5V

0.2 V
0.7 V 1.56 V
Additional problems
Determine the Q point of the transistor. (VBE=0.7V, VCEsat=0.2V)

bF100
 bF100

0.7 1k I E 3 0
I E 2.3mA
2.3 VC 1k I R 3 7.72V
IC 2.28mA
1.01 VE 0.7V
I R 3 10 2.28 7.72mA VCE VC VE 8.42V
 bF100

I CQ 2.28
gm 0.0912
VT 25
VT 100
r bF 1.096k
I CQ 0.0912
v0
+ +
vin r v 1k
gmv

v0 g m v 1k
Av 91.2
vin v
Determine the mode of operation of the transistor in the following circuits

bF100

5V

5V
5V

Resistance in ohms
Plot the voltage transfer characteristics

1 k D1

Vi D2 V0
1 k

10 V 5V
 1 k - VD1 +

Vi D1 1 k D2 V0

10 V 5V

Suppose D2 is OFF
D1 is ON when VD1 = 0.7 V
Vi 10 0.7
Vi 9.3V
Vi 9.3V Both the diodes are OFF, and V0 = 10 V

Vi 9.3V D1 is ON and D2 is OFF

Vi 10 1k I 0.7 1k I 0
Vi 9.3
I
2k
Vi 9.3
V0 10 1k
2k
Vi 10.7
V0
2
 1 k - VD1 +

Vi D1 1 k D2 V0

10 V 5V

D2 is OFF until: V0 (5 0.7)V

Vi 10.7
V0 4.3V
2
Vi 2.1V For Vi<-2.1V, D2 is ON
V0=4.3V
 D1,D2 Off
V0

D1:ON,D2: Off

D1,D2: ON
4.3

-2.1 9.3

Vi
Plot the voltage transfer characteristics
1 k + VD -

Vi V0
VZ = 2 V 1 k

Suppose the diode is not 5V

connected
Vi VD 5 0
VD Vi 5

VD 0.7 Vi 5 0.7 Vi 5.7V

Diode is forward biased
Vi 0.7 5 Vi 4.3
V0 5 1k
2k 2
 1 k + VD -

Vi V0
VZ = 2 V 1 k

5V

VD Vi 5

VD 2V Vi 5 2 Vi 3V
Diode is in Zener mode
Vi 2 5 Vi 7
V0 5 1k
2k 2
3V Vi 5.7V Diode is OFF and V0 = 5 V
 Forward biased
V0
Off

Zener mode

3 5.7
Vi
Plot the voltage transfer characteristics

+ VD1 - V - VD2 +

Vi V0
D1 D2
1 k 1 k

2V 4V
12 V
86 k 5.6 k

bF=90

22 k 1.5 k
 86k 22k VCC
RB 17.52k
86k 22k
22 5.6 k RC
VB 12 2.44V
108
2.44 I BQ17.52k 0.7 I EQ1.5k bF=90
I CQ 1
I BQ ; I EQ I CQ (1 ) RB
bF bF RE
VB 1.5 k
I CQ 1
2.44 17.52k 0.7 I CQ (1 )1.5k
90 90
I CQ 1.02mA
1
12 1.02 5.6 VCEQ 1.02(1 ) 1.5
90
VCEQ 4.74V
 5.6 k

17.52 k I CQ
1.02mA
gm 0.0408 S
VT 25mV
vo

RC
+ gmv
r v 5.6 k
RB
vinS
V
17.52 k

v0
Av g m RC 0.0408 5600 228.5
vin
12 V
5.6 k
86 k

bF=90

22 k

1.5 k
 I CQ 1.02mA
gm 0.0408 S
VT 25mV
v0
+ gmv
vin r v
17.52 k 5.6 k

1.5 k

VT 25mV
r b 90 2.206k
I CQ 1.02mA
 v0
+ gmv
vin r v RC
17.52 k 5.6 k
RB
ie 1.5 k RE

vin v ie RE
v ib (1 b ) RE
v0 g m v RC
v
ie ib ic ib (1 b ) v (1 b ) RE
r
r (1 b ) RE
vin v
r
 v0
+ gmv
vin r v RC
17.52 k 5.6 k
RB
ie 1.5 k RE

vin
v0 g m RC
r (1 b ) RE

r
v0 0.0408 5.6k
Av 3.63
vin 2.206k (1 90)1.5k
2.206k
Plot the voltage transfer characteristics

1 k D1

Vi D2 V0
1 k

10 V 5V
 1 k - VD1 +

Vi D1 1 k D2 V0

I
10 V 5V
Suppose D2 is ON
V0 5 0.7 4.3V
This occurs when (KVL output to
Current through 1k resistor is: input via D1),
10 4.3 4.3 0.7 5.7 Vi 0
I 5.7mA
1k Vi 2.1
Since this cannot flow through
When Vi<-2.1V, both the diodes are ON
D2, D1 is also ON
When the current through D2 is When Vi >-2.1V, D1 is ON and D2 is OFF
zero, D2 switches OF
 1 k - VD1 +

Vi D1 1 k D2 V0

10 V 5V

When Vi>-2.1V, D1 is ON and D2 is OFF With this situation, D1

will be ON until I=0
Vi 10 0.7 Vi 9.3 Vi 9.3
I I 0
2k 2k 2k
Vi 9.3 Vi 10.7 Vi 9.3V
V0 10 1k
2k 2 Vi 9.3V
Both the diodes are OFF, and V0 = 10 V
Plot the voltage transfer characteristics

+ VD1 - V - VD2 +

Vi V0
D1 D2
1 k 1 k

2V 4V

Suppose D1 is OFF and D2 is ON

Determine V0 and V.
 + VD1 - V - VD2 +

Vi V0
D1 D2
1 k 1 k

2V 4V

D1 is OFF and D2 is ON
4 2 0.7
V0 4 1k 1.35V
2k
V V0 0.7 0.65V When will D1 be ON?
 + VD1 - - VD2 +
V V0 D1:OFF,
D2: ON
Vi D1 D2
1 k 1 k
Both ON
D1:OFF,
2V 4V D2: ON
D2 is ON
D1 will be ON when
Vi 0.7 0.65 with D1,D2: ON
Determine V0 and V.
Vi 1.35V
Vi < 1.35 V D1: OFF; D2: ON
V Vi VD1 Vi 0.7
Vi > 1.35 V D1,D2: ON V0 V VD 2 Vi
When will D2 turn OFF?
 + VD1 - - VD2 +
V

Vi V0
D1 D2
1 k I D2 1 k

2V 4V

D2 will turn OFF when, I D2 0

When Vi 4V
4 Vi
I D2 0 D2 is OFF and D1 is ON
1k V0 4V
Vi 4V
V0 D1 ON, D2 Off

D1,D2: ON

D1:OFF, D2: ON
1.35

1.35 4
Vi


Vi V0

-10V

Assume: D1, D2 On V0 VD1 VD 2 0

Determine the current through the diodes.

0.7 V
Vi V0
I1 D1, D2 On
ID2
V0 VD1 VD 2 0
ID1 I2
-10V D1 is OFF when ID1=0
0 (10)
I2 2mA I D 2 Vi
2.07 mA 0
5k 10k
Vi 0.7 Vi 20.7V
I1
10k
Vi > 20.7 V D1, D2 On
I D1 I1 I D 2 Vi < 20.7 V D1: OFF, D2: ON
Vi Vi
I D1 0.07 mA 2mA 2.07 mA
10k 10k


Vi V0
D1: OFF, D2 On
I

Determine V0

-10V
D2 is OFF when I=0
Vi I 10k 0.7 I 5k 10 0 Vi 9.3V
Vi 9.3 V0 10V
I
15k
Vi 9.3 Vi > 20.7 V D1, D2 On V0 0
V0 10 5k
15k V < 20.7 V D1: OFF, V Vi 6.9V
i 0
Vi D2: ON 3
V0 6.9
3 Vi < -9.3 V D1, D2: OFFV0 10V
Determine the voltage transfer characteristics. D1: Zener
D2:ON
V0
Vi 1k 1k D1: OFF
D2:ON
D1
VZ=3V
D2

Assume: D1: Zener mode, D2: On V0=3V

When current through D1 is zero, it goes in to OFF state, but D2 is

still ON. This happens when V0=VZ
Vi 0.7 Vi 0.7
V0 0.7 1k VZ 3
2k 2
Vi 5.3V Vi > 5.3 V D1: Zener, D2: On; V0=3V
Vi < 5.3 V D1: OFF, D2: ON; V0=0.5Vi+0.35
 D1: Zener
D2:ON
V0
Vi 1k 1k D1: OFF
D2:ON
D1 D1: ON
VZ=3V
D2 D2:OFF
D1: OFF
D2:OFF

When Vi = 0.7 V D2 also switches OFF; and V0= Vi `

When Vi = -0.7 V D1 turns ON!!; and V0= -0.7V