OBJECTIVE

To determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifice.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
What is the coefficient of velocity of two small orifice?

METHOD
By measurement of the trajectory of a jet issuing from an orifice in the side of a reservoir
under steady flow conditions (constant reservoir head).

THEORY
From the application of Bernoulis Equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a
steady, incompressible, frictionless flow):
The ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter) is
v i= 2 gh (1)

where h is the height of fluid above the orifice

Therefore, the actual velocity is

v =C v 2 gh (2)
C v is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and, therefore

C v <1

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 C v can be determined from the trajectory of the jet using the following argument:

Neglecting the effect of air resistance, the horizontal component of the jet velocity can be
assumed to remain constant so that in time, t, the horizontal distance travelled,
X =vt (3)
Because of the action of gravity, the fluid also acquires a downward vertical (y-direction)
component of velocity. Hence, after the same time, t, (ie. After travelling a distance x )
the jet will have a y displacement given by
2
t (4)
y=g( )
2
Which can be rearranged to give:

t=
2y
g
(5)

Substitution for t from (5) to (3) and for v from (2) into (3)
(6)
C v= ( 2x ) yh
Hence, for steady flow conditions, ie. Constant h, Cv can be determined from the x, y

co-ordinates of the jet. A graph of x plotted against yh will have a slope of 2C v

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EQUIPMENT

Figure 1: Set up of Apparatus

Figure 2: F1-17 Orifice and Free Jet Flow Apparatus

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PROCEDURE
1. The overflow tube was position to give a high head. The value of the head was
noted
2. The jet trajectory was obtained by using the needles mounted on the vertical
backboard to follow the profile of the jet.
3. The securing screw for each needle was released in turned and the needle was
moved until its point is just immediately above the jet and the screw was re-
tighten.
4. A sheet of paper was attached to the back-board between the needle and board and
it was secured in place with the clamp provided so that its upper edge is
horizontal. The location of the top each needle was marked on the paper.
5. The horizontal distance from the plane of the orifice was noted (taken as x = 0) to
the co-ordinate point marking the position of the first needle. This first co-
ordinate point should be close enough to the orifice to treat it as having the value
y = 0. Thus y displacement were measured relative to this position. The likely
experimental errors in each of the quantities measured.
6. This test was repeated for a low reservoir head.
7. The above procedure was repeated for the second orifice.

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