Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A
Project Report
submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in Department of Mechanical Engineering
by
Amit Prasad
020712001
Department of MechanicalEngineering
JaganNath University
Jaipur
Jan-july 2016
1
Candidate Declaration
I, Amit Prasad, hereby declare that the work presented in this report
entitled Industrial training at VE commercial vehicle in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of
Technology, submitted in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at
JaganNath University, Jaipur, is an authentic record of my own work under
the supervision of Dr.M.P. Singh.
I also declare that the work embodied in the present project report is my
original work/extension of the existing work and has not been copied from
any Journal/thesis/book, and has not been submitted by me for any other
Degree/Diploma.
(Amit Prasad )
2
Certificate of the Supervisor
The matter embodied in this project report is the original work of the
candidate and has not been submittedfor the award of any other degree or
diploma.It is further certified that he/she has worked with me/us for the
required period in the Department ofMechanical Engineering, JaganNath
University, Jaipur.
Dr. M.P.Singh
3
Acknowledgements
Amit Prasad
1204001
4
CONTENT
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1- Introduction: Indian Automobile Industry 10
1.2- Market Share 12
2.3- Overview 14
3.6- Tyre 43
5
3.9- Inspection And Maintenance Schedule 49
Refrences
6
ABSTRACT
VE Commercial Vehicles Limited is a 50:50 joint venture between the Volvo Group
(Volvo) and Eicher Motors Limited (EML). It is a partnership that brings together Global
leadership in technology, quality, safety and environmental care, along with the deep
knowledge and understanding of the Indian Commercial Vehicle (CV) market. VE
Commercial Vehicles Ltd. (VECV) owes its inception to the compelling intent of driving
modernization in commercial transportation, in India and other developing markets. India
is an emerging country with huge potential. The domestic economy is now growing at
around 8-9% per annum and Indias importance in global terms is being reinforced by
rapidly rising exports and domestic consumption. At a time when numbers of a slowdown
and overheating in the Indian economy have started gaining momentum, the Indian rupee
sprang a surprise by pushing the GDP figure past the trillion-dollar (42,00,000 crore)
mark.
The automotive industry is at the centre of Indias new global dynamic. The domestic
market expanding rapidly as incomes rise and consumer credit becomes more widely
available. Manufacturers product lines are being continually expanded, as is the local
automotive manufacturing base. Expectation are high that India can develop as a global
hub for vehicle manufacturers and as an outsourcing centre that offers the global
automotive industry solution high up the automotive value chain.
7
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter-2
2.1- Eicher commercial Vehicle 26
Chapter-3
3.1- Inspection of Pro Series Vehicle 46
Chapter-4
4.1- Maintenance & Inspection Sheet 68
8
LIST OF CHARTS
9
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
India is an emerging country with huge potential. The domestic economy is now growing
at around 8-9% per annum and Indias importance in global terms is being reinforced by
rapidly rising exports and domestic consumption. At a time when numbers of a slowdown
and overheating in the Indian economy have started gaining momentum, the Indian rupee
sprang a surprise by pushing the GDP figure past the trillion-dollar (42,00,000 crore)
mark.
The automotive industry is at the centre of Indias new global dynamic. The domestic
market expanding rapidly as incomes rise and consumer credit becomes more widely
available. Manufacturers product lines are being continually expanded, as is the local
automotive manufacturing base. Expectation are high that India can develop as a global
hub for vehicle manufacturers and as an outsourcing centre that offers the global
automotive industry solution high up the automotive value chain.
10
developed components industry and a production level of 1 million four-wheeled vehicles
a year, plus a further 5 million two- and three-wheelers.
The automotive industry in India grew at a computed annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.5
percent over the past five years, the Economic Survey 2011-12 tabled in parliament on
2nd July10 said. The industry has a strong multiplier effect on the economy due to its
deep forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, a
finance ministry statement said. The automobile industry, which was plagued by the
economic downturn amidst a credit crisis, managed a growth of0.7 percent in 2011-12
with passenger car sales registering 1.31 percent growth while the commercial vehicles
segment slumped 21.7 percent.
Indian Automobile industry can be divided into three segments i.e. two wheeler, three
wheeler &four wheeler segment. The domestic two-wheeler market is dominated by
Indian as well as foreign players such as Hero Honda, Bajaj Auto, Honda Motors, TVS
Motors, and Suzuki etc. MarutiUdyog and Tata Motors are the leading passenger car
manufacturers in the country. And India is considered as strategic market by Suzuki,
Yamaha, etc. Commercial Vehicle market is catered by players like EICHER Motors,
Ashok Leyland, Volvo, Force Motors, Tata Motors etc.
Key Facts:
India ranks 12th in the list of the worlds top 15 automakers
Contributes 5% to the GDP
Production of four wheelers in India has increased from 9.3 lakh units in 2003-04 to
88 lakh units in 20011-12
Targeted to be of $ 145 Billion by 2016
Exports increased from 88,000 units in 2002-03 to 5,80,000 units in 2011-12
11
1.2 Market share
12
Chapter-2
ABOUT VOLVO EICHER COLLABORATION
13
Factory Information
Management Certification: ISO 9001:2008 ISO/TS 16949
Contract Manufacturing: OEM Service Offered Design Service Offered Buyer
2.3 Overview
VE Commercial Vehicles Limited is a 50:50 joint venture between the Volvo Group
(Volvo) and Eicher Motors Limited (EML). It is a partnership that brings together Global
leadership in technology, quality, safety and environmental care, along with the deep
knowledge and understanding of the Indian Commercial Vehicle (CV) market. VE
Commercial Vehicles Ltd. (VECV) owes its inception to the compelling intent of driving
modernization in commercial transportation, in India and other developing markets.
Key Facts
VE Commercial Vehicles Limited (VECV) is a 50:50 joint venture between the Volvo
Group and Eicher Motors Limited, and is headquartered at New Delhi. This joint venture
came into effect in July 2008.
14
2.4 Volvo Trucks India: Sales And After Sales Support Of Volvo Trucks In India:
Volvo Trucks in India is synonymous with the mining and the construction industries.
They have been tried and tested for operations in extreme conditions, reliable and robust
performance and maximum productivity. Over the years Volvo Trucks has built up an
elite customer base having over 100 vehicles in their fleet operating at various mining
sites across India. The customers vouch by the high reliability and productivity and have
expanded business operations at a fast pace with quick return on investments. Being the
customers best business partner, Volvo Trucks extend support to customers right
through the life-cycle of the products with a wide network of service and parts centres
and on site assistance.
Eicher Trucks and Buses (ETB) has a strong presence in the L/MD segment with a
dominant share in the 5T-12T truck segment. Eichers 21-69 seater buses have a growing
presence in the LD school bus, staff and route-permit segments. ETB has also made
strong inroads into heavy-duty trucks segment of 16T-40T with their VE series of Fuel
Efficient heavy-duty trucks.
The state-of-the-art plant in Pithampur has access to top line manufacturing processes
which includes cab weld shop with robotic welding, CED paint shop, integrated testing
facilities, 100% hot test facility for engines and a lean and scalable manufacturing set up.
The plant has an annual production capacity of 48,000 units.
15
The manufacturing set up in Thane houses state-of-the-art machines which include
Gleason Conifex machines for straight bevel gear, Pfauter, Liebherr, Mitsubishi (CNC)
and Cleveland Hobbing machines, latest heat treatment facilities and CNC bore and
Cylindrical grinding machines.
The Plant in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh houses technologically advanced machines and
equipment which includes a battery of Mitsubishi CNC Hobbing machines, fellow
shaping machines, Reishauer Gear Grinder RZ400, Shaving Cutter Re-sharpening
machine from Gleason Hurth, state-of-the-art Continuous Gas Carburising Furnace (from
Aichelin) fully PLC controlled with robotics for Press Quenching and PLC Controlled
Sealed Quench Furnaces (with hot oil quenching for reduced distortions).
VECV has over 3000 employees across its different divisions in India.
Vision
To be recognised as the industry leader driving modernization in commercial
transportation in India and the developing world.
Mission
We choose to do this in a sustainable manner by having the safest, most durable and
efficient products in the market;
We care for our customers holistically by offering not just trucks and buses, but also
the best service and soft products to enable him to be most profitable;
We work with the driver community to enhance their productivity and overall working
environment;
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We ensure a level of quality and innovation that will continue to set standards in the
commercial transportation industry;
Going Forward
VECV aims to emerge as an Industry leader in driving modernization in commercial
vehicle transportation in India and the developing world by bring about improvement in
transport efficiencies.
In the near course, VECV will strengthen each of its product brands as leaders in their
respective segment through innovative products and expansion of its existing network
spanning the geographical expanse of the country.
As a 5050 joint venture between the Volvo Group (Volvo) and Eicher Motors Limited
(EML), VE Commercial Vehicles (VECV) incorporates unique abilities to be able to do
so. The organization brings together global leadership in technology along with deep
knowledge and experience of the Indian commercial vehicle (CV) market.
VECVs portfolio of commercial vehicles includes two product brands with absolutely
different market positions yet complementing segment synergies. Eicher Trucks & Buses
have a wide offering in the mass market, 5T40T range while Volvo Trucks command a
strong presence in the premium, high-performance, heavy duty segments from 25T49T.
With a formidable presence in the existing light and medium duty segments, VECVs
main focus is on increasing the penetration and market share of its heavy duty products.
17
Thus, its investments in design, development, manufacturing, systems, distribution and
services are largely oriented towards creating a stronger position in the heavy duty
market.
VECV is going all-out to gear itself in becoming a proactive solutions and service
provider meeting all customer needs. This it will do by strengthening each of its product
brands as leaders in their respective segments. In the near course, VECV will offer an
even more innovative line-up of technologically advanced and ergonomically aesthetic
products. Volvos widespread distribution network will facilitate the export of these
products to countries world over and will help VECV bolster its presence in more than 26
countries to where it currently exports. With an improved thrust on retail network
development and after sales service, VECV will soon come to be recognized as a lean
organization capable of setting new benchmarks in response times.
It is important for VECV, that its growth must also have a positive influence on the
industry it serves; ensuring that the industry becomes more efficient, environment
friendly, offers safer products and manufactures products that are driver friendly. And
this dictum of being the differentiator not only reflects in VECVs approach in the market
place but also in its internal workplace moving it to becoming a preferred employer in the
industry.
VE Commercial Vehicles has over 4000 employees with a sales & support network that
spreads across more than 300 points across the country. Companies industrial base
includes an integrated commercial vehicle factory in Pithampur producing Eicher trucks
& buses along with factories in Thane, Gurgoan and Dewas dedicated to manufacturing
gear boxes and gear box assemblies.
VECV is jointly managed by Volvo and EML with shared management and equal
representation rights on the board of Directors. All management positions are appointed
by the board. Mr. Par Ostberg (Chairman, Trucks Asia, Volvo Group) is VECVs
chairperson while Mr. Siddhartha Lal is the Managing Director and CEO.
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2.7 Business areas of Volvo Eicher Motors Limited
Eicher Motors Limited comprises of the automotive businesses of the EicherGroup . The
business activities of the company are carried out by its constituent Business Units, each
covering a product category as described below.
Royal Enfield, manufacturers of the renowned range of Bullet motorcycles, has pioneered
manufacture of motorcycles in India. It has a wide range of high powered bikes in its
stable to deliver a unique motorcycling experience to its rider. Presently Royal Enfield
is producing six different models ranging from 300cc to 600cc.All the products are
manufactured indigenously in its manufacturing plant in Chennai, which has an annual
installed capacity of manufacturing 39,000 motorcycles.
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2.10 Eicher Motors
Eicher Motors operates in three segments: Commercial Vehicles, Two Wheelers, and
Components of engineering products, as well as in the publication of city map and travel
guides. Its commercial vehicle plant is located at Dhar, MP. The company manufactures
motorcycles at a plant at Thiruvottiyur, TN, promoted under the brand Royal Enfield. The
companys engineering component plants - located at Gurgaon, Haryana and Dewas, MP
- manufacture gears, gear boxes, and other components The company is also involved in
management consultancy services and customized. It has a joint venture agreement with
Volvo AB. The company has a strong network of 142 dealers distributed across India.
Eicher Motors is present in over 40 countries across the world. Most of the exports are to
South Asia, West Asia, and African countries
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2.10.2 AN OVERVIEW
Eicher began its business operations in 1959 with the roll out of India's first
tractor. Today the Eicher Group is a significant player in the Indian automobile
industry with a gross sales turnover of over Rs. 13,700 million in the year 2002-
03.
The Eicher Group has diversified business interests in manufacturing & marketing
of Tractors, Commercial Vehicles, Automotive Gears, Motorcycles, and exports
of vehicles, aggregates and components. Eicher has also invested in the potential
growth areas of Management Consultancy Services. The activities of the Group
are divided into the following business units covering all the business interests.
EICHER LIMITED
21
2.10.3 EICHER MOTORS LIMITED
Eicher Motors Limited (EML) was incorporated in 1982 and introduced its first product,
the Canter, a 6 ton GVW truck manufactured at its state of the art plant at Pithampur,
Indore in collaboration with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Japan, in 1986. The
maiden offering soon created a strong customer base for itself.
From a single 6 Ton GVW truck in 1986, our range today extends from 5T to 16T
GVW trucks and the Skyline and Voila range of Buses. All our products can be offered
in BS II compatible options. We also have arguably the best CNG technology in the
world in our CNG Buses. Pioneering the concept of Built Up vehicles in the country,
we make products that consistently deliver high value to our customers and are
increasingly becoming the preferred option for all CV users, not only in India but
overseas too. Eicher CVs today have significant presence in more than 20 countries
across the world.
In India, Eicher Motors has consistently outperformed the industry in terms of growth
and currently holds over 30% market share in the 6T-11T GVW segments. In the 9T
GVW segment, Eicher Motors continues to be the leader with more than 50% market
share. Our well-equipped workshops result in faster turnaround of service. A network of
more than 4500 Eicher trained private mechanics, over 133 authorized sales and service
centres, and easy availability of genuine parts across more than 300 authorized spares
outlets means less downtime and increased opportunities for our customers to earn.
Eicher Motors is now poised to further consolidate its position in the CV industry by
entering into the Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicle segments. Strategic plans are
in place to ensure necessary investments in technology and training to constantly
sharpen our development and manufacturing edge. EML is totally committed to
fulfilling the vision of being one of the top 3 CV manufacturers in the country by giving
customers what they want: vehicles that are safe, fuel efficient, easy to maintain,
enhance driver comfort and in turn productivity. Vehicles that deliver value by
providing low cost of ownership and increased profitability to our customers.
22
marketing offices all around the country. The Group has around 950 vendors supplying
components and sub-assemblies which testify to the strength of the vendor base. The
Group's products are brought to the customer through its network of around 800 dealers
Technological Expertise
EML products are manufactured at the Company's plant in Pithampur, near Indore,
Madhya Pradesh, India. The company has absorbed the technology and has successfully
indigenised the vehicles.
To ensure that we continue to create products that offer unique advantages and benefits
to our customers, Eicher Motors Limited has set up a Product Development group,
consisting of competent engineers. The team has developed several successful vehicles
and variants, an achievement made possible by the use of the latest Computer Aided
Design and Computer Aided Engineering (CAD-CAE) software like NASTRAN and
FEM analysis packages.
23
Extensive Network
Eicher Motors Limited provides its customers the benefit of an extensive sales and
service network, customised solutions and an efficient cost of ownership.
Our manufacturing capabilities are backed by a sales and service network of over 133
EML authorised sales & service centers and more than 300 authorised spares outlets.
The three-tier service network consists of:
Authorised distributors in metros and cities.
133 Authorised Service Centre's.
Over 4500 company trained private mechanics.
Service highlights:
Eicher Genuine Spares - available across all Eicher dealerships, service
centres, spares distributors, satellite service outlets and retail outlets.300
authorized spares outlets throughout the country.
24
Customized Applications
Eicher vehicles not only prove to be safe but also a profitable business
investment. This is a result of the engineering, maintenance and safety features
built-into each Eicher vehicle. We call this the efficient cost of ownership of an
Eicher vehicle.
25
An aerodynamic design and a highly fuel efficient engine, that make it the
most fuel efficient vehicle in its class.
Exports
Eicher Motors markets its range of Commercial Vehicles and customized
applications to over 28 countries across the world.
Vehicle Financing
Eicher has arrangements with a number of key Non Banking Financial Companies
and Financial Institutions to help our customers to avail finance for the purchase
of vehicles. Eicher also provides customer finance through Auto Finance
Company, a division of EML.
26
Fig 2.2 Eicher Engineering Component
The Product range includes 5 ton, 7 ton, 9 ton, 11 ton, 16 ton & 25 ton GVW categories
trucks, tipper, trailers; Bus range includes City buses, School bus, luxury coach, Intercity
CWC, Nova 200; Ready-To-Use application vehicles - Around 85 RTU built vehicles to
suit a diverse range of applications.
The manufacturing plant equipped with state-of-art facilities with stringent quality
control norms - practices like Kaizen, Just-in-time, TQM and TQC etc. and State of the
art R&D set up helping the commercial vehicles unit to serve their customers better.
27
Pie chart 2.1 Eicher motors in various fields
It leads in the LCV segment with 27% market share in domestic 5-12T cargo segment
in FY 16.
It is gaining momentum in the HCV segment with successful launch of 16T, 25T,
Tipper and Passenger segments and 1.8% domestic cargo market share in FY 16 implying
a growth of 32.9% in sales volume over FY 15.
Eichers CV business is well positioned to tap the incumbent growth in the CV industry
owing to its:
Strong brand equity, an established Marketing and Distribution Network and cost
competitive R&D and manufacturing base providing a ready platform for foray in HCV
segment.
28
Eicher the third largest player in the industry is well set to leverage its dominant
presence in LCV segment to gain significant market share in the fast growing HCV
Segment
With the introduction of new products and upgrading of existing products across the
range, Eicher poised for higher volumes.
CV industry (5T & above) has grown by 25.4% with 355,761 vehicle s sold in FY 16
over last year.
Strong position in LCV segment with market share of 27% in 5 -12T domestic cargo
segment.
Absence from Sub 5T category leaves significant room for further expanding the
product portfolio.
29
Established track record and Brand Equity, recognized for superior product
quality/specifications.
Successfully launched 16T, 25T, Tipper and Passenger segments with an indigenously
designed product range.
Various success stories in segments and geographies, that would be replicated pan-India
with expanding sales & marketing infrastructure and focused marketing push.
Incumbent Brand Equity to facilitate successful foray into lucrative HCV market.
30
Management and Engineering Skill Set
The Eicher range of Buses & Chassis is a contemporary offering of superior vehicle
performance with safety features, superior comfort and redefined styling. The range
comprises of:
31
Buses
Eicher Offers a wide range of options in the Buses. There are two range of Built up buses
- Skyline &Starline with a seating capacity starting from 16 seater till 65 seater. As per
the requirement of the customers, Eicher also offers a wide range of chassis starting from
a 12 seater capacity till the 65 seater Capacity. Eicher buses are trusted by the customers
for the best in class fuel efficiency.
School Buses
Eicher introduced SKYLINE - The First Safe School Bus in India, developed in
association with IRTE (Institute of Road Traffic Education) in the year 1996, thereby
pioneering the concept of School Bus. The school bus specific features have now become
a norm in the industry. Apart from being safest the popular Skyline school bus is now
available in enhanced features, superior aesthetics & increased passenger comfort.
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Staff Buses
Eicher Skyline has made staff commutation as comfortable as it can be. Aesthetic
superiority, high passenger comfort & Economical performance has made this bus class
apart. The faith of customers & industry is reflected with the fact that Skyline Executive
was awarded with CV-Apollo Award 2010 for LCV" Bus of the year.
City Buses
The latest offering from Eicher - the Rear Engine Semi Low Floor (RESLF) bus has been
developed in line with the guidelines laid down by the Ministry of Urban Development as
applicable to Mass Urban Transportation needs. This offering has been received with lot
33
of optimism & excitement by various State Transport Undertakings, City Administrations
and Municipal Bodies across India. Eicher also offers a wide range of products in the
Mini, Midi and Heavy buses for City Bus Deployment. The products have been designed
to suit the frequent start-stop duty cycle of intra city operations.
Trucks
Eicher manufactures a range of Haulage (5 T- 31T), Tipper (8T to 25T), Articulated
Tractor (40 T) and Special Applications trucks.
Eicher Trucks are built to deliver low Total Cost-of-Ownership. The Eicher haulage
trucks range includes the E2 Plus series of 5T-13T Light & Medium Duty Trucks
(LMD) tagged as Mileage KaBadshah and VE Series of Fuel efficient Heavy Duty
Trucks (HD) of 16T-31T. Designed for superior performance with better fuel economy,
higher rated payload and faster turnaround these trucks have low operating cost and, high
reliability leading to higher profits.
34
Fig 2.6 Eicher Pro Series Model
Tipper
Eicher Terra series of 16T & 25T offer enhanced value to customers in areas which are
critical to a tipper operating economics. The USP of Eicher Tippers is their better uptime
and pulling power, stronger aggregates, and the ability to run more number of trips. Terra
tippers offer enhanced benefits which accrues from the results of extensive research done
by the company in the market understanding of the usage pattern and various duty cycle
of its operation. The range makes a significant and positive effect on the operators
productivity and profitability by offering better fuel economy.
Articulated Tractor
Eicher 40.40 (Articulated Tractor) from the VE series is built to Deliver More! Fitted
with Cummins Engine of 132.5 Kw, Max Torque of 650 Nm and the ET-80 gear box, the
optimized power and torque benefits come along with the High Fuel Efficiency, stronger
aggregates which offer high reliability and durability. The soft suspended Cabin offers
35
higher driving comfort which means faster turnaround and more trips leading to higher
revenues.
Special Applications
Eicher produces an efficient range of Special Application trucks which have been
envisioned and developed to suit the specific requirements of:
Special Applications
Eicher produces an efficient range of Special Application Vehicles which are used as for
various applications as Troop Carriers, Garbage Tippers, Water Containers, Mild Steel
Container & Ambulances.
Eicher Ambulance is a state of art van with all facilities pertaining for an emergency
medical vehicle. Vehicle is equipped with on board equipments not just for safe and swift
transfer of patients but also for providing emergency medical aid.
36
Mild Steel Container
Ready to use from day 1, Eicher MS container options are unique with respect to fine
engineering design and flexibility requirements. Engineered design, Fine workmen-ship
and rugged but light in weight are few features of Eicher containers offered with 18
months of warranty on container.
Troop Carrier
Its about Determination and Conquering the spirit, Eicher vehicles deliver on these.
Water Tanker
Low operating cost, efficient and durable water tankers. Fully built Water Tankers
options available in 3.5 KL, 5KL, 6KL & 9KL
37
Chapter-3
PRE DELIVERY INSPECTION
3.1.2CABIN INTERIOR
Check seats, interior trims and head lining are installed properly.
Check seats, interior trims and head lining for damage and abrasion.
Check painting, rusting and flaws.
Check for drip and seepage of adhesive.
38
Check if the latch is operating while pumping.
Check the fluid level in the reservoir tank. The fluid level should be between the
min. and max. levels. (If the level is too low, check for fluid leaks.)
39
3.3ENGINE COMPARTMENT
Check the coolant level in the de aeration tank. If the level is too low, check for
coolant leaks.
Check the oil level. The oil should be in the specified range.
Check the fuel system for leakage from fuel feed pump, fuel filter, injection
pump, injection nozzle, piping.
40
3.3.6 EXHAUST MANIFOLD TIGHTNESS
Check that the exhaust manifold is correctly tightened. If the mounting nuts are
loose, tighten them to specification.
Check the tightness of turbocharger mounting bolts.
Check for oil leakage at turbocharger in and out.
Check tightness of oil supply pipe bolts.
Check leakage of wastage hose.
Check the indicator for chocking. Clean the element if found choked.
Check for coolant and air leaks from the cylinder head.
Check for oil leaks from the rocker case or cylinder head cover.
Check the accelerator pedal for sticking, binding and full return.
Check for abnormal engine noise.
41
3.4.4 EXHAUST GAS CONDITION AND NOISE
After the engine has warmed up, check that black smoking is not emitted at
idling, medium and high speeds.
Check for abnormal noise.
Check for oil leaks from the engine oil pan, oil cooler and oil filter mounting
area.
Check that the pipes and hoses are not in contact with other parts.
Remove the inspection plug(filter plug) and check that the oil is at the brim.
Steering gear box
Transmission
Axle housing
42
3.5.7 FUEL LEAKS FROM FUEL TANK
Check for fuel leaks from the drain plug of the fuel tank and the pipe
connections.
Check that the shackle pin lock bolts and U-bolt nuts are correctly tightened.
Check the bolts attaching differential carrier to axle housing for tightness.
Check the battery cable and other electrical connection for tightness.
43
3.7 ROAD TEST
Turn the starter switch to ACC and check stopping of engine smoothly.
Inspect the operation of graduated hand control valve, braking effect, return and
buzzer.
Check for wind-off nut of spring brake actuator.
Place the steering wheel in straight-ahead position and check for the play.
Check the steering wheel for ease of operation, stability and returnability.
44
Inspect that all gauges and warning lamps are functioning properly, i.e.
speedometer, air pressure gauge, fuel gauge, water temperature gauge and
warning lamps.
3.7.8 NOISE
Check for noise in each of the brakes, clutch, engine, transmission, steering
system, propeller shaft, differential and others.
Clean the vehicle exterior and interior. Then wash the body exterior with water.
Lubricate all greasing points.
3.8.4 ACCESSORIES
45
FIG 3.1 INSPECTION OF PRO SERIES VEHICLE
46
FIG 3.3 MOUNTING OF BODY FOR DISPATCHING
47
FIG 3.4 VEHICLE READY AFTER INSPECTION TO DISPATCH
48
3.9 Inspection And Maintenance Schedule
49
50
Fig 3.5 Inspection & Maintenance Schedule
51
Chapter-4
CASE STUDY OF MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OF A BUS
When the job is completed, the mechanic shall sign the form and turn it over to the
designated person for review and for all data to be entered into the computer. This form
shall be filed in an individual vehicle cost record file by a designated person. All travel
time from school to school or bus-to- bus etc. is to be charged on the Equipment Repair and
Parts Order. Charge actual time of repair for each specific repair performed to a vehicle.
52
4.3 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OIL CHANGE SERVICE
Although 12,000 miles has been established as a maximum interval at which to perform
this preventive maintenance service, you may want to use more frequent mileage intervals
based upon factors such as terrain, road conditions, urban routes, etc. which may require
more frequent servicing of your bus fleet.
Each mechanic is to record labor only for duties actually performed and the defect
list/work order file is to be reviewed for the vehicle being serviced prior to performing the
preventive maintenance due.
53
Road Test
During the road test, the mechanic must be observant for proper operation of all
components of the vehicle. Any defect should be noted. Also, the results of the following
items shall be noted on the work order.
Travel Angle
Observation, by using both side mirrors, should indicate the bus travel angle in relation to
the road or centerline. A bus that appears to be running somewhat sideways (rear axle not
tracking on a straight line with the front axle) could indicate either a misalignment of the
axle to the springs or possibly a broken or bent spring center bolt.
While traveling very slowly in the bus garage parking area or some similar safe place,
slowly turn the steering wheel to its extreme left, back to its extreme right, and then again to
the straight ahead position. Observe any roughness, looseness, or other defect.
This vehicle service is to be recorded on a Preventive Maintenance Oil Change Service form
by the mechanic performing the service. This form is to be turned in daily to the appropriate
person. The Preventive Maintenance Oil Change Service form is to be processed
Equipment Repair and Parts Order. While driving along the road, ease bus to the right
until right wheel leaves the pavement, then slowly to the left until bus returns to the
pavement. Observe if any shimmy or lost motion can be detected.
Load Test
While traveling uphill, or simply slowing down to a point allowing for acceleration while
still in high gear, accelerate the vehicle in a loaded condition and observe performance.
Brake Test
Each vehicle is required to have its brakes tested by using a brake test meter or equivalent
test meter. This test is to be conducted on a dry paved road which is as level as possible
for local terrain. The test is made by making a panic stop at 20 mph after having set the
brake meter on test. The minimum score allowed is 60% for an unloaded vehicle. Any
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score less than 60% requires additional testing and proper brake system repair to enable the
vehicle to be returned to service. You shall not operate any vehicle which does not pass the
brake test.
Panic Stop
While traveling in a safe area, make a panic brake application (without sliding wheels).
Observe braking action and after vehicle has come to a stop, observe engine idle.
Acceleration
While traveling at a speed that would allow heavy acceleration in high gear, observe
engine pings and knocks as well as engine performance.
Transmission Automatic
Observe operation of transmission and record the up and down shift points on the
12,000-mile service form. Also note if gear changes are not normal.
Tune Up
Perform the following and replace defective items as required. For all gasoline equipped
vehicles, refer to service manual for specifications and requirements.
Battery &Compartment
Clean compartment area and make any necessary repairs. Paint (brush) inside of
compartment and tray with corrosion resistant metal seal. Lubricate tray slides. Clean
battery and cable terminals. Install felt battery terminal protector rings and reconnect
cables. Felt protector rings will be more effective if soaked in EP-90 lubricant prior to
installation. If a battery terminal sealer is desired, use high heat paint. Do not use petroleum-
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based lubricant. Equipment required: a battery terminal puller and battery terminal spreader.
Fuel Filters
If fuel filters have a replaceable element, fuel/water separator, drain, clean, and install new
element, inspect flex hoses and tubing, replace if necessary.
Electrical System
Starting and charging system tests are performed with a volt amp tester connected at the
battery. With the engine cranking (but not starting), tester meter readings are observed for
the number of amperes of current used and battery terminal voltage during starter
operation. This test provides performance serviceability information for starter motor and
battery.
Alternator test
The alternator output test is performed with the engine running at a speed great enough to
produce maximum output and the tester switch in output test position. The battery load is
increased by decreasing the resistance in the tester carbon pile rheostat until the maximum
ampere rate of current is observed on the tester amp meter.
Voltage regulator
The voltage regulator test is performed with the engine running at the same speed and the
tester switch in the voltage test position. This places a resistor in series with the battery,
simulating a fully charged battery. The regulated voltage is obtained by observing the
maximum voltage on the tester volt meter.
Diode Stator
The diode stator test is performed with the engine running and the tester switch in the
diode stator position. If the test indicates a defect, it will be necessary to disassemble the
alternator to determine if the defect is a diode or the stator. Follow instructions of your test
equipment.
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disconnected, place a milliampere meter in series with the circuit and observe meter
reading. Observing polarity, connect one lead to the negative battery terminal and the other
to the negative cable. A meter reading greater than 100 milliamperes indicates current
leakage through some component of the electrical system. The proper component is located
by the process of elimination (dirty or wet battery will allow current to travel along the case
to ground through the battery tray). Alternators with integrated (internal) voltage
regulators will have a residual current draw of approximately 50 milliamperes.
Conditioner test
Test the coolant system level with an engine coolant system test kit. If conditioner is
needed, use a conditioner per specifications. This test is extremely critical for proper
diesel engine maintenance. The test shall be conducted utilizing a Coolant Test Kit or
equivalent kit. The coolant conditioner controls the buildup of scale with the cooling
system of diesel engines.
The mechanic shall complete this form at 12,000-mile intervals for the service life of the
vehicle. After entering all requested information and completing the 12,000-mile service, the
mechanic shall turn the form over to the shop foreman/transportation director for review.
After keying the data into the computer, the form shall be filed in the Individual Vehicle
Maintenance History file for future reference.
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completing the 12,000-mile procedures, the following additional items shall be serviced every
24,000 miles.
Rear Brakes
If indicated by your operating conditions, this service may need to be performed at the
12,000-mile preventive maintenance interval. After rear of vehicle is raised from the floor
and before the wheel and drum assemblies are removed: Place safety stands under axle and
remove both wheel and drum assemblies. Inspect brake components for possible defects
(leaking wheel cylinders, etc.). Clean brake drum, shoes, and other components in a safe
and acceptable manner. Using a tire tread gauge that measures in 32nds of an inch,
measure the amount of brake lining above the rivet head, at the thickest point of each
brake shoe. Record the measurement of the thickest shoe, for each wheel, in the appropriate
space on the Preventive Maintenance 12,000/24,000/48,000 Work Order. On air brake
equipped buses which have cam ground or tapered lining, the measurement should be made
near the center of the brake shoe. Compare these measurements with the measurements from
the vehicle history to determine if the lining is still serviceable or needs to be replaced. If
brake lining thickness is acceptable, inspect for possible lining cracks, loose rivets,
defective brake shoe, etc. If brake lining thickness is unacceptable, replace brake lining.
Rebuild hydraulic brake wheel cylinders at any time brake lining is replaced (if needed).
Brake drums shall be turned to a smooth surface each time brake lining is replaced (if
needed). Inspect S-cam bushings. Replace if needed. If applicable, remove wheel bearings,
clean and inspect bearings and cups. Repack wheel bearings with lubricant which meets
vehicle manufacturer's specifications. Install inner wheel bearing and seal in hub. Install hub
and drum assembly. Replace with new drums if worn beyond OEM specificationsInstall
outer wheel bearing washer and nut, and adjust wheel bearings to specifications.
Alternator
Check tension belt pulley.
Starter Motor and Solenoid
Perform starter current draw test. Repair if needed to meet manufacturer's
specifications.
Tune Up Diesel
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Diesel engine shall be adjusted to meet manufacturer's specifications. Replace items as
necessary.
Replace filters (internal & external) and fluid in automatic transmission. Automatic
transmission shift point test should be made with results recorded prior to removing fluid
and filter. This will allow for necessary valve body adjustments to be made when
transmission pan is removed. Fluid should be drained at normal operating temperature.
Remove transmission pan, fluid, and filters. Fluid that is in transmission pan should be
poured through a wire mesh screen in order to detect metal particles which might be in it.
Particles which are recovered should be analyzed to determine if additional repairs are
needed. After any needed adjustments or repairs are made, install new filters and
reinstall transmission pan. Replace transmission fluid following instructions outlined in
transmission service manual.
Air Dryer
Replace desiccant cartridge and inspect all connections (fittings, hoses, etc.).
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manufacturer. Refer to the respective manufacturer for correct specifications and valve
adjustment intervals.
Differential
With differential at normal operating temperature, drain lubricant and strain through a
wire mesh screen to detect any metal particles which might be in lubricant. If no repairs
are needed, replace lubricant with proper type as specified by chassis manufacturer.
Lubricant should have EP (extreme pressure qualities). Synthetic lube draining not required.
Coolant System
Drain and flush the coolant system. Refill system with a proper mixture of water and glycol
based antifreeze solution and install the proper amount of coolant conditioner. Do not use
a soluble oil based cooling system additive. After refilling the coolant system, test the coolant
for the proper level of conditioner. If conditioner is needed, use an ethylene glycol based
or OEM recommended conditioner. For more information on conditioner testing.
Wheel Bearings
If equipped with out-board drums, remove all wheel bearings; clean, repack and bar test
wheel bearing.
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4.5 Personnel Utilization
Personnel Assignments
The fuel truck driver's daily service (duties) will consist of the following routine: fuel
vehicles (fuel dispensed must be charged to the nearest tenth of a gallon on form TD-18B
Fuel Issue Ticket); and check oil, water, tires; and under hood observation. In addition to
the above routine, the fuel truck driver shall, if assigned, analyze and repair driver reported
bus defects on the day he is at the school as well as assist with 30-day inspections.
Example: minor repairs such as replacing fuses or light bulbs. The fuel truck driver shall
also obtain speedometer readings for each vehicle fueled.
The mechanic's daily service (duties) will consist of the following routine: analyze and repair
driver reported bus defects on the day he is at the school. The mechanic shall visit his
assigned schools to repair driver reported defects on the days designated by the shop
foreman/transportation director. After repairing reported defects, he will initiate his 30-
day bus inspection, which is the basic foundation of the preventive maintenance program.
(Refer to the detailed explanation in the 30-day inspection section.) On the days the
mechanic is at the garage, he will be performing routine preventive maintenance or forced
maintenance (unscheduled repairs) on vehicles assigned to him by the shop foreman or
transportation director.
Reporting of defect by drivers and repairing such defects: bus drivers are required to sign in
at each school where buses are terminated and indicate any defect detected on their bus on a
Driver's Sign- In Sheet. A designated person shall call the bus garage upon arrival of all buses
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at the school, giving a report on all defects reported by their drivers or e-mail/fax (if
available). The assigned person at the garage shall record on a Reported Bus Defect Log,
the reported defects by school along with the time they were reported. The assignment of
these defects to garage personnel will be as follows: the assigned person shall contact, by
radio, the fuel truck operators and mechanics who are already working in their respective
areas and give them a list, by bus number, of all reported defects in their area. If a mechanic
assigned to an area not serviced by a fuel truck on that day is working in the garage, the
foreman and/or transportation director shall give a list indicating the buses and their
defects as reported by the drivers. The mechanic shall then proceed into his area and
make such repairs and return to his assigned duties. The personnel, to whom such defects
are assigned, shall inspect and repair these defects as far as they can, provided they have the
necessary parts with them to do so.
All personnel to whom a defect has been assigned, who cannot repair said defect, shall
report that information along with any additional information that would be helpful in
repairing the defect to the garage by radio. The foreman or director will then decide the best
course of action to take in the same manner he would with any other defective bus.
Personnel, to whom defects have been assigned from the reported Driver Reported Bus
Defect Log, shall make a list of the defects by the bus number. This list of defects for each
bus with notations of corrections made shall be turned in at the parts department or
designated location, along with the Equipment Repair and Parts Order forms by the person
to whom they were assigned. The foreman and/or director shall check this Defect List
against the reported Bus Defect Log daily. Any defects not repaired shall be assigned to a
mechanic for repair, or the bus shall be scheduled to be brought to the garage for repairs.
The above procedures give specific guidelines for transportation personnel to pursue the
field portion of the preventive maintenance program.
The shop foreman and or director shall plan a work schedule for the coming day. In
planning this schedule, the buses due preventive maintenance service shall take priority
over other repairs. The shop foreman/transportation director shall consider any and all
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vehicles which are already at the garage awaiting repair, any defective vehicles which are
still operating but need repair (both those which can be repaired at the school and those
which will need to be brought to the garage), any other vehicles in the fleet which need
repair or preventive maintenance service, and any other work (tire repairs, component
parts, etc.) which needs to be done. Near the end of the workday, the foreman shall plan the
next day's work and discuss this plan and work schedule with the director. The director shall
make suggestions regarding the schedule. Together they shall arrive at a final plan for a
work schedule for the following day. This schedule will be subject to change due to defects
detected and road failures during the day.
The following are maintenance record forms which are referred to in this section. They are
required to document the preventive maintenance program. These forms are to be properly
and thoroughly completed and filed in the appropriate assigned location. Transportation
Services staff members will review these records periodically during the year.
This form is utilized at the school each day for the drivers to record the bus number and
time ofarrival. Check the proper column if the bus is OK, record the number of students
transported, note any bus defects or problems which the driver knows need to be checked by
a mechanic, and sign the report. The designated person shall use this form as a record when
notifying the school bus garage of driver reported bus defects. A copy of this report shall
be picked up by the gas truck driver or mechanic (whoever is at the school that day) and
turned over to the designated person at the school bus garage. After reviewing the form, it
shall be filed in a School Bus Drivers Sign-In Sheet file.
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SERVICE CALL LOG
A designated person shall complete this form daily. The date, weather condition, bus
number, time of call, phone number call received from, nature of problem, and location
of vehicle shall be recorded at the time the service call is received. The time the mechanic
calls in (that the bus is back in service and what the actual problem was) will be recorded in
the proper columns. This form will be filed in a Bus Service Call Log file for future reference.
For each bus involved, this sheet is to be turned in daily to the assigned person along with
the Equipment Repair and Parts Order form. This form shall be reviewed by the designated
person and compared with the Reported Bus Defect Log.
Note: The defect list sheet may be a copy of the driver sign-in sheet or a list of defects
the mechanic has been assigned to repair.
Note: All added oil is to be recorded on the Fuel and Lubricant Issue Ticket. Do not
record added oil on a equipment Repair and Parts Order form. Only oil change quantities
are to be recorded on aequipment Repair and Parts Order form. Also, all added oil is to be
keyed into the computer-using screen.
It is required that a separate folder be established to hold maintenance records for each
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vehicle in your fleet.
Inspect each vehicle once each year in accordance with the Division of Motor
Vehicles regulation.
Clean all service vehicles inside and out a minimum of once a month.
Body repair and repainting of service vehicles should be conducted as needed
according to the repainting procedures section.
All service vehicles: pickups, fuel trucks, wreckers, and tire trucks are recommended to be
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inspected each 30 days in the same manner utilizing the same 30-day inspection form as
school buses.
The appearance of each county's bus and service vehicle fleet has more effect on your
public relations than any other maintenance factor. While the appearance may or may not
affect safety, it does affect the manner in which the public views the mechanical
condition of your bus and service vehicle fleet. Driver attitudes and care of their assigned
vehicles are influenced considerably by the appearance of those vehicles. Pride in the
operation of your transportation fleet is very much dependent upon the appearance and
condition of the vehicles. Vehicles shall be repaired and repainted as needed. The
following preparation procedures are to be followed. These steps will greatly increase the
durability and life expectancy of your paint jobs.
A file folder is required to hold authorizations of discarded equipment for future reference.
Keep in office until of no further administrative value.
The following are maintenance record forms which are required to document the
preventive maintenance program. These forms are to be properly and thoroughly
completed and filed in the appropriate assigned location. The Transportation Services staff
members will review periodically during the year. Transportation Services will furnish
upon request, a copy of the following forms to the bus staff:
Preventive Maintenance Oil Change Service Work Order
Preventive Maintenance 12,000/24,000/48,000-Mile Service Work Order
Discarded Equipment, Supplies & Material
New Vehicle Service Work Order
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Equipment Repair and Parts Order
Fuel and Lubricant Issue Ticket
The following required forms or files ARE NOT FURNISHED by Transportation Services.
Either the sample presented, or a similar form which fills your particular needs, is required
to be used. All of the information requested on the samples presented must be included.
Sample Forms
Sample Files
All of the forms and file folders listed in this section are essential for proper documentation
of your preventive maintenance program. An explanation of each form listed above is
presented in the appropriate section of this manual.
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4.8 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE SHEET
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Fig 4.2. Vehicle Inspection Sheet
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Fig 4.3. Customers Instant Feedback Sheet
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Fig 4.4. Old Parts Delivery Note
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4.9 USING SOME ADVANCED TOOLS
4.9.1 Tech-Tool
Tech-Tool(TT) is a tool that supports the repair and diagnostic process. It was
developed to make repair shop tasks easier and more efficient.TT can be used in
the repair shop, out in the field, at the roadside, or during test drives.TT is a
diagnostic application that covers the whole repair process through the use of
plug-inns. With TT you can diagnose , test, calibrate, and program a product. A
product could be a vehicle, engine or a machine. TT also provide functions for
updating the tool, communication with the product and other external
applications. The set of plug-inns, user authorization, and available language is
adjustable to provide every user with what they need.
Some facts about TECH-TOOL.
- It is an advanced technology that is used for diagnosing purpose for a
new/old/serviced/repaired vehicle.
- It is generally a software tool that detects the problem of the vehicle and
also describing the troubleshooting method to overcome the problem.
- Tech tool generally has to install in a laptop (I mention laptop here
because it is mobile and one has to use this tool must be move on place
to another, thats why laptop is quite well suit) and connect it to ECU of
the vehicle that is to install in the drivers cabin.
- Most of the problem that is related with software can easily be solved out
through this tool.
- And it can only work in with the latest model of the commercial vehicle.
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4.9.2 The basic workflow in Tech Tool is the same for all Products:-
Identify a product
View information history
Diagnose a selected product
Test a selected product
Program a selected product
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4.9.4 Process to Search For a Model using Tech-Tool
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REFERENCES
Primary Data:-
Eicher Office
www.eicherworld.com
www.scribd.com
www.vecv.in
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicher_Motors
http://www.eicher.in/etb/manufacturing-facility
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India
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