Batch Distillation

SHR Chapter 13

1 BatchDistillation.key - April 3, 2014

 SHR 13.1

Simple Binary Batch Distillation Analysis

D, y
Light key mole balance: Overall mole balance:
d (W x) dW
= Dy = D
dt dt
dx dW
W +x = Dy
dt dt
W, x

QB dx dW Relates time rate of change of

W = (y x) x to time rate of change of W.
D
Distillate molar flow rate
dt dt
W
Moles of residue in the still

Relates change in x to change in W.
Sometimes this is
x
Mole fraction of light key in W dx = dW (y x) No connection to time evolution.
referred to as phase
the still (assumed spatially space or state space
homogeneous)
Think projectile trajectory.
y
Mole fraction of light key in
the distillate (assumed
spatially homogeneous)
Z x Z W
dx dW W Rayleigh
= = ln Equation
x0 y x W0 W W0

To integrate the LHS term, we need to know y(x).

2 BatchDistillation.key - April 3, 2014

Z x Z W
dx dW W Rayleigh
= = ln Equation Consider a single-stage with no reflux.
x0 y x W0 W W0

Option 1: assume that K = y/x is constant.

Z x
dx W 1 x W
x (K 1)
= ln
W0
ln = ln (constant K)
x0 K 1 x0 W0

Option 2: assume that is constant.

KA yA/xA y/x x
= = y=
KB yB/xB (1 y)/(1 x) 1 + x ( 1)

Z x 1
1 + x( 1) W W0 1 x0 1 x
x dx = ln ln = ln + ln
x0 x W0 W 1 x 1 x0
(constant )

Option 3:
if T-x-y data are available, integrate
numerically using the trapezoid rule.

3 BatchDistillation.key - April 3, 2014

 SHR Example 13.1

Example: Constant Boilup

A batch still is loaded with 100 kmol of a binary mixture W0 1 x0 1 x
ln = ln + ln
of 50 mol% benzene in toluene. As a function of time, W 1 x 1 x0
make plots of:

It is easier to solve for W(x) than x(W)...
(a) still temperature,

(b) instantaneous vapor composition,

(c) still-pot composition, and
How do we connect W and x to t?
(d) average total-distillate composition.

dW
Assume a constant boilup rate, 10 kmol/h of product, and = D constant boilup...
a constant of 2.41 at a pressure of 101.3 kPa (1 atm). dt
W0 W
W = W0 Dt ) t =
D
Total amount distilled:
W0 - W

1
Amount of light key distilled:
x0W0 - xW W/W0
x y yavg
x0 W0 xW average distillate composition
y avg = (see SHR eq. (13-6))
0.8
W0 W
Mole Fraction 0.6
110
From the T-x-y data in
105 SHR Table 13.1, we get T 0.4
T (K)

from x.
100
0.2
95

0 2 4 6 8 10 0
t(h) 0 2 4 6 8 10
t(h)
4 BatchDistillation.key - April 3, 2014
 SHR Example 13.2

Example: Using Tabular Data

x y T
A batch still is loaded with 100 kmol of a binary mixture of 50 0.0 0.0 111
mol% benzene in toluene. As a function of time, make plots of:
0.10 0.208 105.3
(a) still temperature,
0.20 0.372 101.5
(b) instantaneous vapor composition,
0.30 0.507 98
(c) still-pot composition, and
0.40 0.612 95.1

(d) average total-distillate composition.

0.50 0.713 92.3
0.60 0.791 89.7
Assume a constant boilup rate, 10 kmol/h of product, and use
0.70 0.857 87.3
the T-x-y data in SHR Table 13.1.
0.80 0.912 85
0.90 0.959 82.7
Z x
dx W Different approach to get this term. 0.95 0.980 81.4
= ln
W0 Otherwise it is the same as the last example.
1.0 1.0 80.1
x0 y x
Z b
f (x)dx b a
2 [f (a) + f (b)] trapz in matlab...
a

x decreases in
time from 0.5.

5 BatchDistillation.key - April 3, 2014

 SHR 13.2.1

Batch Distillation with Constant Reflux Ratio

Z xW
Assumptions:
dxW W came from the
= ln mole balance
McCabe-Thiele analysis (see notes on binary x W0 xD xW W0 (see slide 2)
distillation)

Total condenser
xD is a nontrivial function of xW, depending on
Constant molar overflow
# stages, reflux ratio, equilibrium, etc.

That means that this integral is not easy to get!
Only heat transfer is in condenser and
reboiler (not in the rectifying section)
dW
Constant V and R (implies constant L and D) = L V = D
dt
Z W
V, yD
dW = (L V )t W0 W
W0 t=
W = W0 + (L V )t
V (1 L/V )
R+1
L, xD D, xD = W0 + V (L/V 1) t = (W0 W )
V
V
= W0 t Time to reach
R+1
amount W in still.

Concept:

Use McCabe-Thiele to get the relationship between xD and xW.

W, xW Given the graphically-obtained integrand, carry out the
integration to find W(xW).

QB
Choose xW - find W - find t.
6 BatchDistillation.key - April 3, 2014
McCabe-Thiele to get (xD - xW)
Z
Assume that the number of theoretical stages L
=
R
xW
dxW
= ln
W
(Nt) and the reflux ratio (R) are known. V R+1 x W0 xD xW W0

1.Choose xW.

adjust xD
2. Construct an operating line with the prescribed
R such that in Nt stages, we hit the intersection
of the operating line and the 45 line. This
defines xD for the xW chosen in step 1.

3. Repeat steps 1-2 for the desired range of xW,
choosing enough points to do step 4.

4. Numerically integrate (trapezoid rule) to find
ln(W/W0).

W0 W xW(t)
5. From W, find t. t=
V (1 L/V )
R+1
= (W0 W )
V

Calculate average x W0 W 0 xW W
avg
distillate composition xD =
over time t as before: W0 W

7 BatchDistillation.key - April 3, 2014

 SHR 13.2.2

Batch Distillation with Constant xD

Idea: constant V and vary R in time to obtain a desired xD.

More difficult than constant R, but typically more desirable.

Implies that D is changing in time.
x W0 W 0 xW W xD x W0
xavg
D = ) W = W0
W0 W xD xW
dW/dt, assume constant xD and rearrange...

dW xD xW0 dxW
= W0 2
dt (xD xW ) dt
xD xW0 dxW
(V L) = W0 2
(xD xW ) dt

dxW Recall that xD is known

dt = V W0 (xD x W0 ) L 2
(constant) and V is constant, but
1 V (xD xW ) L/V is changing depending on xW.

Z xW
dxW Use McCabe-Thiele to get values of
t = V W0 (xD x W0 ) 2
x W0 1 L
(xD xW ) the integrand graphically.
V

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 Z xW
dxW xD x W0
t = V W0 (xD x W0 ) L 2 W = W0
x W0 1 V (xD xW ) xD xW

1.0

1. Choose xW.

2. Construct an operating line with R(t)
R such that in Nt stages, we hit
the intersection of the operating
line and the 45 line. This defines
R for the xW chosen in step 1.

y
3. Repeat steps 1-2 for the desired
range of xW, choosing enough y
points to do step 4.
x=
4. Numerically integrate (trapezoid
rule) to find t for a given xW.
xW(t)
0 xW2 xW1 xD
x 1.0

9 BatchDistillation.key - April 3, 2014