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diameter
Prof. Edgaras Stankeviius
Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology
Regulation of the circulation
I. Local (myogenic, metabolic, endothelium-
derived factors)
II. Systemic:
Nervous
Humoral
Rapid
Intermediate
Slow
Neuroeffector organization in a large blood vessel
(skausmas)
(prieirdi
B receptoriai)
D. Catecholamines
If the hypertension/hypotension is still present after
approximately one day, the baroreceptors will reset to the
new blood pressure levels.
1. Baroreceptors
A sudden increase in
blood pressure
stretches the
baroreceptors and
the increased firing
results in the
vasomotor center
inhibiting
sympathetic drive
and increasing vagal
tone on the SA node
of the heart.
Rapid regulation
Baroreceptor reflex
Arterial Blood Pressure
Firing from
Baroreceptors
Firing from
Sympathetic
system
Time
Chemoreceptors (location: sinus caroticus and aorta)
Chemoreceptors (location: sinus caroticus and aorta)
The signals from chemoreceptors excite the vasomotor center
after the arterial pressure falls below 80 mmHg, only.
- rapid control mechanism at the lower pressures.
Ischemic CNS reaction
Mechanism: BP 60 mmHg increases pCO2
leading to the sympathetic activation and
vasoconstriction.
Catecholamines (kidney)
Adrenalin
(vasodialation in
skeletal muscle
arteries;
vasoconstriction in
intestinal and skin
arteries)
Noradrenalin
(vasoconstriction)
Intermediate control mechanisms of ABP
Renin (kidneyblood)
Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I
(Liverblood) (blood)
ACE (endothelium)
Angiotensin II
Arterial pressure
always returns to
equilibrium point
in the infinitive
feedback gain
principle
Importance of salt in the renal-body
fluid regulation
Increase in salt elevates arterial pressure more
than a water intake
Water can be eliminated
Salt accumulates in the body
Stimulates the thirst center in the brain
Increases osmotic pressure stimulating release
of vasopressin (ADH)
2. Atrial receptors (A and B type fibers)
Function:
A fibers increases sympathetic activation
(Heart rate monitoring during atrial
contraction)
B fibers decreases sympathetic activation,
activates parasympathetic system (rising atrial
volume monitoring)
Iong-term regulation
Atrial receptors (A and B type fibers)
A fibers increases sympathetic
activation (Heart rate monitoring during
atrial contraction)
Activation - atrial
receptors B fibers,
angiotensin II.
Mechanism
increases water
reabsorption in
kidney leading to
increase in circulating
blood volume
5. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Activation increase
in atrial pressure
Down regulates renin,
vasopressin and
aldosterone release.
Increases diuresis.
Causes vasodilatation
Short-term pressure regulation
a) baroreceptors
b) chemoreceptors
c) ischemic CNS reaction (Cushing reflex)
d) Catecholamines
Long-term pressure regulation
b) Atrial receptors