Professional Documents
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Rahmawati Minhajat
BAGIAN HISTOLOGI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
SISTEM KARDIOVASKULER
Jantung (Cor/Kardio)
Jantung
Endocardium
Myocardium Lapisan dinding jantung
Epicardium
Pembuluh darah
Arteri
Vena
Jantung Arteri
besar
Vena Arteri
besar sedang
Vena Arteri
sedang kecil
Vena Kapiler
kecil
Jantung
MAKROSKOPIK (4 bagian) :
- Atria Kanan
- Atrium kiri
- Ventrikel kanan
- Ventrikel kiri
NOTE:
- The heart serves as a mechanical
pump to supply the entire body with
blood, both providing nutrients and
removing waste products.
- The great vessels exit the base of the
heart.
- Blood flow: bodyvena cavaright
atriumright ventriclelungsleft
atriumleft ventriclebody
- The heart consists of 3 layers the
endocardium, myocardium, and
epicardium. The epicardium (bottom
left) consists of arteries, veins, nerves,
connective tissue, and variable
amounts of fat.
- The myocardium contains branching,
striated muscle cells with centrally
located nuclei. They are connected by
intercalated disks (arrowheads).
MIKROSKOPIK (3 lapisan) :
Endokardium
Miokardium
Epikardium
ENDOKARDIUM
Endokardium tampak lebih tebal di
atrium dan lebih tipis di ventrikel
Pada atrium :
Lapisan Endotelium
Lapisan Subendotelium
Lapisan Elastikamuskular
Lapisan Subendokardium
ATRIAL AND VENTRICULAR
ENDOCARDIUM
Endocardium of Atrium and Ventricle
- These sections of heart are both taken near
the atrio-ventricular sulcus that contains a
coronary artery and cardiac vein. They also
exhibit all 3 layers of the heart wall
epicardium, myocardium, and
endocardium.
- The myocardium in the ventricle is
much thicker than that in the atrium.
- The endocardium (marked by the black
bracket) is magnified in the lower panel
and compared between the atrium and the
ventricle.
- The atrial endocardium is much thicker
than the ventricular endocardium and
contains a well-developed network of
elastic fibers.
- Right beneath the ventricular endocardium
are conducting fibers
MIOKARDIUM
1. KATUP TRICUSPIDAL
2. KATUP BICUSPIDAL (MITRAL)
3. KATUP PULMONAL
4. KATUL AORTA
Cardiac Valves
- The heart contains 4 valves the tricuspid,
pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves. The valves
prevent regurgitation of blood flow.
- The cardiac valves are essentially plates of dense
connective tissue extending from the cardiac
skeleton covered with endothelium. They are
avascular.
- The side of the valve that faces oncoming blood
flow exhibits an extensive elastic fiber network.
As the blood is squeezed out of the heart chamber,
the increased blood pressure pushes the valve
open. As the blood flows past the valve and the
pressure drops, the elastic fibers recoil and help
the valve to close. The other side of the valve
contains abundant collagen fibers.
- Both atrial valves, the tricuspid and mitral valves,
are attached to papillary muscles in the ventricles
via chordae tendineae. The papillary muscles and
chordae tendineae do NOT pull open the valves. All
valves open and close passively. Instead, these
structures hold the tricuspid and mitral valves shut
to prevent regurgitation of blood back into the atria
when the ventricles contract. The blood exits the
ventricles via the pulmonary and aortic valves.
REISZLEISTUNS SYSTEM
(CONDUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE HEART)
Sino-atrial node
(Keith-Flack)
AV node/
Bundel tawara
(interatriorum)
Bundle of HIS
(Berkas His)
Purkinje fibers
SIN KF SIN AV HIS Purkinje fibers
Low magnification micrograph of a
sinoatrial node (center-right on image)
and its surrounding tissue. The SA node
surrounds the (sinuatrial) nodal artery (on
SA Node lumen in the image), a branch of the right
coronary artery, abuts cardiac myocytes (of
the right atrium) on its deep aspect (left of
image) and adipose tissue on its superficial
(epicardial) aspect (right of image). H&E
stain.
Atrial myocardium
Trigona
fibrosa AV Node
- This section was taken near the interventricular septum. The nerve tissue of the AV
bundle, or bundle of His (lighter staining enclosed in bracket), must travel through the
cardiac skeleton down a small fascicle of muscle fibers. The nerve fibers then travel
down the interventricular septum towards the apex of the heart as Purkinje fibers.
- The cardiac skeleton consists of dense connective tissue surrounding the cardiac
valves, on which all the muscle fibers of the heart insert. When the cardiac muscles
contract, they pull toward these insertion points and empty the atria and ventricles.
Bundle of His
This is a Masson trichrome stain marking fibrous tissue blue and muscle light red.
The loose valve structure below the atrial septum is the tricuspid valve.
Conducting System of the Heart
- The heart continuously pumps blood to
the entire body without input from
elsewhere.
- Nerve impulses initiate from the sinoatrial
(SA) node and travel down to the
atrioventricular (AV) node. They
continue down the bundle of His and
spread out among the Purkinje fibers
towards the apex of the heart. This
mechanism provides regular, synchronous
contractions of the myocardium.
- The Purkinje fibers can be found
immediately beneath the endocardium of
the ventricular papillary muscle or in other
regions immediately underneath the
ventricular endocardium.
- The Purkinje conducting fibers are
modified cardiac muscle cells, specialized
for the conduction of electrochemical
impulses. They appear much larger and
paler than cardiac muscle fibers.
Purkinje fibers bundles of impulse-conducting fibers
extending from AV node
It can be found beneath the endocardium lining the interventricular
septum
HEART LARGE
ARTERIES
LARGE MEDIUM
VEINS ARTERIES
MEDIUM SMALL
VEINS ARTERIES
SMALL
VEINS CAPILLER
PEMBULUH DARAH
ARTERI VENA
VENA SEDANG
ARTERY SEDANG
VENA KECIL
ARTERI KECIL
KAPILER
PREKAPILER
KAPILER
ARTERI BESAR= ELASTICS TYPE
Lokasi : paling dekat dengan jantung
Mikroskopik :
T. INTIMA
Selapis sel endotel
Subendotel
Tidak ada lamina elastika interna
T. MEDIA
banyak serat elastis fenestrated membrane by OsO4 coklat
Tidak ada lamina elastika eksterna
Lpisan otot polos
Terdapat daerah yang mengandung kondroitin sulfat diantara
fenestrated membrane dengan otot polos.
T. ADVENTITIA
Lapisan yang tipis
terdapat vasa vasorum, nervus dan sel adiposa
AORTA (intima)
- All vessel walls are divided into 3 tunica
(starting from inside): intima, media, and
adventitia.
- The inner intima layer consists of simple
squamous epithelium and underlying
connective tissue.
- The border between the tunica intima and
tunica media may not be easy to recognize.
As a general rule of thumb, the intima ends
and the media begins where the first distinct
elastic sheet or lamella is located.
- In the figure below, the elastic sheet is
indicated by arrowheads, and the intima is
indicated by the bracket.
AORTA (media)
- The tunica media consists of circularly
arranged smooth muscle and
abundant elastic tissue. In the H&E
stain below, the arrows point to a
smooth muscle cell nucleus and elastic
lamella (E).
- The Masson-aldehyde fuchsin stain
accentuates the abundance of elastic
lamellae within the tunica media.
- .
AORTA (adventitia)
- The outermost layer of the vessel wall, the
tunica adventitia, is mainly a connective
tissue sheath surrounding the vessel.
- The media ends and adventitia begins where
the elastic lamellae are not found.
- The H&E stain below shows the border
between the media and adventitia. In larger
vessels, such as the aorta in this case, the
adventitia contains small arteries and veins,
also called vasa vasorum, and their smaller
branches (arrowheads) that supply
nourishment to the outer half of the media.
Perubahan dari arteri elastika (arteri besar) menjadi
arteri tipe muskular area transisi a. tipe muskular :
A. Karotis eksterna
A. Axillaris
A. Iliaca communis
MIKROSKOPIS :
T. INTIMA
Sel Endothel
Subendotel
Lamina elastika Internal
T. MEDIA
Lapisan otot polos yang tebal
Serat elastis yang tipis
Lamina elastika eksterna
T. ADVENTISIA
Serat Colagen
Serat Elastis
Sel Fibrosit
Vasa vasorum
ARTERI KECIL = ARTERIOLE
Secara umum terdiri dari otot polos
lebih proksimal dari kapiler
< 0,5 mm
Secara umum lumennya kecil
Diantara arteriole and capiller PRECAPILLARY
MIKROSKOPIK :
TUNIKA INTIMA
TUNIKA MEDIA
TUNIKA ADVENTITIA
TUNIKA INTIMA :
Endotelium
Subendotelium
Membran elastika interna
TUNIKA MEDIA :
Sel otot polos
TUNIKA ADVENTITIA :
Serat elastis, colagen dan
fibrous
KAPILER (exchange vessels):
Terdiri dari satu lapisan selapis sel endotel yang bersifat permeabel yang
dilapisi oleh lamina/membran basalis
MIKROSKOPIK :
Pembuluh darah paling kecil Dindingnya terdiri dari :
4,5-12, umumnya 6-7
<< RBC, tetapi RBC dapat lewat Selapis sel endotel
dalam kapiler karena elastis Lamina basalis (serat
WBC dapat lewat juga karena kolagen+retikuler)
diapedesiss
3 TIPE KAPILER (Struktur endotel) :
1. Countinous capiller
2. Fenestrated capiller
3. Discontinous / sinusoid capiller
area tertentu
ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSES
Endothelial cell
Sel endotel merupakan selapis sel yang melapisi permukaan dalam dinding vaskuler, sel
ini berespon terhadap setiap rangsang fisik maupun kimia dengan cara melepaskan
substansi yang tepat sehingga dapat memelihara keseimbangan vasomotor dan juga
hemostasis vaskuler. Keadaan dimana sel endotel kehilangan kemampuannya untuk
menjaga keseimbangan tersebut dan ketika endotel kehilangan kemampuan fisiologi
untuk mempromosikan vasodilatasi, fibrinolisis, dan antiagregasi, disebut sebagai
disfungsi endotel
Endothelial cells The endothelium is a specialized form of
mesenchymally-derived epithelial
tissue. This simple squamous epithelium
forms a thin, delicate lining of all blood
vessels as well as the heart and the
lymphatic system. The endothelium is
arguably the most significant feature of the
vessel.